Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following describes True Fruits?
Which of the following describes True Fruits?
False Fruits are derived exclusively from the ovary of the flower.
False Fruits are derived exclusively from the ovary of the flower.
False
What is a dry fruit that splits to free its seeds called?
What is a dry fruit that splits to free its seeds called?
Dehiscent fruit
A fruit that remains intact to protect its enclosed seeds is known as _____ fruit.
A fruit that remains intact to protect its enclosed seeds is known as _____ fruit.
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Which of the following is an example of a succulent fruit?
Which of the following is an example of a succulent fruit?
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Match the following fruits with their categories:
Match the following fruits with their categories:
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Aggregate fruits are formed from multiple ovaries of a single flower.
Aggregate fruits are formed from multiple ovaries of a single flower.
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How are schizocarpic fruits defined?
How are schizocarpic fruits defined?
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Which of the following options describes dehiscent fruits?
Which of the following options describes dehiscent fruits?
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A drupe has a woody endocarp.
A drupe has a woody endocarp.
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What is a key characteristic that differentiates a berry from a drupe?
What is a key characteristic that differentiates a berry from a drupe?
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A fruit that develops from multiple carpels and remains intact without splitting is called a _____ fruit.
A fruit that develops from multiple carpels and remains intact without splitting is called a _____ fruit.
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Match the following fruit types with their characteristics:
Match the following fruit types with their characteristics:
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Which of the following fruits are examples of indehiscent fruits?
Which of the following fruits are examples of indehiscent fruits?
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A lomentum is a type of succulent fruit.
A lomentum is a type of succulent fruit.
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Describe a schizocarpic fruit.
Describe a schizocarpic fruit.
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Which of the following is a characteristic of aggregate fruits?
Which of the following is a characteristic of aggregate fruits?
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Dehiscent fruits split open when they are mature to release seeds.
Dehiscent fruits split open when they are mature to release seeds.
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What is the main function of fruits in the plant life cycle?
What is the main function of fruits in the plant life cycle?
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A fruit that does not split open at maturity and retains its seeds is called an ______ fruit.
A fruit that does not split open at maturity and retains its seeds is called an ______ fruit.
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Which of the following correctly describes true fruits?
Which of the following correctly describes true fruits?
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Match the fruit types with their descriptions:
Match the fruit types with their descriptions:
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All fruits are sweet and edible.
All fruits are sweet and edible.
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Name one example of a dehiscent fruit.
Name one example of a dehiscent fruit.
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course Title: Pharmacognosy II
- Course Code: PHG 213
- Week number: 1
- Lecture number: 1
- Lecturer: Dr. Hanan Samir Marzouk
- Fall 2024/2025
References
- Wallis, T.E., "Textbook Of Pharmacognosy"; 15th ed., CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, Bangalore, India (2005).
- Biren N. Shah & A.K.Seth, "Textbook of pharmacognosy and phytochemistry"; 2nd ed., Elsevier (2014).
- Trease, G.E., and Evans, W.C., "Textbook of Pharmacognosy"; 16th ed., Saunders, Bailliere | Tindall, London (2014).
- Important websites: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/herbalmedicine.html, www.herbs.org, www.botanical.com, www.pharmacopoeia.org.uk, www.usp.org
Development of Fruits
- Fruits develop from the flower ovary after fertilization.
- Parts of a flower include ovules, peduncle, sepal, pericarp, ovary, filament, stamen, style, and stigma.
- Seeds are also part of the fruit.
What is Fruit?
- A fruit is the developed ovary (or ovaries) of a single flower or a whole inflorescence.
- The ovary wall develops into the fruit wall, the pericarp.
- The fruit contains the seed that developed from the fertilized ovule.
- Function of the fruit:
- Protects and nourishes seeds during development
- Ensures distribution of seeds when mature
Main Characters of Fruit
- Fruits have two scars: a minute apical scar (remains of the style) and a larger scar at the base (attachment to the stalk of the parent plant).
- Other floral parts may be persistent on the fruit (e.g., stigma of poppy capsule, calyx of lobelia, stylopod of umbelliferous fruits).
- The surface of the fruit may be:
- Smooth and glabrous (e.g., Capsicum)
- Glabrous (e.g., Fennel)
- Hairy (e.g., Anise)
- Granular (e.g., Citrus fruits)
- Spiny (e.g., Stramonium)
- Longitudinal striated (e.g., Cardamom)
- Transversely striated (e.g., Senna)
- Ridged (e.g., Umbelliferous fruits)
- Reticulated (e.g., Black pepper)
- Wrinkled (e.g., Vanilla)
Types of Fruits
- True Fruit: Formed only from the gynoecium (female part of the flower).
- False Fruit: Formed from parts of the flower other than the gynoecium (e.g., receptacle or stalk).
Classification of Fruits
- Classification is based on:
- Origin (from united or free carpels)
- Nature of pericarp (dry, leathery, succulent, hard) and number of seeds
- Dehiscence or indehiscence of the pericarp. (split to release seeds or remain enclosed).
- Examples of fruit types (using a hierarchical structure):
- Fruit
- Simple
- Succulent (drupe, berry)
- Dry (dehiscent, indehiscent, schizocarpic)
- Aggregate
- Composite
- Simple
- Fruit
Simple Fruits
- Developed from single ovary.
- Classified based on the nature of the pericarp:
- Dry fruit (e.g., Poppy, Fennel, Star Anise): pericarp is hard, membranous, or leathery.
- Succulent fruit (e.g., Coco nut): pericarp or parts are modified into fleshy tissue (sometimes fibrous).
Dry Fruit
- Can be dehiscent, indehiscent, or schizocarpic.
- Dehiscent: Pericarp splits open to release seeds (e.g., follicle, legume, siliqua, capsule).
- Indehiscent: Pericarp does not split open; usually one-seeded (e.g., achene, cypsela, samara, nut).
- Schizocarpic: Pericarp splits into several one-seeded parts called mericarps (e.g., Lomentum, Cremocarp).
Dehiscent Fruits (Examples)
- Follicle, Legume, Siliqua, Capsule (descriptions of each included in the document)
Indehiscent Fruits (Examples)
- Achene, Caryopsis (grain), Cypsela, Samara, Nut (descriptions of each included in the document)
Schizocarpic Fruits (Examples)
- Lomentum, Cremocarp (descriptions of each included in the document)
Succulent Fruits (Examples)
- Berry, Drupe (descriptions of each included in the document)
Aggregate Fruits
- Formed from a group of fruits arranged on a single receptacle.
- Developed from an apocarpous gynoecium (where each free carpel develops a fruit).
Composite Fruits
- Formed from a whole inflorescence
- Includes: strobile, sorosis, syconus
Activity Time
- Identify fruits and their classes. (Images provided, classes need to be identified).
Structure of Fruit – Histology
- Fruit consists of a swollen, modified ovary wall called pericarp.
- The pericarp encloses the fertilized ovules (the seeds) which are arranged on the placenta.
- Pericarp is divided into three regions:
- Epicarp (outer region)
- Endocarp (inner region)
- Mesocarp (middle region)
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Description
This quiz covers the initial concepts from the first week of Pharmacognosy II, focusing on the development of fruits from the flower ovary and the essential parts of a flower. Students will explore the definitions of fruits and their significance in pharmacognosy. Prepare to test your understanding of these foundational topics.
