Pharmacognosy II Lecture 1 (Fall 2024/2025) PDF

Course Title: Pharmacognosy II Course Code: PHG 213 Week number: 1 Lecture number: 1 Lecturer: Dr. Hanan Samir Marzouk Fall 2024 / 2025  References Wallis, T.E., “Textbook Of Pharmacognosy”; 15th ed., CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi. Ba...

Course Title: Pharmacognosy II Course Code: PHG 213 Week number: 1 Lecture number: 1 Lecturer: Dr. Hanan Samir Marzouk Fall 2024 / 2025  References Wallis, T.E., “Textbook Of Pharmacognosy”; 15th ed., CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi. Bangalore, India (2005). Biren N. Shah & A.K.Seth, “Textbook of pharmacognosy and phytochemistry”; 2nd ed., Elsevier (2014). Trease, G.E. and Evans, W.C.“Textbook of Pharmacognosy"; 16th ed., Saunders, Bailliere |Tindall, London (2014). Important websites: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/herbalmedicine.html www.herbs.org www.botanical.com www.pharmacopoeia.org.uk www.usp.org Development of Fruits Fruits developed from the flower ovary after fertilization What is fruit? What is its function? A fruit may be defined as the developed, ovary or ovaries of a single flower or of a whole inflorescence. At the same time, with the development of the seed from the fertilized ovule. The ovary wall develops to form the fruit wall, the pericarp, thus forming the fruit i.e. fruit is a pericarp and seed. The function of the fruit is to 1. protect and nourish the seeds during their development 2. insures their distribution when mature.  What are the main Characters of Fruits? Any fruit has two scars; 1. A minute apical scar marking the remains of the style 2. A larger scar at the base marking the attachment to the stalk of the parent plant. 3. Scars of other floral parts may be distinct either at the apex in case of inferior fruits e.g. Cardamom or at the base in case of superior fruits e.g. Poppy capsule. Other floral parts than the ovary may be remained as persistent parts attached to the fruit such as; Stigma of Poppy capsule Calyx of Lobelia stylopod of Umbelliferous fruits.  What are the main Characters of Fruits? The surface of the fruit may be 1. Smooth and glabrous as in Capsicum 6. Longitudinal striated as in Cardamom 2. Glabrous as in Fennel 7. Transversely striated as in Senna 3. Hairy as in Anise 8. Ridged as in Umbelliferous fruits 4. Granular as in Citrus fruits 9. Reticulated as in Black pepper 5. Spiny as in Stramonium 10. Wrinkled as in Vanilla.  Types of Fruits When a fruit is formed from gynaecium only, it is True Fruit When a fruit is formed from other parts of the flower or inflorescence like perianth, receptacle or stalk, it is False Fruit.  Classification of Fruits Classification of fruits is based on: 1. Their origin: derived from ovary of united carpels or of free carpels of a single flower or the whole inflorescence. 2. The nature of pericarp: dry, leathery, succulent, or hard and the number of seeds enclosed. 3. Dehiscence or indehiscence of the pericarp i.e. split and open to set free the seeds or remain enclosing them.  Fruit Simple Aggregate Composite Succulent Dry Drupe Berry Dehiscent Indehiscent Schizocarpic  I- Simple Fruits Developed from single ovary and are classified according to the nature and characters of pericarp into: 1. Dry Fruit: where the pericarp is dry either hard, membranous or leathery eg. Poppy, Fennel, Star Anise 2. Succulent: where the pericarp or some parts of it are modified into fleshy tissue which in certain cases become fibrous eg. Coco nut  1. Dry fruit May be dehiscent or indehiscent or schizocarpic A) Dehiscent: the pericarp splits along one or more slit to free the enclosed seeds B) Indehiscent: the pericarp may decay or remain to protect the enclosed seeds but don't split open. They are usually one- seeded, called achenial fruits. C) Schizocarpic: They are many seeded, multilocular splitting into a number of one- seeded, indehiscent parts called mericarps. Each mericarp may represent one carpel eg. Fennel or part of it eg. Malva  A) Dehiscent Fruits Follicle Legume Siliqua Capsule Monocarpellary, Monocarpellary Bicarpllary; from Bi-or multicarpellary; from inferior or from superior from superior superior ovary; superior ovary, dehiscence by valves so ovary; one ovary, splitting splitting by two called: seeded, splitting along both valves from base Septicidal: splitting along longitudinal slit along ventral ventral and to apex leaving through the septa (ventral suture) e.g. suture only, e.g., dorsal sutures, many seeds colchicum fruit. fruit let of star e.g. Senna. attached to false Loculicidal: splitting along the dorsal anise. septum, e.g. suture directly into the locules e.g. cardamom Mustard, if the fruit. fruit is short and Septifragal: splitting along the ventral broad it is called and dorsal sutures, leaving the seeds attached silicula to central axis, e.g.,Datura fruit. Pyxis: spilliting along transverse slit i.e., open by lid e.g., Hyoscyamus fruit. The capsule may be opened by holes or pores and so called porous e.g., poppy  B) Indehiscent Fruits Achene Caryopsis Cypsela Samara Nut (grain) Monocarpellary like achene but Bicarpellary, Mono-or Multicarpellary , one-seeded, pericarp fused one seeded, multicarpellary, ovary. from superior with testa e.g., from inferior one seeded unilocular and ovary, pericarp Maize and ovary e.g., with one–seeded; free from the wheat. fruits of membranous pericarp is hard testa, usually compositae wing developed and woody; aggregated in plants. from pericarp from inferior or groups e.g. e.g., Elm. superior Cannabis and strawberry fruits.  C) Schizocarpic Fruits Lomentum Cremocarp A legume or siliqua in which Developed from bicarpellary, bilocular numerous transverse septa are formed. inferior ovary, splitting longitudinally Splitting occur through these septa through the septum into 2 one–seeded into one seeded , indehiscent parts e.g. mericarps, running from below cassia pods. upwards e.g., umbelliferous fruits.  2. Succulent Fruits A) Berry B) Drupe Endocarp is not woody Endocarp is woody Formed from Mono- or multicarpellary monocarpellary ovary eg. but unilocular Date or from syncarpous Superior or inferior ovary gynaecium either Mostly one seeded eg. superior eg. Citrus or Olive inferior eg. Banana Epicarp is leathery, It is usually many seeded mesocarp is fleshy, eg. Capsicum sometimes endocarp is hard one seeded eg. Date  II- Aggregate Fruit They are formed of a group of fruits arranged on a single receptacle because they are developed from apocarpus gynaecium where each free carpel develops a fruit. They may be group of achene as strawberry or group of follicle as in Star anise.  III- Composite Fruit They are formed from whole inflorescence. They include: 1-Strobile 2- Sorosis 3- Syconus Derived from scaly strobile inflorescence. Derived from a spike, Formed of a succulent In the axil of each scale with swollen fleshy axis hollow inflorescence there is one or two in which the fruits are axis enclosing achene achenial fruits as hops , embedded and fused like bodies formed pine together by fleshy from female flowers bracts eg. Long pepper lining the receptacle eg. or by perianth eg. Pine Figs apple Identify the following fruits, and then mention its class 1 2  Structure of Fruit = Histology The fruit consists of the swollen distorted and modified ovary wall known as pericarp enclosing fertilized ripened ovules, the seeds, which are arranged on the placenta. The pericarp is divided into three regions which may be wholly parenchymatous or different nature. 1. The outer region called epicarp, 2. The inner is termed endocarp and 3. The middle is known as mesocarp.