Cognitive & Visual Perceptual Skills PDF

10/29/2024 Introduction Cognitive skills refer to ability to gain meaning & knowledge from experience &...

10/29/2024 Introduction Cognitive skills refer to ability to gain meaning & knowledge from experience & Cognitive & information Can be divided into Visual Perceptual Basic cognitive skills: Orientation, Attention, memory, following instructions, initiation,… Higher level cognitive skills: planning, sequencing, reasoning, problem solving,… Skills Help to know level of function in children Introduction Introduction High Function Child Low Function Child Visual Perception is brain’s ability to make sense of what the eyes see Not the same as visual acuity Moderate to severe Absent to Mild symptoms symptoms Allow us to process & interpret meaning from visual information Good to fair performance in Usually poor performance in functioning area Visual perception plays an important role in developing age-appropriate functioning area Level of independence Level of independence play skills, self-care skills & academic skills including reading, writing & usually high compering usually low compering to almost to standard child’s peers completing math problems Problems most likely in Problems most likely in basic higher level skills and low level skills Introduction Visual perception subcategories Some signs of visual perception difficulties Difficulty sorting by color or shape Visual perceptual skills is subdivided into categories including Visual Discrimination Difficulty discriminating colors, shapes, pictures or letters Visual Memory Difficulty working with puzzles and copying block designs Visual Sequential Memory Difficulty judging distances & sizes Visual Spatial Relationships Visual Form Constancy Difficulty with academic tasks: learning to read and write, basic mathematical Visual Closure concepts Visual Figure Ground Learning self-care skills Left/right discrimination 1  10/29/2024 Visual perception subcategories Visual perception subcategories Visual Discrimination It is the first perceptual skill to develop Visual Memory Ability to be aware of distinctive features of forms including colors, Ability to store & retrieve previously experienced visual information shapes, size, letters & numbers when the stimulus is no longer present Ability to identify similarities or differences of a given shape or object As much as 80% of all learning takes place through the eye w/ visual Help children to match & sort objects by size, shape & color memory existing as a crucial aspect of learning Help in perceiving words accurately by noting likenesses & differences in words Dysfunctions in visual memory cause prolonged time in copying from Recognizing difference between words like cat, hat, mat board Deficits in this skill can cause difficulties in: - ………….. Visual perception subcategories Visual perception subcategories Visual Sequential-Memory Visual Spatial Relationship Ability to remember & reproduce a sequence of words, symbols or Ability to understand directional concepts that organize external sentences in the correct order visual space This skill is critical when learning to read & spell & it also affects The analysis of forms & patterns in relationships to ones body & space copying from the blackboard This include whether an object is on top of another or underneath, in front or behind, up or down, inside or outside & right or left Deficits in this skill can cause difficulties in: - …………… Visual perception subcategories Visual perception subcategories Visual Form-Constancy Visual closure Ability to recognize, name, match & remember objects or symbols by Ability to recognize a complete feature from fragmented information their details & characteristics (partial representation) Ability to recognize that a basic shape or form is the same no matter what size, orientation, color, or dimension that it is Ability to visualize a complete whole when given incomplete information Children w/ problems differentiating form-constancy typically have or partial picture difficulty w/ academic learning because words, numbers, or symbols A foundation skill for fluency and speed in reading & spelling presented in one context may not be recognized when presented in a ‫ﺳﯾﺎ‬..... different manner..... ‫ﺳﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻣﺎح – أﺣﻣد‬, A & a Deficits in this skill can cause difficulties in: Apple, Apple - …………. 2  10/29/2024 Visual perception subcategories Visual figure ground Ability to distinguish an object from irrelevant background information Assessment of Ability to recognize figures embedded within a general sensory background Demonstrate how competing visual images can send different signals to brain Cognitive & Visual Training in this area can help children to shift attention appropriately, Perceptual Skills concentrate on the relevant stimuli while ignoring irrelevant stimuli, scan adequately & have more organized behavior Deficits in this skill can cause difficulties in: - …………….. Standardized Assessment Tools Peabody Developmental Motor Scale (PDMS-2) Peabody Developmental Motor Scale (PDMS-2) The Carolina Curriculum for children with special needs # of Beery Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration (VMI) Description Subtest items Preschoolers Visual Motor Integration Assessment (PVMIA) Measure child’s ability to use his visual perceptual skills to Test of Visual-Perceptual Skills (non-motor) (TVPS-R) perform complex eye-hand coordination tasks Visual-Motor 72 Include reaching, grasping, building w/ blocks & copying Integration The Developmental Test of visual Perception (DTVP) designs Motor Free Visual Perception Test (MVPT) Wide Range Assessment of Visual Motor Abilities (WRAVMA) The Carolina Curriculum A) Attention & Memory A) Attention & Memory Ability to attend to visual stimuli, remember them & act on the basis of their memories B) Concepts & Imitations Up to 12-month old, this subtest primarily consist of visual tracking C) Visual Perceptual skills: matching & sorting & items related to immediate memory D) Visual perceptual skills: blocks & puzzles After 12 month old, there is a mixture of items related to attention span, memory, motor games & long-term memory E) Problem solving & reasoning F) Visual motor integration 3  10/29/2024 A) Attention & Memory A) Attention & Memory Pull cloth from his/her face or caregiver face when playing peek-a-boo Visually fixate for at least 3 seconds Show anticipation of regularly occurring events in everyday care Visually track object horizontally (side to side) Anticipate frequently occurring events in familiar games after two or Visually track object vertically (from head to stomach) three trials (i.e. this little piggy, pat a cake) Visually track object in a circle /ARC Find toy hidden under one of two covers, alternately A) Attention & Memory A) Attention & Memory Recognize familiar toys, people & places Identify (point to) object or picture shown briefly & shown again in Recognize own & others’ clothing, toys & personal belongings an array of three or four Retrieve own toys or household objects from usual locations Start with objects that are very different from one another Act out part of rhymes or songs independently (i.e. wheels of the (i.e. car, horse, spoon), then similar objects of the same class bus, its bitsy spider, if you are happy) (i.e. spoon, knife & fork) A) Attention & Memory B) Concepts & Imitation Name, show or point to objects or pictures shown, named & then hidden Identify body parts After observing objects being placed under separate covers, identifies Demonstrate use of everyday objects (i.e. spoon, comb, toothbrush, the cover under which a matching object is hidden socks, telephone) Find 3-4 pictures seen only briefly in an array of 10 to 12 Imitate simple motor actions Clapping hands, hands up, hands on eyes Describe events that happened in the past 4  10/29/2024 C) Visual Perceptual skills: Matching & Sorting C) Visual Perceptual skills: Matching & Sorting Sort by primary colors Categories objects or pictures into common categories (i.e. fruits, Sort by shape animals) Sort by size (big & little) Identify object or picture that does not belong in group of objects Sort by two characteristics Match upper case letters Match identical objects Match numbers 0 to 9 ( may confuse 6 & 9) Match identical pictures Match lowercase letters Match objects to their pictures Match name & short words D) Visual Perceptual skills: Puzzles D) Visual Perceptual skills: Puzzles Place shapes in form board when they are simultaneously presented Put together two-piece jigsaw puzzles Place round, square & triangular forms in revered form board Place correct forms in shape sorter Put together puzzle w/ four or five interconnected pieces Complete 8 to 12 piece interconnected puzzles Complete 15-to-25 piece interconnected puzzles D) Visual Perceptual skills: Blocks D) Visual Perceptual skills: Blocks Imitate building tower Imitate construction of a simple visual pattern using parquetry Imitates building a chair w/ blocks blocks Imitate block train Build representationally w/ blocks Imitate block bridge Reproduce simple block design from memory Imitate block wall Imitate different block designs from a picture (2D 3D) Imitate block steps (stairs) Imitate block pyramid 5  10/29/2024 E) Problem Solving/ Reasoning E) Problem Solving/ Reasoning Play w/ cause & effect toys Complete sequence of colors or shapes (Pattern) Nest cups or stack rings of graduated sizes AB pattern, ABB pattern, ABC pattern Match pictures based on functional relationships, such as shoes Identifies missing parts in pictures & socks (Logical association) Identify the opposites Identify silly or wrong pictures Sequence the steps of simple stories Imagine & describe what happen next in unfamiliar story F) Visual Motor Integration Ax F) Visual Motor Integration Ax Also know as Visual-motor coordination Mark w/ writing implement Involve coordinated use of vision & hand together Scribble spontaneously Require integration of visual-perceptual skills & fine motor skills Copies shapes Vertical stroke, horizontal stroke, circle, cross, square Needed to catch a ball, color within boundaries, use visual Coloring guidelines for cutting or write on lines Connecting dots Usually mature in girls earlier than boys F) Visual Motor Integration Ax F) Visual Motor Integration Ax Copying block designs (tower, train, bridge, wall, steps, pyramid) Draw a person with age appropriate features Snipping with scissors Cutting straight line, square, triangle, circle, complex shapes Draw simple representational pictures (i.e. rainbow, house, car, flower) Trace graded prewriting patterns Trace outline of simple stencil 6  10/29/2024 F) Visual Motor Integration Ax F) Visual Motor Integration Ax Draw a person Test Changes in child’s drawings of a man or a woman represent the development of cognitive complexity or intellectual maturity expressed Around 3 to 4 yrs, children begin to combine the circle with one or more lines in order to represent a human figure These figures typically start out looking like “tadpoles” or “headfeet” symbols Children’s first representations of the figure can be highly unrealistic or missing a neck, body, arms, fingers, feet, or toes F) Visual Motor Integration Ax F) Visual Motor Integration Ax Evaluation of the child’s drawing  Eyebrows  Head  Eyes  Neck  Nose  Trunk  Mouth  Shoulders  Ears  Arms  Hair  Hands  Arms to trunk in correct place  Fingers  Legs to trunk in correct place  Feet  Length of arms & legs appropriate  Toes Beery Developmental Test of Visual Motor Beery Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration (VMI) Integration (VMI) A reliable, Valid ,economical and standardized visual motor screening test Consist of two supplemental standardized tests VMI is a developmental sequence of a geometric forms to be imitated or copied Visual Perception (30 items) with paper and pencil designed to assess the extend to which individual can Motor coordination (30 items) integrate visual and motor abilities (eye-hand coordination) Along with Beery VMI, Stepping Stones parent checklist for birth through 6 yr. Age group: preschool to adult : (2 yrs. to 100 yrs.) with visual motor teaching methods and activity booklets Can be administered individually and in groups Visual perception should be administered after Beery VMI Norm reference test, Total 30 items administered in 10 to 15 min Motor coordination should be administered after visual perception Short Form (21 items) and Full/Long Form (30 items) and Beery VMI 7  10/29/2024 Non Standardized Assessment Sorting (color, shape, size) Matching (obj. to obj., pic. to pic., obj. to pic,) Recognizing & identifying (colors, shapes, numbers, letters) Shape sorter Intervention Inset or placement puzzles Jigsaw puzzles Block designs Activities Copying shapes (inside space, maintain size & orientation) Drawing a person test Worksheets 8