Pharmacognosy II - Fall 2024/2025 Lecture Notes PDF

Course Title: Pharmacognosy II Course Code: PHG 213 Week number: 2 Lecture number: 2 Lecturer: Dr. Hanan Samir Marzouk Fall 2024 / 2025  Lecture Objectives Main Morphological & Microscopical Characters of Umbelliferous Fruits Study important examples of umbell...

Course Title: Pharmacognosy II Course Code: PHG 213 Week number: 2 Lecture number: 2 Lecturer: Dr. Hanan Samir Marzouk Fall 2024 / 2025  Lecture Objectives Main Morphological & Microscopical Characters of Umbelliferous Fruits Study important examples of umbelliferous fruits eg. Fennel, Anise, Coriander, Ammi visnaga, Ammi majus, Caraway, Dill, Cumin, Hemlock.  CAPSULES Loculicidal Fruit as Cardamom Septifragal Fruit as Datura Capsules opened by holes or pores as Poppy Pyxis Fruit as Hyoscyamus Septicidal Fruit as Colchicum  Mention the type of the following fruits Differentiate between Lomentum & Cremocarp fruits Compare between Achene & Caryopsis fruits Umbelliferous Fruits  Common Morphological Characters  They are usually cremocarp either entire or separated into their mericarps.  At the apex of the fruit: there may be five small inconspicuous sepals eg. Coriander and in the center are the two styles surrounded below by disc-like nectary forming the stylopod.  Each mericarp has two surfaces, a flat surface called commissural surface and a convex one called dorsal surface.  The dorsal surface shows 5 raised ridges over the V.B. called primary ridges, between which may be found 4 ridges over the secretory canals and called secondary ridges. Primary ridges are mostly more prominent except in Coriander.  The commissural surface shows two brownish longitudinal bands over the region of secondary duct, separated by lighter area over the position of the raphe.  There is a minute thread lies between the 2 mericarps usually attached basally to the pedicel and apically to the stylopod, it is called carpophore. The carpophore is an elongation of receptacle between carpels.  Each mericarp encloses a single seed derived from anatropus ovule. The seed shows a large oily endosperm, small apical embryo and a raphe in the middle of commissural side.  Common Histological Characters  Epicarp: polygonal cells with straight anticlinal wall and covered with smooth cuticle (Fennel) or striated cuticle (Ammi visnaga). Stomata anomocytic, occasionally anisocytic. The cells may contain CaOX (Ammi visnaga, Coriander) it may show trichomes (Anise). It may be pappillosed (Ammi majus).  Mesocarp: parenchymatous and may show sclerenchmatous shell (Coriander), pitted lignified parenchyma (Anise) or reticulate parenchyma (Fennel or visnaga). Mostly, mesocarp of each mericarp is longtudinally traversed by 5 V.B in the primary ridges and by 6 schizogenous secretory ducts called vittae, 4 on the dorsal surface and 2 on the commissural surface on both sides of the raphe. The vittae is a schizogenous duct, spindle shaped and has a secretory epithelium. They may be simple as in Fennel, or branched as in Anise, few as in Coriander or inconspecuous as in Hemlock. The vascular bundle is oval (Fennel), triangular (Caraway), cresent-shaped (Visnaga). It shows two lateral phloem bands with xylem in between formed of fibers and few vessels. It may accompanied with secretory duct (Visnaga) or with reticulate parenchyma (Fennel). The innermost layer of mesocarp may be differentiated as lignified cells (Coriander), porous cells (visnaga), non porous thickened cells (majus).  Endocarp mother cells are divided into groups of narrow parallel cells which may be parallel to each other forming parrallel arrangement or variously oriented forming parquetry arrangement.  The surface of the seed on the commissural side may be flat and the seed is termed orthospermous (Fennel), or concave and the seed is termed colospermous or has a longitudinal groove where it is called campylospermous.  The endosperm cells contain aleurone grains enclosing a globoid and one or more micro rosette crystals of calcium oxalate.  Umbelliferous fruits usually contain volatile oil secreted by vittae, but other constituents are reported in Ammi visnaga which contain bitter principle and in Hemlock which contain alkaloids.  General Scheme For Description of Fruits Shape Color Surface Odor Taste TS Powder Elements Chemical tests What are their Arabic names? ‫ثمر‬ Fennel* Anise* Coriander* Ammi visnaga* Ammi majus ‫الشمر‬ ‫الينسون‬ ‫الكزبرة‬ ‫الخلة البلدي‬ ‫الخلة البري‬ Caraway* Cumin Dill Celery Hemlock ‫الكراوية‬ ‫الكمون‬ ‫الشبت‬ ‫البقدونس‬ ‫الشوكران‬ *= Official drug What are their part used? All of them are dried ripe fruit EXCEPT Hemlock is dried unripe fruit..  What are their scientific name? Fennel Foeniculum vulgare family Umbelliferae. Anise Pimpinella anisum family Umbelliferae. Coriander Coriandrum sativum, family Umbelliferae. Ammi visnaga Ammi visnaga, family Umbelliferae. Ammi majus Ammi majus, family Umbelliferae Caraway Carum carvi, family Umbelliferae Cumin Cuminum cyminum, family Umbelliferae. Dill Anethum graveolens, family Umbelliferae. Celery Apium graveolens, family Umbelliferae. Hemlock Conium maculatum, family Umbelliferae. What are their macroscopical characters? Fennel Anise Coriander Shape Oval oblong Ovoid conical, Sub-spherical pear-shaped Color Yellowish green Greenish grey Brownish– to yellowish yellow brown Surface Glabrous. Hairy Glabrous. Odor Aromatic Strong aromatic Aromatic Taste Aromatic & sweet Sweet aromatic Aromatic & spicy  Ammi visnaga Ammi majus Hemlock Shape Small ovoid Oval, oblong Broadly ovoid and almost cylindrical slightly laterally (larger in size) compressed Color Brownish to Yellowish brown Grayish- green greenish brown with violet tinge Surface Glabrous Glabrous Glabrous having wavy appearance Odor Characteristic Characteristic Characteristic Taste Bitter and Bitter Bitter slightly pungent  What are their microscopical characters? Fennel Anise T.S in mericarp Outline Irregular pentagon Hemispherical Dorsal surface 5 vascular bundles, 4 vittae 5 vascular bundles, 20-40 vittae Ventral surface 2 large vittae 2 large vittae Epicarp Thick- walled rectangular Polygonal cells with striated cuticle, polygonal cells with smooth many of which project into short cuticle showing few conical curved thick–walled anomocytic stomata unicellular, occasionally bicellular covering hairs with bluntly pointed apex and finely warty cuticle. Mesocarp Thick- walled parenchyma Few porous cells are present only in reticulate parenchyma the middle of the commissural side. Endocarp Parquetry Parallel  Coriander Hemlock Outline Hemispherical Regular pentagon Dorsal Degenerated vittae (flattened 5 vascular bundles, No vittae surface cavity) complete ring of sclerenchyma Ventral 2 large vittae No vittae surface Epicarp Polygonal tubular thick- walled Papillosed cells with striated cells and showing occasional cuticle, each cell contains one or small prismatic crystals of more calcium oxalate crystals in calcium oxalate, few anisocytic the forms of small prisms. stomata  Coriander Hemlock Mesocarp Outer zone consists of few layers Parenchymatous of tangentially elongated collapsed parenchymatous cells. Middle Zone consists of schelerenchymatous shell. Inner Zone consists of 2-3 rows of large tangentially elongated thin walled parenchyma. The inner most layer of the mesocarp IML conists of flattened hexagonal thin – walled sclerenchyma Endocarp Parquetry a layer of cells containing alkaloids and called coniine layer.  Ammi visnaga Ammi majus Outline Regular pentagon Regular pentagon Dorsal 5 vascular bundles , 4 club- 5 vascular bundles, 4 club- surface shaped vittae shaped vittae Ventral 2 large club- shaped vittae 2 large club- shaped vittae surface Epicarp Polygonal cells, elongated on Papillosed cells with striated the ridges with occasional cuticle, each cell contains one or crystals of calcium oxalate and more calcium oxalate crystals in finely striated cuticle showing the forms of small prisms. few anomocytic stomata.  Ammi visnaga Ammi majus Mesocarp The vascular bundles are Inner most layer of the accompanied by fibres and mesocarp IMLhave thick reticulate lignified nonporous inner walls. parenchyma and schizogenous duct. The inner most layer of the mesocarp IML consists of large polygonal, brown – walled cells with porous inner wall, so called porous layer. Endocarp Parquetry Parquetry Label the following fruit T.S. diagrams Activity Sheet I  Powder Elements Anise Fennel  Coriander IML Schelerenchymatous Shell Ammi visnaga IML (porous layer)  Constituents Fennel  2-5% and not less than 1.4% of volatile oil which contains mainly anethole (60-80%) and the terpene ketone fenchone.  20% of proteins and 12-18% of fixed oil. Anise  1.5-3.5% of volatile oil containing up to 90% of the phenolic ether anethole.  Proteins and about 8-11% of fixed oil. Coriander  0.8-1.0% of volatile oil, the chief constituent of which is the terpene alcohol linalol (65-90%).  Fixed oil and proteins. Ammi  up to 1 but not less than 0.5% of the bitter priniciple called khellin. Other constituents are visnagin, 0.1% and visnaga khellol - glucoside, 0.3%.  18% of fixed oil and 12% of proteins. Ammi  Bitter principles formerly known as ammoidin but it was found to be a mixture of 3 bitter principles which are: majus xanthotoxin, bergapten and imperatorin.  Fixed oils and protein.  Constituents Caraway  3.5 to 7 but not less than 3.5% of volatile oil, the principle constituent of it is carvone (53-63%), dihydrocarvone, carveol and limonene.  Fixed oil and proteins. Cumin  2.5 – 4% of volatile oil (Egyptian cumin contains up to 7.5 %), the oil contains up to 50 % of cuminic aldehyde , α – pinene and α – terpineol.  Fixed oil and proteins  Flavonoids. Dill  Volatile oil, 3-4% which contains carvone (53-63%) and limonene. Celery  2-3% volatile oil containing terpenes and small amount of anhydride.  Coumarins and furanocoumarins.  Fixed oil and protein Hemlock  Steam volatile alkaloid called coniine (1-2.5%) together with N- methyl coniine, and conhydrin.  Chemical tests Volatile Powder + Sudan III gives red color oil Bitter Boil about 0.1 gm of powdered khilla principle with 5ml of water for a minute, filter, add 1 or 2 drops of the filtrate to a pellet of sodium hydroxide, a rose red color is produced within 2 minutes. Alkaloid  Hemlock on treatment with solution of potassium hydroxide develops a strong mouse- like odor owing to the liberation of coniine.  Mayer's test.  Uses Fennel  Fennel is an agreeable aromatic carminative. The volatile oil has a pronounced estrogenic activity.  The fixed oil is suggested as a substitute for cocoa butter in the preparation of suppositories. Anise  Anise is employed as an aromatic and carminative.  The oil is used widely in pharmaceutical preparation.  Marked estrogenic activity is reported for the volatile oil. Coriander  It is used as a flavoring agent and carminative  The powdered fruits find wide use in the Egyptian kitchen as a spice and the oil is used in perfumery. Ammi  The drug relaxes smooth muscles and lower the tonicity of the visnaga ureter, so it is used to ease the passage of kidney calculi. It is also a potent coronary vasodilator and has been used in the treatment of Angina pectoris and bronchial asthma. The drug is also used as a source of khellin. Ammi majus  A paint from the fruit is used in the treatment of leucodermia.  Uses Caraway  Large quantities of caraway fruits are used for culinary purposes. The fruits and the oil are extensively used in medicine as a flavoring agent and as an aromatic carminative Cumin  Cumin is used as one of the commonest spice, as stimulant and carminative, in folk medicine as a remedy for colic. Dill  Dill is employed as an aromatic stimulant and carminative to relieve flatulence particularly for infants. Celery  Flavoring agent and carminative Hemlock  Hemlock is used in spasmodic and convulsion diseases as tetanus and epilepsy and whooping cough. The alkaloid depresses the motor nerve endings so in large doses resulting death from respiratory paralysis. Identify the following elements  Lecture Evaluation Sheet The lecture was: unacceptable Needs Fair Good Very Good Excellent Outstanding work What were the two best things about the lecture: 1. 2. What two things about the lecture would you like to see improved: 1. 2. Other Comments: