Historical Antecedents PDF

Fucking reviewer sa SCITECS WEEK 2 – HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS part 1 Science - A systematic pursuit of knowledge about nature through observation Technology – The practical application of scientific knowledge for specific purposes Often leading to the developmental of tools, system, or met...

Fucking reviewer sa SCITECS WEEK 2 – HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS part 1 Science - A systematic pursuit of knowledge about nature through observation Technology – The practical application of scientific knowledge for specific purposes Often leading to the developmental of tools, system, or methods that solve problems.’ ANCIENT TIMES Transportation Communication Weapons and armors Conservation of life Engineering Architecture Sumerian Civilization – Were the first to establish settlements in Mesopotamia, for which they developed a civilization renowed for advancements in architecture, language, agriculture, and governance. By 4500 BCE they built cities along the rivers in southern mesopotamia URUK – Known as the world’s first true city, constructed without building stones, only used sun baked bricks from mud and clay mixed with reeds due to scarcity of lumber. Ziggurats – These massive structures housed kings and featured temples at the top, priests conducted a rituals to honor patron gods and goddess The great Ziggurat of Ur – The iconic statue standing around 170 feet tall and was dedicated to Nanna, the moon god, this took 12 years to excavate. AGRICULTURE The sumerians cultivated crops such as wheats and barley and grew fruits and vegetables like grapes and onions. And also raised livestock including sheep, goats, cows. Levees – Advanced irrigation system that directed water to farmland and controlled river flooding essential for sustaining agriculture. Cuneiform – First writing system known as cuneiform which used pictures and triangular symbols inscribed on tablets with red stylus. Purpose of cuneiform – Used for trading and recording goods and livestock, documenting temple activities and conducting business transactions and presenting stories myths and personal letters. TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS Sexagesimal System – The Sumerians numerical system based on the number 60 Sailboats – Crafted from reeds, these boats were used to navigate rivers and transport goods to trade Wheel – used in farming and transportating agricultural products Plow – this is a tool that revolutionized agriculture by making soild preparations for planting more efficient enabling mass production of food with reduced effort Roads - Contructured to facilitate easier travel. MEDICINE AND BELIEFS The sumerians belied diseases were divine punishment of wrong doings or influence of demons and evil spirits Priest – held the belief that they possessed magical powers to combat mystical forced causing diseases and illness Exorcist – Used charms and spells to drive away spirits believed to cause sickness BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION  Hanging gardens of babylon – Allegedly built bu King Nebuchadnezzar, these gardens were composed of layered terraces, approcimately 75 feet high however no physical evidence were confirmed nor the location the garden exists. Weapons – during the bronze age the Babylonians crafted weapons using bronze and an alloy of copper and tin. EGYPTIANS CIVILIZATION – The Egyptian civilization was unified around 3200 BCE by King Narmer Temples – Served as the dwellings of gods and goddesses and were constructed from stone. Centers of worship maintained by temple priests and the Pharao. Mummification – Based on the belief that in the life after death, Egyptians Practiced mummification to preserve bodies ensuring eternal life. Hieroglyphics - The Egyptian writing system used symbolic representations including pictures of living creatures and objects, inscribed on the walls of pyramids and other structures. Irrigation systems – Egyptians developed canals and ditches for irrigation. They utilized tools like the shaduf, a hand operated device for lifting water and Archimedean screw for raising water into irrigation trenches. Mathematics – Egyptians made significant advancement in mathematics Calendar – Egyptians created a calendar with 12 months of 30 day totaling 365 days solar year Wigs – Worn for beauty, status and hygiene, made from human hair, sheep’s wool or vegetable fiber used by both men and women Cosmetics – Egyptians used a combination of soot and galena as kohl to darken their eyelids Papyrus – The egtptians developed papyrus as a form of early paper Water clock - Known as the clepsydra, used to measure time based on the flow of water. GREEK CIVILIZATION – They begam in the 8th century bce, made significant contributions to the government, art, architecture, philosophy, and sport. They were a polytheistic society- they believed in many gods and used mythology to explant natural phenomena Theater – Greeks constructed large open-air theaters for performances of art and literatures. Water Mill – Used in agricultural processes, such as milling grains for mass production. Houses – Housing varied from multi-story blocks in urban slums to luxurious accommodations for the wealthy, including homes for large household and slaves Trades – Greeks relied on the sea for their livelihood established colonies along the mediterranean and Black seas, used coins as a medium for trading. Philosophers o Socrates – Developed the socratic method of questioning concepts of good and justice o Platos – A student of socrates he laid foundation of western philosopy and science(Academy of athens) o Aristotle – A student of Platos, he developed an empirical approach to nature, proposed the THEORY OF FOUR CAUSES. o Thales – Believed that water was the fundamental substance of all things o Phythagoras – Made key contributions to mathemathics including phythagora theorem o Empedocles – proposed the concept of four fundamental elements fire air earth water. o Democritus – Introduced atomism, the idea that everything in nature is composed of indivisible atoms. o Archimedes - known for his discovery of law of buoyancy ROMAN CIVILIZATION – Founded in 753 BCE by romulus and Remus, expanded into powerfule empire, conquered vast territories including italu, france, spain, turkey north africa and Greece. Roman Cities – Centered around the forum, large open plaza surrounded by important buildings Roman Architecture o Pantheon – A temple dedicated to all Roman gods. o Colosseum – The largest amphitheater, seating 50,000 spectators o Arch of septimus Severus – A monumental arch commemorating Roman victories over the Parthians. o Maison Carree – A temple that remains completely preserved to this day. Building materials – romans used materials like tufa, travertine, to this day. Aqueducts – Engineering marvels that conveyed water from distant sprinfgs and mountains into cities through gravity Roman Numerals – developed for a standardized counting system, roman numerals Were used in trade communication. Bound books – Initiated by julius Caesar, papyrus was stacked to form pages with covers made of wax or later animal skin, used for record keeping of politics, history and literature. Newspaper – An early form of public communication used for political and governance related information. Code – The precursor to the modern book used by Romans for recording imporatant information CHINESE CIVILIZATION – Oldest civilization in asia, made numerous contributions to technology, agriculture, and culture. Silk – Naturally produced by silkworms, silk became a valuable commodity. Tea production – tea leaves were harvested, processed and compressed into cakes. Ancient tea was prepared by pouring hot water over shredded or crushed tea leaves Great wall of chine – An extensive infrastructure project built to protect china from invasions and control its border, taking 200yhears to complete Gun powder – Originally developed buy Chinese alchemist seeking immortality gunpower was later used for fireworks and artillery, composed of saltpeter and charcoal and sulfur Compass – An artificial magnetic pointing device made from lodestone, essential for navigation. WEEK 3 – HISTORICAL PART 2 1. Middle Ages (500-1500AD) I. Dark Ages (5-10 Century) Political & Economic Conditions ▪ Widespread Turmoil and instability across Western Europe. ▪ Frequent invasions disrupted societies ▪ Decline in human achievements compared to Ancient Greece and Rome. II. Intellectual & Scientific Climates Minimal scientific inquiry due to widespread illiteracy, with most people unable to read Or write except for clergy members Intellectual focus was on religious studies, particularly the bible. Limited access to scientific literature From Ancient Greece and Rome. 2. High Middle Ages (11th - 13th Century) Political & Economic Conditions o Stability led to the revival of commerce and urban life. o Re-establishment of large-scale contractions and growth sizeable towns. Centers of learning o Monasteries became wealthy and served as key centers of learning. o By the 12th century, stadium Generale emerged across Western Europe that blended Ancient Greek knowledge with Muslim discoveries. o Notable universities were established during this period – Oxford, Cambridge, Padua, Sorbonne. C. Late middle ages (14th - 15th century) Technological Progress & Philisophies of science Dark Ages (5th to 10th Century) High Middle Ages (11th to 13th Century) Late Middle Ages (14th to 15th Century) Technological Innovation o Agriculture introduction of iron plowshares o Crafts, Innovations of rope, barrel, leather, and soap production. o Metallurgy and mining – Development of cast iron and gold mining techniques. o Warfare – Use of gunpowder (Carbon, Sulfur, and saltpeter) and cannons Other notable inventions o Artesian well – Confined aquifer system in France. o Wheelbarrow – Mirror, spectacles  o Alchemy – An early form of chemistry blending science and philosophy, and mysticism based on four elements fire earth water air. o Mathematics o Art o Manufacturing o Navigation Renaissance (14th to 17th century) o Known as the “rebirth” o Marked the transition from the Middle Ages to Modernity. o Renewed interest in art, science, and exploration. Mining and & Metallurgy o Invention of the steam engine o Expanded use of mineral resources (Copper, zinc, lead, gold) Agriculture o Horse driven seed Drill – Invented by Jethro Tull Printing o Printing press – Invented by Johannes Gutenberg. Medicine o Use of vegetables remedies SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION (16th to 18th century) ASTRONOMY Nicholas Copernicus – Proposed Heliocentric model. Tycho Brahe – Collected precise astronomical observations Johannes Kepler – Formulated laws of planetary motion Galilio Galilei – Developed techniques of laws of motion Isaac Newton – Laws of motion and gravitational gravitation PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS Christiaan Huygens – Theories on light wave motion Rene Descartes - Cartesian coordinate system Evangelista Torricelli – Barometer invention Blaise Pascal – Work on fluid mechanics and probability theory. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Manufacturing Steam Engine – Enhanced by James watt Railway Locomotives – Developed by Richard Trevithick Textile industry – Innovations in spinning and weaving COMMUNICATION Telegraph – revolutionized long-distance communication. TRANSPORTATION Combustion Engine – Pioneered by Etienne Lenoir further developed by Daimler & Benz Steam Turbine – Invented by Charles Parsons. ENERGY Electricity – Pioneering developments by Alessandro Volta and others. Coal gas – Utilized by lighting and heating WEEK 4 – INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS Paradigm shift – non commulative development episode where an existing paradigm is replace or partially. Paradigm – scientifically acceptable general principle or body of principle used to explain phenomena. Shift – implies the exchange of an old paradigm for a new one, fundamental transformation in scientific understanding. Claudius Ptolemy – Geocentrism (EARTH IS IN THE CENTER) Nicolaus Copernicus – Heliocentrism (SUN IS IN THE CENTER) challenged the belief of geocentrism Persecution – established religious views Modern astronomy – Paved the way for modern astronomical studies and scientific revolution. Legacy and modern application  o Europes cpernicus programme – utilizes satellite data for business development space exploration Newtonian Revolution Isaac Newton ○ Background - Mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who rose from poverty to prominence. ○ Key Contributions Laws of Universal Gravitation - Described the gravitational forces governing celestial bodies. Laws of Motion - Established the foundation for classical mechanics, which explained the motion of objects. infinitesimal Calculus - Developed alongside Gottfried Leibniz that provided a framework for understanding change and motion. Theory of Color - Investigated light and color, which led to fundamental discoveries in optics. 3. Chemical Revolution Robert Boyle ○ Background - Known as the "Father of Chemistry," inventor, and theological writer. ○ Key Contributions Boyle’s Air Pump & Boyle’s Law - Boyle’s Law describes the inverse relationship between the pressure and volume of gases. Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier ○ Background - Referred to as the "Father of Modern Chemistry." Key Contributions ▪ Oxygen - Identified oxygen's role in combustion and respiration. Overcoming Phlogiston Theory - Disproved the phlogiston theory by demonstrating the role of oxygen in chemical reach 4. Einsteinian Revolution Albert Einstein ○ Background - Physicist and Nobel Prize winner (1921) who expanded upon Newtonian physics. ○ Key Contributions - General and Special Theory of Relativity Special Theory - Revolutionized the understanding of space and time that asserted their relativity. General Theory - Integrated gravity with the fabric of space and time. Photoelectric Effect - Explained how light can release electrons from a material that supported quantum theory. Brownian Motion - Described the random movement of particles that linked temperature to kinetic energy. Mass-Energy Equivalence - Expressed by the equation E = mc², which describes the interrelation between mass and energy. 5. Darwinian Revolution Charles Darwin ○ Background - Naturalist, geologist, and biologist who revolutionized the understanding of life on Earth. Key Contributions Natural Selection - Described the process by which organisms better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce. Evolutionary Biology - Focused on biological evolution, which emphasized organism diversity and adaptation over time. Theory of Evolution - Provided a framework for understanding species' origins and development through evolutionary processes Impact on Society Debate with Religion - Initiated discussions between science and religion, which led to a more integrated view of evolution and religious beliefs. Biological Science - Enhanced the study of fossils and evolutionary processes.  Psychological Implications - Applied evolutionary principles to human behavior and psychological understanding. Environmental Impact - Contributed to managing ecosystems and understanding invasive species. Freudian Revolution Sigmund Freud ○ Background - Neurologist and "Father of Psychoanalysis." ○ Key Contributions Psychoanalytic Theory - Explored the conscious and unconscious mind that influenced understanding of human behavior. Structure of Personality Id - Represents primal, instinctual drives focused on pleasure and desire. Ego - Rational mediator between the id and the superego, functioning within reality. Superego - Embodies moral conscience and strives for ethical perfection. Five Psychological Stages of Development Oral Stage (0-1 year) - Focus on oral activities such as sucking and biting. Anal Stage (1-3 years) - Pleasure related to bowel and bladder control. Phallic Stage (4-6 years) - Focus on genitals, with children coping with sexual feelings. Latency Stage (7-12 years) - Dormant sexual feelings; formation of gender identity. Genital Stage (13+ years) - Maturation of sexual interests and development of adult relationships. Impact on Society Controversy - Freud's theories faced skepticism but were crucial in establishing psychology as a scientific discipline. WEEK 5 NATION BUILDING Concept of Nation Building Early Concept ○ Definition - A nation was traditionally defined as a group of people sharing a common history, traditions, culture, religion, and language. ○ National Identity - Includes race or ethnicity, loyalty to political ideas, institutions, and the linkage of citizenship to nationality Prof. Gambari's Perspective (2008) ○ Building a Political Entity - Establishing a functioning state structure. ○ Building Institutions - Developing organizational frameworks to support governance and societal functions. Creating a Common Sense of Purpose - Fostering a shared sense of destiny and collective belonging among citizens Key Drivers of Development Science and Technology ○ Economic Advances - Science and technology are crucial for economic growth and development. ○ Key Systems Improvement - Enhancements in health, education, and infrastructure are driven by technological and scientific progress. ○ Impact - Significant effects on living conditions, communication, and Economic development Science and Technology in Nation Building - A Global Perspective Country Classification ○ Economic and Technological Categorization - Nations are classified based on their economic status and scientific-technological capabilities. Global Science Scorecard (2012) ○ Top Countries - United States, Germany, China, Japan, U.K., France, Canada, South Korea, Italy, Spain. ○ Impact - Not only scientific outputs but also the practical application of this knowledge directly affects the quality of life. Science and Technology for Developing Countries Benchmarking and Best Practices ○ Localized Programs - Developing countries focus on creating science and technology programs tailored to their needs. Factors Contributing to Economic Success (Edgardo J. Angara) Government Investment - In public goods and services like roads, clean water, health, and education. ○ Support for Enterprises - Encouragement for small and medium-scale businesses. ○ Support for Higher Education and S&T - Investments in education, science, engineering, and industry associations. ○ Inter-Institutional Linkages - Collaboration between universities, industries, government agencies, and NGOs. ○ Good Governance - Essential for effective implementation and progress. Science and Technology in Philippine Nation Building 1987 Constitution, Article XIV Sections 10-13 ○ Department of Science and Technology (DOST) Councils and Agencies Sectoral Planning Councils Research and Development Institutes S&T Service Institutes Collegial Bodies Regional Offices Provincial S&T Centers ○ Congressional Commission on Science, Technology, and Engineering Function - Advisory and policy-making body to enhance science and technology linkage. Key Institutions - ○ Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) ○ Commission on Higher Education (CHED) ○ National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) Role - Formulates development plans and ensures national development goals are met. Science and Technology Competitiveness in the Philippines 12 Pillars of Competitiveness ○ Basic Requirements (Factor-driven Economies) Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic Environment Health and Primary Education ○ Efficiency Enhancers (Efficiency-driven Economies) Higher Education Goods Market Efficiency Labor Market Efficiency Financial Market Development Technological Readiness Market Size ○ Innovation and Sophistication Enhancers (Innovation-driven Economies) Business Sophistication Innovation The Philippine Science and Technology Agenda Key Focus Areas ○ National Plan - A defined science and technology plan aligned with global development strategies. ○ Interaction - Integration with sociopolitical, economic, educational, and cultural aspects. ○ Institutional Development - Building and enhancing science and technology infrastructure. ○ Local Capacity - Generating local science and technology capabilities. ○ Resource Availability - Ensuring resources are available for scientific and technological advancements. National Scientists Recognition - The highest honor awarded by the President for significant contributions to the fields of science and technology in the country. Inventions by Filipino Innovators Salamander Amphibious Tricycle ○ Description - A versatile vehicle that can travel on both land and water, accommodating up to 6 passengers. E-Jeeps (Electric Jeepneys) ○ Description - An electric vehicle powered by rechargeable batteries, eliminating the need for gasoline or diesel. Medical Incubator ○ Description - An improvised device designed to regulate the body temperature of newborns. Single-Chip 16-Bit Microprocessor ○ Description - Facilitated the use of graphics for commands in computing, advancing beyond text-based commands. Electrifilter ○ Description - A device for filtering and purifying water, making it safe for daily consumption. Salt Lamp ○ Description - An alternative light source powered by saltwater, ideal for coastal areas and remote locations. Vazbuilt - Modular Housing System ○ Description - An advanced construction method for residential and commercial buildings. Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap ○ Description - Designed by DOST scientists to control the population of dengue-carrying Aedes mosquitoes. Multi-Cooler Fan ○ Description - A turbo version fan designed for industrial use. Diwata-1 - Philippine-Made Micro-Satellite ○ Description - A micro-satellite launched to gather data and images for weather observation, disaster risk management, and environmental monitoring. Diwata-2 ○ Description - Successor to Diwata-1, prepared for the expected end of its predecessor. Pinoy Hybrid Electric Train ○ Description - Utilizes kinetic energy recovery during braking to generate electricity. Quink Ink ○ Description - High-quality ink with resistance to water, mold, and corrosion, and quick-drying properties Notable Filipino Scientists Fe V. Del Mundo ○ Field - Medicine ○ Contribution - Creator of the medical incubator; recognized with the Elizabeth Blackwell Award for Outstanding Service to Mankind. Abelardo B. Aguilar ○ Field - Pharmacology ○ Contribution - Discovered Erythromycin, a drug used to treat various bacterial infections. Raymundo S. Punongbayan ○ Field - Geology ○ Contribution - Provided early warnings of Mt. Pinatubo's eruption, aiding in evacuation efforts. William G. Padolina ○ Field - Biotechnology ○ Contribution - Promoted natural products and biotechnology. Artemio M. Salazar ○ Field - Biomedical Science ○ Contribution - Recognized for research in biomedical science; included in Asian Scientist 100 in 2019. Marissa A. Paglicawan ○ Field - Engineering ○ Contribution - Used abaca fiber-reinforced composites in constructing "Tryk ni Juan," a motorized tricycle. Lourdes J. Cruz ○ Field - Biochemistry ○ Contribution - Discovered a snail toxin more potent than morphine. Rody G. Sy ○ Field - Cardiology Contribution - Research on hypertension, diabetic heart disease, and other cardiovascular conditions. Fabian M. Dayrit ○ Field - Chemistry ○ Contribution - President of the Integrated Chemists of the Philippines; project leader for DOST's Nanotechnology Development Roadmap. Caesar A. Saloma ○ Field - Optics ○ Contribution - Awarded the Galileo Galilei Award for significant contributions to optics. Ricardo S. Balog ○ Field - Surgery ○ Contribution - Developed low-cost, multi-purpose, adjustable surgical retractor. Elmer P. Dadios ○ Field - Artificial Intelligence ○ Contribution - Research in AI, neural networks, robotics, and intelligent systems. Rosalinda C. Torres ○ Field - Natural Products ○ Contribution - Researched larvicidal potential of Philippine medicinal plants; developed health supplements. Alonzo A. Gabriel ○ Field - Food Science ○ Contribution - Noted for advancements in food processing technologies and food safety. Gay Jane P. Perez ○ Field - Remote Sensing ○ Contribution - Research on using satellite data to forecast drought and optimize crop yield. Reinabelle C. Reyes ○ Field - Astronomy ○ Contribution - Received an Astronomy Achievement Student Award for research on obscured quasars. Charissa M. Ferrera ○ Field - Marine Biogeochemistry ○ Contribution - Research on water quality in Anda and Bolinao, focusing on marine ecosystems