Pharmacognosy 1 Past Paper (PG202) PDF

Pharmacognosy 1 ( PG202 ) Lab (2) By demonstrator : Dr. Nourhan Eissa Under Supervision of : Dr. Hatem Samir Dr. Wael Afify Lecturer of pharmacognosy ( SU ) sinaiuniversity.net  Fruit II 1- Anise 2- Fennel 3-Coriander 4-Capsicum...

Pharmacognosy 1 ( PG202 ) Lab (2) By demonstrator : Dr. Nourhan Eissa Under Supervision of : Dr. Hatem Samir Dr. Wael Afify Lecturer of pharmacognosy ( SU ) sinaiuniversity.net  Fruit II 1- Anise 2- Fennel 3-Coriander 4-Capsicum 5-Ammi visnaga 6-Ammi majus ‫‪1- Anise Fruit‬‬ ‫ثمرة اليانسون‬  Origin It is dried ripe fruits of Pimpinella anisum (Family: Umbelliferae). Macroscopical Characters: ✓ Cremocarp → two mericarp, bifid stylopod. ✓ Mericarps → Pear-shaped (enlarged at the base and tapering at the apex), with rough surface due to short hairs, showing 5 slightly prominent 1ry ridges. ✓ color: greyish -brown. ✓ Odour: aromatic. ✓ Taste: sweet characteristic taste.  Microscopical Characters: - Epicarp: 1- occasional anisocytic stomata 2- Warty hair (unicellular non-glandular conical hairs with bluntly pointed apex and finely warty cuticle) -Mesocarp (groups of thin walled sclereids) 1- 5 collateral vascular bundles 2-Branching vittae (20-40 on dorsal side from branching of the original 4 vittae). 3- 2 large vittae on ventral side - Endocarp: Atypical parquetry arrangement (parallel or obliquely oriented parquetry layer)  Main Diagnostic Element (MDE) of Anise 1. Numerous warty hairs. 2. Groups of lignified pitted sclereids 3. Fragments of pericarp with yellowish-brown branching vittae. Usually crossed by the cells of the atypical parquetry endocarp. Microscopical characters of Anise MDE of Anise TS of Anise branched vittae  Active constituents: - Volatile oil composed of (80-90%) anethole. Uses and action 1- Flavoring agent 2- Carminative 3- Expectorant & Sedative 4- Spasmolytic 5- Relieving colic in children. 6- Used in bronchitis in case of persistent irritable coughing and in whooping cough. Adulterants Allied drug Hemlock → very toxic Star Anise It can be tested upon moistening with KOH solution a mice like odor develops. 2- Fennel Fruit ‫ثمرة الشمر‬  Origin It is dried ripe fruits of Foeniculum vulgare (Family: Umbelliferae) Macroscopical Characters: ✓ Cremocarp → two mericarp, bifid stylopod. ✓ Mericarps → Showing 5 prominent 1ry ridges. ✓ Color: greenish yellow to greenish -brown. ✓ Odour: aromatic ✓ Taste: aromatic and sweet  Microscopical Characters: - Epicarp: straight-walled cells, smooth cuticle - Mesocarp: reticulated parenchyma, 6 vittae, 5 collateral vascular bundles - Endocarp: typical parquetry arrangement  Main Diagnostic Element (MDE) of fennel 1-Reticulated parenchyma of the mesocarp 2-Fragments of Endocarp showing typical parquetry 3 -Fragments of Vittae Microscopical characters of Fennel MDE of Fennel TS of Fennel Fragments of vittae  Active constituents: 1. Volatile oil composed of anethole, fenchone and estragol (methyl chavicol). 2. flavonoids: kaempferol, quercetin, iso-quercetin and rutin. Uses and action 1. Flavoring agent 4. Lactagogue. 2. Carminative 5. Anti-inflammatory. 3. Mild expectorant 6. Purgative. Contraindication Fennel in high doses is a uterine stimulant therefore contraindicated in pregnancy. 3- Coriander Fruit ‫ثمرة الكسبرة‬  Origin It is dried nearly ripe fruits of Coriandrum sativum (Family: Umbelliferae). Macroscopical Characters: The drug is composed mainly of entire cremocarp ✓ Cremocarp is subspherical showing small sepals at the base of stylopod. ✓ Mericarps are showing 5 wavy 1ry ridges while 2ry ridges are 4 straight and more prominent. ✓ Odour: disagreeable (mouse like) when fresh and aromatic when crushed.  Microscopical characters Main diagnostic Element (MDE) Fusiform sclereids of the mesocarp Fragments of endocarp associated with hexagonal sclereids of mesocarp TS of coriander  Microscopical characters of coriander MDE of coriander TS of coriander Fusiform sclereids  Active constituents: 1- Volatile oil composed of linalol (65-90%) and pinene 2- flavonoids: quercetin, iso-quercetin and rutin. 3- coumarins. 4- phenolic acids. N.B. Trans-tridec-2-en-1-al which is responsible for disagreeable odor of unripe fruits Uses and action 1- flavoring agent 4- Stomachic 2- carminative 5- Spasmolytic 3- as spice 6- bactericidal & fungicidal  General test for volatile oils: powder + Sudan III Red ‫‪4- Ammi visnaga‬‬ ‫الخله البلدي‬ ‫‪5- Ammi majus‬‬ ‫الخله الشيطاني‬  ‫ الخله البلدي‬Ammi visnaga ‫ الخله الشيطاني‬Ammi majus Ammi visnaga Ammi majus Dried ripe fruits of Ammi visnaga Dried ripe fruits of Ammi majus Origin (F: Apiaceae ) (F: Apiaceae ) Macroscopical character Shape& size: Shape&size: (mericarp) shorted and wider longer and narrower Colour: brownish to Colour: grayish-brown to greenish-brown, reddish-brown, with a violet tinge without violet tinge. Surface: glabrous Surface: Rough marked with 5 distinct ,pale marked with 5 distinct 1ry brownish ,rather broad 1ry ridges ,4 prominent dark ridges ,4 inconspicuous 2ry ridges. dark 2ry ridges. Carpophore: simple Carpophore: forked Odour :slightly aromatic Odour :faint aromatic Taste :bitter & pungent Taste :slightly bitter & very pungent  Microscopical character Ammi visnaga TS of Ammi majus Ammi visnaga Ammi majus MDE of Ammi visnaga  Microscopical characters TS of visnaga TS of majus MDE of visnaga Innermost layer of mesocarp (porous layer) Chemical test Special test for khellin: -NO rose red colour is -boil the pd + water developed when the filtrate is Then filter it shaked with NaOH. Take this filtrate + NaOH -The alcoholic extract gives plates & shake , gives rose red blue fluorescence in U.V light colour ( due khellin ). - The alcoholic extract gives NO blue fluorescence in U.V light Active 1-Furanochromone 1-furano-coumarin constituents bitter principals bitter principals (psoralene) (Khellin, visnadin and visnagin) 2-bitter principales (xanthotoxin & imperatorin) Uses : -Antispasmodic (vasodilative Treatment of leukodermia effect ) on the smooth muscle of ,psoriasis, alopecia and vitiligo. the coronary vessels, GIT, biliary duct & urinary system. -kidney stones relief -angina , asthma remedy Non-Umbelliferous fruits Capsicum fruit ‫الفليفلة الحمراء الحريفة‬  Capsicum fruit Origin : it is dried ripe fruits of Capsicum minimum (Family : Solanaceae) Macroscoprical characters: ✓ Pericarp: glabrous ,shining and leathery. ✓ Type : berry ✓ Colour : red or orange + pale yellow or white seeds ✓ Odour: characteristic & irritant for the mucous membranes. ✓ Taste: pungent (stronge)  Powder -Fragments of the outer epidermis of the pericarp -Fragments of elongated sclerides of the endocarp ( with thick ,pitted, lignified, sinuous walls) -Fragment of sclerides of the testa (with balloon-like thickening) MDE of capsicum  Active Constituents: -Pungent phenolic compounds (capsaicinoids) e.g. capsaicin Special chemical test : 1) Powder + conc. H2SO4+ sucrose Violet color Uses -Internally: condiment -Externally: counter irritant  Adulterants Ginger (for pungency) + Curcuma (for color) + Starch Test for Adulteration K. permanganate If Pungency continues not capsicum  MDEs of Fruit Anise Fennel Visnaga (branched vittae) (Fragments of vittae) (porous layer) Coriander Capsicum ( fusiform sclerides) (sclerides of testa)  TS of Fruit Anise Fennel Coriander Ammi-Visnaga Ammi-majus