Visual, Perceptual, and Cognitive Skills in Motor Behaviour Student Slides PDF

LECTURE 7: VISUAL, PERCEPTUAL, AND COGNITIVE SKILLS IN MOTOR BEHAVIOUR DR LUKE WILKINS Lecture Objectives BY THE END OF THIS WEEK, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO: Ø Understand vision, perception, and cognition (and other terms) and how they relate to software and hardware skills Ø Critically analyse th...

LECTURE 7: VISUAL, PERCEPTUAL, AND COGNITIVE SKILLS IN MOTOR BEHAVIOUR DR LUKE WILKINS Lecture Objectives BY THE END OF THIS WEEK, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO: Ø Understand vision, perception, and cognition (and other terms) and how they relate to software and hardware skills Ø Critically analyse the research on VPC testing in sport Ø Critically analyse the research on VPC training in sport Ø Interpret Hadlow et al.’s (2018) Modified Perceptual Training Framework Vision, Perception, and Cognition in Sport Vision Vision is “the ability to see; the area that you can see from a particular position” (Oxford English Dictionary) Perception Perception is “the process by which the nature and meaning of sensory stimuli are recognized and interpreted” (Nature, n.d.) Cognition Cognition refers to “the mental processes of knowing, including high-level perception, language, and reasoning” (Brewer et al., 2007) Software and Hardware Controlled by the eyes and visual Controlled by the brain and involves pathways – the “mechanical and perception and memory – the optometric properties” “cognitive aspects” Non-task specific abilities Task-specific abilities VPC Skills and Abilities Accommodation Acuity Simple/Choice Reaction Time Contrast Sensitivity Central-Peripheral Awareness Visual Attention Eye Dominance Anticipation Saccadic Eye Movements Stereopsis Visual Search Strategies Hand/Body-Eye Coordination The Research: Visual Acuity 20/20 20/36 20/65 20/160 Mann et al (2010) The Research: Visual Acuity 20/20 20/36 20/65 20/160 20/20 20/36 20/65 20/160 Mann et al (2010) The Research: Visual Acuity Batting performance only significantly declined in the 20/160 condition, and this was consistent for both projector machine and live bowler When comparing fast-paced and medium-paced live bowling, performance only significantly declined against fast-paced deliveries (and does so only between the 20/36 and 20/65 conditions) “visual clarity (acuity) is not a limiting factor to interceptive performance” Consistent with similar studies in golf putting (Bulson et al., 2008), basketball shooting (Applegate & Applegate, 1992), and judo grip fighting performance (Krabben et al., 2021)  The Research: Anticipation & Visual Search Strategies Jin et al., (2023)  The Research: Anticipation Jin et al., (2023) The Research: Anticipation Expert basketball players had significantly better anticipation/decision-making accuracy and speed compared to novice basketball players Expert basketball players also differed in their visual search strategies (> on related AOI’s and < on irrelevant AOI’s) Consistent with most of the literature, including studies in soccer (Savelsbergh et al., 2002) and Australian Rules Football (Kassem et al., 2022) – However, some studies (e.g.,. Ripoli et al., 1995, in boxing, and Vansteenkiste et al., 2014, in volleyball) find no difference in anticipation speed between different expertise levels…likely because of speed-accuracy trade-off decisions The Research: Nike SPARQ Sensory Station Poltavski & Biberdorf (2015) The Research: Nike SPARQ Sensory Station Poltavski & Biberdorf (2015) The Research: Nike SPARQ Sensory Station Non-significant correlations found between ice hockey performance and most tests measuring hardware skills (static and dynamic acuity, contrast sensitivity, depth perception) Significant correlations found between ice hockey performance and most tests measuring software skills (visual memory, response inhibition, reaction time) Supports much of the literature, including the review by Williams (2000): “Skill-based differences do not emerge consistently on generalized tests of visual function (i.e. visual hardware)…Researchers have highlighted significant potential for developing the cognitive knowledge bases underlying skilled perception in sport (i.e. visual software)” VPC Training in Sport VPC Training Early Training Recent Training Programs = Programs = Hardware-based Software-based VPC Training Specific VPC Training (usually 4-6 weeks) Post- Baseline intervention Measures of tests Vision and/or confirm/refute Performance training effects Specific VPC Training (usually X trials lasting minutes/hours) Early VPC Training “Visual training might well make the difference between winning and losing” Sports Vision Eyerobics (Revien & Gabor, 1981) (Revien, 1987) Sports Vision: improved hitting accuracy of tennis players, though no visual tests were performed (Vedelli, 1986) Eyerobics: improved balance, and hand/foot-eye coordination of soccer players (McLeod, 1991), though no effect on dynamic visual acuity of college students (Long, 1994) Early VPC Training Static Acuity Stereopsis Depth Perception Group differences in.... Reaction Time Sports Vision Dynamic Acuity 4 x 20 minute Ocular Muscle Balance Eyerobics sessions per week Field of View for 4 weeks Placebo (reading) Peripheral Response Time Vergence Control Accommodation Eye-movement skills Coincidence-timing Abernethy & Wood (2001) Recent VPC Training Stroboscopic Quiet Eye Visual Training Training Virtual Reality Occlusion Training Paradigm Training Occlusion Paradigm Training Temporal Occlusion Spatial Occlusion Manipulating the duration and/or time points in Manipulating the areas of an environment from which visual stimuli is received which visual stimuli is received The “when” information The “where/what” information  Occlusion Paradigm Training Exp 1: can expert field hockey goalkeepers anticipate the drag-flick? Exp 2: can temporal occlusion training improve anticipation (inc. with far transfer)? Morris-Binelli et al. (2021)  Occlusion Paradigm Training 5/11 performed sig. above chance in run occlusion condition; 7/11 in stick- ball; 11/11 in ball flight Only 3 of the 5 from the run condition maintained that sig. performance in stick-ball… “some goalkeepers could pick-up contextual and kinematic information, but integration of this information to anticipate was challenging” Morris-Binelli et al. (2021)  Occlusion Paradigm Training Morris-Binelli et al. (2021)  Occlusion Paradigm Training Morris-Binelli et al. (2021)  Occlusion Paradigm Training In the field test, occlusion paradigm training… – Increased % of shots saved for all 3 intervention GKs (no change for control GK) – Reduced error distance for 2 of 3 intervention GKs (no change for control GK) – Reduced initial response time ro4 all 3 intervention GKs (no change for control GK) “Collectively, these findings indicate that the intervention had some benefits to in-situ performance in terms of getting closer to the ball, saving goals, and earlier initiation of the definitive movement.” Notable limitations (sample size, adequacy of control group), but the potential positive findings warrant further investigation Morris-Binelli et al. (2021) VPC Training Effectiveness Three Requirements for VPC Training to be Effective (Abernethy & Wood, 2001) VPC skills of elite athletes should be superior to sub-elite, which should be superior to non-athletes Training of VPC skills should improve said skills Improvements in VPC skills should transfer to improvements in sporting performance Modified Perceptual Training Framework A theoretical framework to predict the effectiveness of tools used to improve VPC skills in athletes that subsequently transfer to enhanced competitive performance Grounded in the theory of Representative Learning Design Three key design factors identified: – Targeted perceptual function Low-order visual (hardware) to High-order perceptual cognitive (software) – Stimulus correspondence Generic shapes to Sport-specific forms – Response correspondence Simple ocular responses to Actual skill execution Hadlow et al. (2018) MPTF and RLD For training benefits to transfer to competitive performance, training should accurately recreate relevant information sources used by athletes when performing skills and allow for sport-specific responses to this information (“perception-action coupling”) Targeted perceptual function Stimulus correspondence Response correspondence Hadlow et al. (2018) MPTF Y-axis = targeted perceptual function X-axis = stimulus correspondence Z-axis = response correspondence Hadlow et al. (2018) Hadlow et al. (2018) Summary Many visual, perceptual, and cognitive skills exist which may impact performance – these can often be classified as either software or hardware (or somewhere in between) Research has generally shown VPC software skills to predict sporting performance; research on VPC hardware skills is more mixed Thus, VPC training programs like stroboscopic visual training, quiet eye training, virtual reality training, and occlusion paradigm training may be more effective than traditional programs like Eyerobics and Sports Vision Hadlow et al.’s (2018) Modified Perceptual Training Framework uses RLD theory to predict the effectiveness of VPC tools  NEXT WEEK (week 8) THIS WEEK Lecture 8 (Online) (week 7) Motor Behaviour and Sports Lab 5 (Face-to-Face) Technology Testing and Training VPC Skills Seminar 3 (Face-to-Face) Lab Report Drop-In and Working Time References and Further Reading Hadlow, S.M., Panchuk, D., Mann, D.L., Portus, M.R., & Abernethy, B. (2018). Modified perceptual training in sport: A new classification framework. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 21(9), 950-958. Jin, P., Ge, Z., & Fan, T. (2023). Research on visual search behaviors of basketball players at different levels of sports expertise. Nature Scientific Reports, 13, 1406. Mann, D.L., Abernethy, B., & Farrow, D. (2010). The resilience of natural interceptive actions to refractive blur. Human Movement Science, 29, 386-400. Morris-Binelli, K., Muller, S., van Rens, F.E.C.A., Harbaugh, A.G., & Rosalie, S.M. (2021). Individual differences in performance and learning of visual anticipation in expert field hockey goalkeepers. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 52, 101829. Poltavski, D., & Biberdorf, D. (2015). The role of visual perception measures used in sports vision programmes in predicting actual game performance in Division I collegiate hockey players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 33(6), 597-608. Poltavski, D., Biberdorf, D., & Poltavski, C.P. (2021). Which comes first in sports vision training: The software or the hardware update? Utility of electrophysiological measures in monitoring specialized visual training in youth athletes. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 15, doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2021.732303 Lecture Objectives BY THE END OF THIS WEEK, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO: Ø Understand vision, perception, and cognition (and other terms) and how they relate to software and hardware skills Ø Critically analyse the research on VPC testing in sport Ø Critically analyse the research on VPC training in sport Ø Interpret Hadlow et al.’s (2018) Modified Perceptual Training Framework