Fruit Introduction PDF - Zagazig National University - 2024

Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Fruit Introduction Presented by Sahar Abdelaziz Level 2 Pharm D Students Pharmacognosy 2 PG3...

Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Fruit Introduction Presented by Sahar Abdelaziz Level 2 Pharm D Students Pharmacognosy 2 PG303 Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Fruit_Introduction 1  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Objectives Definition, Scars and function Classification True- False - Composite Macroscopical characters The most important of these are the type, shape, colour, dimensions, surface characters, odour, taste, etc. Microscopical characters The outer region is called Epicarp, the inner is termed Endocarp, and the middle is known as Mesocarp. Common characters of Umbelliferous fruits Morphological-Histological Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Fruit_Introduction 2  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Definition The fruit is the whole product of the development of the gynoecium as a result of fertilization. Scar 1 Scar 2 Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Fruit_Introduction 3  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Remember ◊◊◊◊ Carpel Carpel is the basic unit of the gynoecium. Each carpel consists of ovary + stye + stigma Within each carpel are one or more ovules, which will become seeds after fertilization The area of attachment is called placenta and the empty space in the chamber is called locule. The dividing walls called septa Monocarpous Apocarpous Syncarpous Inflorescence One carpel Multiple free Multiple united or carpels fused carpels Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Fruit_Introduction 4  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Fruit Scars & function ❑ The fruit usually shows 2 scars: 1: One at the base The attachment to the stalk or the parent plant 2: The second one is apical and minute scar of the style and stigma ❑ Fruit Function Protect and nourish the seed ❑ Persistent floral parts Sessile stigma as in poppy Calyx as in capsicum Poppy Capsicum Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Fruit_Introduction 5  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Types Types of fruits True False Composite Other parts of the flower when it is formed from Ovary syncarpous rather than the gynoecium or apocarpous the whole When it is formed from the take part In the production inflorescence gynoecium of a single flower of the fruit From single flower with Simple Aggregate Apocarpous From single flower with (free) ovary. a Single or Syncarpous (united) ovary Pericarp nature Dry Succulent Endocarp nature Dehiscent Indehiscent Schizocarpic Spilt or open when ripe Does not Spilt or open bi- or multilocular fruit, splits into when ripe Achene, Berry Drupe Follicle, Legume, one-seed indehiscent parts Grain (Caryopsis),Fruit_Introduction Lomentum, cremocarp, non woody Woody silique, Sahar Capsule Abdelaziz_2024 endocarp 6 samara, Nut, Cypsela Carcerulus, Regma endocarp  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Types Dehiscent https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tU1x9b3nj5I N.B., Spilt or open when ripe Slit, Suture Valve, incision Follicle Legume Silique Mono carpellary Mono carpellary Bi carpellary Many seeded One seeded Arranged on 2 cords Many seeded on Capsule superior ovary false septum Ventral suture superior ovary superior ovary Multi carpellary Ventral + dorsal suture When short and 2 valves from Many seeded base to apex Broad Siliqula Pea Inferior or superior ovary Mustard Star anise fruit Septicidal Loculicidal Septifragal is aggregate of follicle (6-8). Star anise Dorsal fruitlet is Porous Ventral + Dorsal Ventral Cardamom Datura follicle Pyxis Colchicum Transverse sit or lid 16 pore or hole Hyoscyamus Poppy Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Fruit_Introduction 7  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Types Indehiscent Pericarp remains or decay to protect Mono carpillary- Unilocular the seed One seeded-Superior Ovary Achene Grain (caryopsis) Samara Nut Cypsela Pericarp Pericarp Pericarp Pericarp ◊◊Bi carpellary hard & woody free from the seed fused with the has membranous unilocular Unilocular coat (Testa) seed coat (Testa) wings Inferior ovary one seeded Bigger than Achene Maize & Wheat Elm Compositae fruits Strawberry (is aggregate of Achene) Hazel nut Cannabis Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Fruit_Introduction 8  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Types https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tU1x9b3nj5I Schizocarpic They are two to many-seeded, splitting into a number of one-seeded indehiscent parts called mericarps. Lomentum Cremocarp Carcerulus Regma Many seeded (legume or Bicarpellary, Bilocular Bicarpillary- bilocular to Multicarpillary siliqua) in which inferior ovary (Modified capsule) multicarpellary multilocular numerous transverse splitting longitudinally splitting into one- ovary. sepat are formed, Splitting through the septum seeded dehiscent parts Transversely through Number of locules into 2 one-seeded these septa into one doubled by false septum. called cocci mericarps seeded, indehiscent parts Spilt on ripening into a stylopod number of mericarps double number of carpels Mericarp Labiatae fruits Mentha & thyme intermediate between carpophore (achenial indehiscent) and (capsule dehiscent fruit), Cassia pods pedicle Usually, trilocular, Splits Umbelliferous into 3 parts called cocci, fruits Wall of the fruit is spiny Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Fruit_Introduction Castor (Ricinus) 9  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Lomentum Cremocarp Spilt Spilt transversely longitudinally Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Fruit_Introduction 10  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Types Epicarp Succulent https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tU1x9b3nj5I Pericarp Mesocarp All of the succulent fruits have Endocarp Leathery Epicarp Based on Endocarp Fleshy Mesocarp nature woody or non Berry Drupe Non woody endocarp Woody endocarp from monocarpellary or Usually Many seeded mutticarpellary ovary which may be Sometimes unilocular, superior or inferior, one seeded (monocarpellary) Date mostly one-seeded e.g. olive. No seed Banana Syncarpous ovary Citrus Capsicum, Tomato Colocynth, Olive & Black pepper Citrus fruits, Apricot, mango Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Fruit_Introduction 11  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Types https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tU1x9b3nj5I Composite fruit These fruits are formed from whole inflorescence. Strobile Sorosis Syconous Derived from a Derived from a spike, with Formed of a hollow succulent scaly, inflorescence (scales or swollen fleshy axis in which the axis enclosing achene-like fruits are partly embedded Raceme Spike bracts on an axis). Dry bodies, derived from female Composite fruit and surrounded by flowers lining the receptacle Spike is a raceme in the axil of each scale, there fleshy bracts e.g. Long Pepper or inflorescence with sessile florets may be one or two achenial perianth e.g. pineapple fruits Fig Hops Pineapple Long pepper Its V.O. Hypnotic & sedative Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Fruit_Introduction 12  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Types False fruit ❑ The fruit formed from other parts of the flower or inflorescence like: ❑ The perianth (calyx and corolla) as mulberry ❑ The receptacle (ex. Apple). Receptacle enlarges to form part of the fruit Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Fruit_Introduction 13  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Macroscopical Characters The most important of these are the type, shape, color, dimensions, surface characters, odor, taste, etc. Externally, the surface of the fruit may be:- Smooth or glaucous as in Capsicum. Glabrous as in Fennel, Cardamon, Pepper. Pubescent as in Anise. Rough or granular as in Citrus and Datura. Spiny as in Stramonium and Castor. Striated as in Cardamom and Senna. Ridged as in Lobelia, Umbelliferae. Reticulated (due to drying) as in Black Pepper and Cubebs. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Fruit_Introduction 14  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Microscopical Characters The Epicarp The fruit consists of the swollen modified ovary wall known as pericarp enclosing fertilized ripened ovules (the seeds) which are arranged on the placenta. The pericarp is divided into three regions which may be wholly parenchymatous or of different nature. ❑ Outer region is called Epicarp Epicarp Pericarp ❑ Inner is termed Endocarp Mesocarp ❑ Middle is known as Mesocarp (remember leaf mesophyll) Endocarp 1) The Epicarp It may be: Membranous (Umbelliferous) or leathery (Citrus) or thick and hard (Colocynth) ❑ It is mostly formed of a single layer, the outer epidermis, and may be accompanied with hypoderm ❑ The epidermis shows few stomata with thickened walls and is covered with thick cuticle which may be striated (Capsicum, Visnaga and Caraway) ❑ The epidermal cells may contain crystals of calcium oxalate Coriander. Trichomes Anise, Cumin, Senna and Compositae fruits) ❑ The hypodermis may be thin and parenchymatous Capsicum, collenchymatous as in Vanilla or of sclerenchymatous interrupted by parenchyma as in Cubebs or thick of layers of parenchyma and sclerenchyma e.g. Colocynth. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Fruit_Introduction 15  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University The Mesocarp 2) The Mesocarp: ❑ It is responsible to the variation appears in thickness of the pericarp. ❑ It may be very thin as in achenes or very thick as in succulent fruits. ❑ It consists mainly of parenchyma and traversed by vascular strands. ❑ The mesocarp sometimes have: Sclerenchyma as in Coriander, May be fibrous as in Coconut. Fibers accompanying the vascular bundle as in Cardamom ❑ The mesocarp may show other elements as: Reticulate parenchyma in Fennel, Oil cells in Pepper, Oil glands in Citrus, Vitta in Umbelliferous fruits Laticiferous elements in Poppy. ❑ The mesocarp cells may contain: Starch as in Pepper, Calcium oxalate crystals as in Capsicum or Oil droplets as in Capsicum, or Hesperidin crystals as in Citrus fruits. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Fruit_Introduction 16  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University The Endocarp 3) The Endocarp: ❑ It forms the inner epidermis of the pericarp which is sometimes accompanied by one or more layers of modified endocarpal hypodermis as in Pepper. ❑ The inner epidermis may show Islands of sclerenchyma in the parenchymatous epidermis e.g. Capsicum Groups of narrow parallel cells e.g. Umbelliferous Filled with the juice e.g. Citrus ❑ The hypodermis of the endocarp may be formed of A single (Cubebs) or of several layers of sclerenchyma (Olive) A single layer of giant cells as in Capsicum. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Fruit_Introduction 17  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University General Characters of Umbelliferous Fruits Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Fruit_Introduction 18  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Common Morphological Characters 1. Type: schizocarpic fruits (cremocarps) 2 each Cremocarp split longitudinally Stylopod into two one-seeded mericarps attached to carpophore. 2. The apex of fruits is crowned with conical structure named stylopod Carpophore (represent the remains of the style, 1 stigma, and nectary disc). 3. Each mericarp has a flat surface 3 (commissural or ventral surface), and a rounded surface (dorsal commissural surface surface). 4. The surface of each mericarp is 1r 4 2r y 2r characterized by the presence of: 1r 1r y y y y 5 1ry ridges (over vascular bundles) 2r 2r 4 2ry ridges (over vittae). y y https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/pharmacognosy-1-fruits- 1r 1r introduction/256451637 y y Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Fruit_Introduction commissural surface 19  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Common Morphological Characters 1. They are usually cremocarp either entire or separated into their mericarp. (one cremocarp= 2 mericarps) Cremocarp Two chambered fruit- one seed in each chamber. Split into 2 pieces called mericarps which remain attached to a central stalk called carpophore 2. At the apex of the fruit, there may be (five small sepals e.g. Coriander, and in the center are the two styles surrounded below by disc-like nectary forming the) stylopod. 3. Each mericarp has two surfaces Convex (rounded) (dorsal surface). Flat surface (commissural or ventral surface) Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Fruit_Introduction 20  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Common Morphological Characters 4. The dorsal surface shows 5 raised ridges over the vascular bundles called primary ridges 4 ridges over the secretory canals called secondary ridges. ❑ Primary ridges are mostly more prominent except in Coriander where the secondary are more prominent. ❑ Only primary ridges are present in some fruits e.g. Fennel and Caraway. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Fruit_Introduction 21  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Common Morphological Characters 5. The commissural surface shows Two brownish longitudinal bands over the region of the secretory ducts separated by lighter area over the position of the raphe. 6. There is a minute thread: ❑ Lies between the two mericarps. ❑ Usually attached basally to the pedicel (stalk) ❑ Attached apically to the stylopod. stylopod 22 It is called carpophore The carpophore is an elongation of the receptacle between the carpels. stalk Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Fruit_Introduction  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Common Morphological Characters 7. Each mericarp encloses a single seed derived from anatropous ovule. Embryo The seed shows: Raphe ❑ A large oily endosperm. ❑ Small apical embryo. Pericarp ❑ A raphe in the middle of the Endosperm commissural side. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Fruit_Introduction 23  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Summary of Morphological Characters 1. They are usually cremocarp either entire or separated into their mericarp. 2. At the apex of the fruit, there may be five small inconspicuous sepals e.g. Coriander, and in the center are the two styles surrounded below by disc-tike nectary forming the stylopod. 3. Each mericarp has two surfaces, a flat surface called the commissural surface and a convex one called dorsal surface. 4. The dorsal surface shows 5 raised ridges over the vascular bundles called primary ridges between which may be found 4 ridges over the secretory canals and called secondary ridges. Primary ridges are mostly more prominent except in Coriander where the secondary are more prominent. Only primary ridges are present in some fruits e.g. Fennel, Anise and Caraway. 5. The commissural surface shows two brownish longitudinal bands over the region of the secretory ducts separated by lighter area over the position of the raphe. 6. There is a minute thread lies between the two mericarps usually attached basally to the pedicel and apically to the stylopod. It is called carpophore. The carpophore is an elongation of the receptacle between the carpels. 7. Each mericarp encloses a single seed derived from anatropous ovule. 8. The seed shows a large oily endosperm, small apical embryo and a 9. raphe in the middle of the commissural side. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Fruit_Introduction 24  Pharmacognosy Department, Common Histological Characters Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University 1. The epicarp Fennel Ammi visnaga Is formed of polygonal cells with straight anticlinal walls and are covered by: ❑ Cuticle: ✓ smooth (Fennel) ✓ striated (Ammi visnaga). ❑ Stomata: ✓ Few of anomocytic type ✓ Occasionally of anisocytic type. ❑ Covering trichomes: Warty hair ✓ Warty hair Anise ✓ Shaggy hair Cumin ❑ The cells may contain: ✓ calcium oxalate crystals e.g. Visnaga and Coriander. ❑ It may be formed of ✓ papillosed cells as in Ammi majus. Shaggy hair Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Fruit_Introduction 25  Pharmacognosy Department, Common Histological Characters Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University 2. The mesocarp Is mostly parenchymatous and may show: ✓ Sclerenchyma in the form of a shell e.g. Coriander. Coriander ✓ Pitted lignified parenchyma e.g. Anise. Anise ✓ Reticulate parenchyma e.g. Fennel and Visnaga. The mesocarp has Fennel 6 Shizogenous secretory ducts called vittae ✓ 4 on the dorsal surface Fennel ✓ 2 on the commissural surface on both sides of the raphe. 5 vascular bundles under the 1ry ridges Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Fruit_Introduction 26  Pharmacognosy Department, Common Histological Characters Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University ❑ The vitta is: Schizogenous duct. spindle-shaped. has a secreting epithelium. ❑ Vitta may be Fennel Anise ✓ Simple as in Fennel. ✓ Branched as in Anise. ✓ Few as in Coriander. ❑ The vascular bundle (V. B.) is: Fennel ✓ Oval (Fennel) ✓ Crescent-shaped (Visnaga). ❑ V. B. shows ✓ Two lateral phloem bands with xylem in between formed of fibers and few vessels. Visnaga ❖ It may be accompanied with ✓ Secretory ducts e.g. Visnaga Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Fruit_Introduction 27 ✓ Reticulate parenchyma e.g. Fennel.  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Common Histological Characters ❑ The innermost layer of the mesocarp may be differentiated as: ✓ Lignified cells e.g. Coriander ✓ porous cells e.g. Visnaga parallel ✓ nonporous thickened cells e.g. A. majus. ❑ Endocarp mother cells are divided into: ✓ Groups of narrow parallel cells forming parallel arrangement parquetry ✓ Variously oriented forming parquetry arrangement. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Fruit_Introduction 28  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University ❑ The surface of the seed on the commissural side may be: ✓ flat and the seed is termed orthospermous e.g. Fennel ✓ concave and the seed is colospermous e.g. coriander. ❑ The endosperm cells contain ✓ aleurone grains ✓ one or more micro-rosette crystals of calcium oxalate. ❑ Umbelliferous fruits usually contain: ✓ Volatile oil secreted by the vittae but, ✓ other constituents are reported in Ammi visnaga which contain bitter principles. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Fruit_Introduction 29  Pharmacognosy Department, Common Histological Characters Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University https://slideplayer.com/slide/17320034/ Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Fruit_Introduction 30  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Fruit_Introduction 31