Pharmacognosy Lab Midterm PDF

# Lab Number 1: Starch *Uses of Starches: Source of energy, In Pharmaceutical Industry, Anti-dot for lodine intoxication. •We used water as Mountant. | Botanical name | Family | Part used | Key Element description | | |---|---|---|---|---| | 1-Wheat | | | | | | Triticum aestivum | Gramineae (...

# Lab Number 1: Starch *Uses of Starches: Source of energy, In Pharmaceutical Industry, Anti-dot for lodine intoxication. •We used water as Mountant. | Botanical name | Family | Part used | Key Element description | | |---|---|---|---|---| | 1-Wheat | | | | | | Triticum aestivum | Gramineae (Poaceae) | Grains of Fruit | Size:Medium or Intermediate. Shape: Circular, Lenticular or Oval. Hilum: Central line. | Striations: Concentric. Aggregation: Simple. | | 2-Corn | | | | | | Zea mays | Gramineae (Poaceae) | Grains of Fruit | Size:Medium or Intermediate. Shape: Polyhedral or Sub-Spherical. Hilum: Central Stellate. | Striations: Not visible Split Striations. Aggregation: Simple. | | 3-Rice | | | | | | Orzy Sativa | Gramineae (Poaceae) | Grains of Fruit | Size:Small (in the form of Clusters). Shape: Polyhedral or Sub-Spherical. Hilum: Central point if present. | Striations: None. Aggregation:Compound. | | 4-Potato | | | | | | Solanum tuberosum | Solanaceae | Tubers | Size: Large. Hilum: Centric point near the narrow end. Shape: Sub-Spherical or Irregulary Ovoid. | Striations: Concentric. Aggregation: Semi - Compound. | # Lab Number 2: Seeds * The distinctive part of seed is the Testa. It's a protective outer covering of a Seed (Seed Coat). Composed of multiple layers, one of them is the key element according to the type of seed under examination. •We used Chloral hydrate as mountant. | Botanical name | Family | Constituents | Key Element description | | |---|---|---|---|---| | 1-Black Mustard | | | | | | Brassica nigra | Brassicacea (Cruciferae) | Thiocyanate glucoside: Sinigarin. (active). Hydrolytic enzyme: Myrosine, cinactive). Allylisothiocyanate.Cactive) | Mucilaginous epidermis of the testa. | These compounds are responsible of it's activity as Condiment and topically as counter irritant. | | 2-Linseed | | | | | | Linum usitatissimum | Linaceae | Cyanogenetic glucoside @Linamarin. cinactive). Mucilage. (active). | Pigment layer of the testa. | These compounds are responsible of it's activity as Demulcent and Laxative. It's not toxic for the human because we don't have the enzyme for the hydrolysis of it. | | 3-Fenugreek | | | | | | Trigonella foenum-graecum | Fabaceae (Leguminosae) | Alkaloids: Trigonelline and Choline. Sapogenin: Diosgenin. Mucilage. | | Uses: Demulcent, Nutrient and Lactagogue. Because our bodies don't Synthesis Steroidal nucleus Which is important for so many hormones and Vitamin-D, and Sapogenin Contains these steroidal nucleus. | # Lab number 3: Leaves and Herbs *Leaves and Herbs can be distinguished in microscopic examination by the presence of: Epidermis Showing Stomata. Trichomes (Hairs). •We used Chloral hydrate as mountant. | Botanical name | Family | Constituents | Key Element description | | |---|---|---|---|---| | 1-Sage leaf | | | | | | Salvia officinalis | Lamiaceae (Labiatae) | Volatile oils: Borneol and Cineale | Long multicellular hairs | Uses: Mouth antiseptic, Carminative and Antispasmodic. | | 2-Thyme leaf | | | | | | Thymus vulgaris | Lamiaceae (Labiatae) | Volatile oils: Thymol and Carvacrol | | Uses: Antiseptic, Carminative, Expectorant, Antithelmintic and Antispasmodic. | | 3-Peppermint leaf | | | | | | Mentha piperita | Lamiaceae (Labiatae) | Volatile oils: Menthol and Menthone. | | Uses: Antiseptic, Carminative and Antispasmodic. | | 4-Buchu leaf | | | | | | Barosma betulina | Rutaceae | Volatile oil. Flavonoid glycoside: Diosmin. | Epidermis Showing anomocytic Stomata and diosmin (Yellow or Light green. | Uses: Diuretic and weak urinary antiseptic. Each Stoma looks like it's made of 2 guard cells, looking like a lip. | | 5-Senna leaf | | | | | | Cassia acutifolia and Cassia angustifolia | Fabaceae (Leguminosae) | Anthraquinone glycoside : Sennoside Aand B | Covering trichomes | Uses: Laxative. Detection test of anthraquinones: Ethanolic KOH + Plant powder (Red color for positive result). | | 6-Thornapple leaf | | | | | | Datura Stramonium | Solanaceae | Alkaloids: Hyoscyamine @Atropine Hyoscine (Scopolamine). | | Uses: Antispasmodic, Narcotic, Anodyne and treatment of spasmodic asthma. | # Lab number 4: Fruits *The distinctive part of the fruit is the Endocarp. It's the innermost layer of the pericarp within the seed of the fruit. •We used Chloral hydrate as Mountant. | Botanical name | Family | Constituents | Key Element description | | |---|---|---|---|---| | 1-Anise Fruit | | | | | | Pimpinella anisum | Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) | Volatile oils: Anethol. Looks like black veins: Oil duct of this fruit. | Branching vittae and underlying endocarp. | Uses: Aromatic, Carminative and Flavoring agent. | | 2-Capsicum fruit | | | | | | Capsicum minimum | Solanacea | The pungent principle: Capsaicin.. The Carotenoid (Coloring agent): Capsanthin. Ascorbic Acid. The quantity of it is even more than of that of Citrus fruit. | Sclereids of the endocarp. | Uses: Carminative, Counterirritant, Stimulant and Condiment. | | 3-Carway fruit | | | | | | Carum Cavi | Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) | Volatile oils: Carvone and Limonene. | Mesentric cells. | Uses: Carminative and Flavoring agent (Culinary purposes). | | 4-Cardamom fruit | | | | | | Elettaria Cardamomum | Zingiberaceae | Volatile oils: Borneol and Cineale. | | Uses: Carminative, Flavoring agent, Aromatic Stimulant and Condiment. | # 7-Belladonna leaf Botanical name: Atropa belladonna Family: Solanaceae Constituents: Alkaloids: Hyoscyamine @Atropine @Hyoscine (Scopolamine). * Uses: Antispasmodic, Narcotic, Diuretic, Sedative, Mydriatic, Locally applied to lessen irritability and pain and to relief spasmodic asthma.. # 8-Henbane leaf Botanical name: Hyoscyamus niger Family: Solanaceae Constituents: Alkaloids: @Hyoscyamine @Atropine @Hyoscine (Scopolamine). * Uses: Antispasmodic, Narcotic, Mild diuretic, Hypnotic and Relieves griping caused by purgatives. # 9-Wormwood herb Botanical name: Artemisia absinthium Family: Asteraceae Constituents:@Bitter glucoside:Absinthin. @Volatile oil: Thujane. Key Element description:T- Hair. * Uses: Tonic, Stomachic, Febrifuge, Antispasmodic and Counter irritant. # 10-Indian Tobacco herb Botanical name: Lobelia inflata. Family: Lobeliaceae. Constituents: Alkaloid: Lobeline. * Uses: Expectorant and Diaphoretic.