STS Chapter 2 Informative Material PDF

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN WHICH SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS CHANGED THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY - In the World: Ancient, Middle and Modern Ages - Introduction: ------------- Civilization refers to the historical antecedent that presented culture practices, and belief of one organization...

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN WHICH SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS CHANGED THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY - In the World: Ancient, Middle and Modern Ages - Introduction: ------------- Civilization refers to the historical antecedent that presented culture practices, and belief of one organization Aim for survival, basic needs and self-defense precede to build infrastructure and develop different system in discovering weather condition, writing system and many more. In this chapter, you will learn the develop civilizations from Sumerian, Babylonian, Cretan and Minoan civilization Learning Outcomes: ------------------ At the end of this chapter, the students will be able to: - describe the civilizations from Summeria, Babylonia, Egypt and Cretan civilization; Arab, Chinese and Indus-Hindu - organize the ideas of different civilizations; - conceptualize the technology develop from early civilizations; - identify and compare the develop technology in Stone Age, Iron Age and Bronze Age; - compare and contrast the different period according to the evidence of ST; and - support the movement of Archaeologist in preserving fossil remains for future generation. Information/Content: -------------------- **PRE-HISTORIC TIMES 3000-5000 B.C. (Stone Age)** - **Paleolithic Period (Early)** - **Mesolithic Period (Middle)** - **Neolithic Period (New**) **Paleolithic Stage** - Pebble Tool traditions - Bifacial Tool or hand axe traditions - Flake tool Tradition - Blade Tool Tradition - Chert, Flint, Basalt and sandstone were used for making different tools - Wood, bone, shell, antler and other materials are used as well. **Early Stone Age** **Middle Stone Age** - Tool kits include points like shaft and arrows - Darts, projectile weapons. - Needles and threads, skin clothing, the harpon, spear thrower, and fishing equipment **Neoliothic Age** - Bronze melting, adoption of agriculture, shift from food gathering to food producing, development of pottery - Consumed of cereal grains **Bronze Age** - Mining and metallurgy - Man began melting copper and alloying with tin or arsenic to make bronze tools and weapon. - Copper tin ores - Bronze age civilization gains technological advantage. **Iron used for the first time in decorative ornaments** - In ancient times, metal works were made to serve both as decorative items, like human figurines, metal sculptures, masks, and elaborate door hinges and locks, and as functional items of everyday use like hammered metal cups and bowls, utensils, dishes. Iron is a very common element and iron ores occur in the mountainous areas of the eastern desert and Sinai though high-grade ores are rare. That and the lack of hardwood or coal needed to achieve high temperatures prevented any large-scale iron production in Egypt. Much of the iron used for the manufacture of tools and weapons was therefore imported. **FIRST CIVILIZATION** - Mesopotamia (Tigris-Euphrates) - Egypt (Nile) - China (Huang Ho Valley) - India Life, religion, government, language, writing system, math, engineering, and architecture +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **CIVILIZATION** | **STS DEVELOPMENT** | +===================================+===================================+ | **Sumerian Civilization** | a. Cuneiform - writing system | | | with pictures | | - Iraq and Kuwait | | | | b. Sumerian Clay Tablet -- | | - The first and oldest cities | contains Sumerian historical | | in the world. | information and culture | | | | | | c. The concept of wheel -- made | | | up of hardened clay | | | | | | d\. Sailboat - needed to travel | | | from Euphrates | | | | | | and Tigris | | | | | | e. First Astronomers - mapping | | | the movement of stars, | | | planets, moons and | | | interpretation of zodiac | | | | | | f. Sexagesimal System - counting | | | of unit of 60. Angle and | | | minutes | | | | | | g. Techniques in farming: seed | | | plow and irrigation | | | | | | h. Recognize for building the | | | foundation of logic, math, | | | engineering, architecture, | | | transportation and medicine | | | | | | i. Wool from sheep made into | | | textiles, Bleaching and | | | Dyeing | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Babylonian Civilization** | a. **Hammurabi (1792-1750 BC)** | | | first leader promulgated the | | - Iraq | **law code** that served as | | | the rule and standards for | | - It is the capital and served | the stability of the region | | as the commercial and | | | religious center in | b. **Nebuchadnezzar II -** Neo | | Tigris-Euphrates valley | Babylonian Emperor whor order | | | the construction "Hanging | | | Garden Babylons and Ishar | | | gate. | | | | | | c. Irrigation system book | | | keeping system, accounting, | | | multiplication, division and | | | calculation using geometry | | | | | | d. Adopted Sumerian sexagesimal | | | system and accurate | | | predictions of solar and | | | lunar eclipse as well as | | | astronomical phenomena. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Egyptian Civilization** | a. Dependent on the waters of | | | Nile River | | - Situated in African | | | continent. (Egypt) | b. Early settlers were animal | | | hunter (nomadic) and farmland | | | settlers. | | | | | | c. Irrigation system | | | | | | d. Learned to heat metal ore | | | (Cu, Au, and Bronze) | | | | | | e. Learned how to make glass | | | (glass blowing) as material | | | for glass jars and glass | | | beads | | | | | | f. Egyptian wrote with ink and | | | brushes on paper made of | | | **papyrus** and used of | | | pictorial symbols known as | | | **hieroglyphics** | | | | | | g. Knowledge of medicine and | | | **embalming** of their dead | | | | | | h. Created calendar on basis of | | | the moon cycle with 29 and | | | half days. Later they made a | | | 365 days calendar. | | | | | | i. They built houses made of | | | sun-dried mud bricks | | | | | | j. Technical skills and | | | knowledge in geometry, | | | engineering, architecture and | | | labor management | | | | | | k. Iconic monuments like Giza | | | Necropolis, Great Sphinx, | | | Ruins of Memphis and Valley | | | of Kings | | | | | | l. Ship buildings, canals, dikes | | | and ditches with outlet | | | system. | | | | | | m. Farmers | | | | | | n. Manufacture soaps, creams, | | | oils perfumes and eye makeup. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Cretan (Minoan) Civilization** | a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. | | | | | - Arose in island of Crete and | | | Aegean Island such as | | | Santorini and flourished from | | | approximately 2600-1400BC. | | | | | | - First link of European chain | | | ruled by King Minos | | | | | | - Grandest site of Bronze Age | | | palace. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Dawn of the First Civilization** - Search for food, and other survival needs for practical reasons and even curiosity. - Discovery of mud plaster that led to pottery and mud brick houses. - First pottery made was in Japan **COTRIBUTIONS OF ARABS, HINDU AND CHINESE CIVILIZATION** **Contribution of Arab** - Trigonometry, Sine, Tangent and co-tangent - Ibn Moosa's. He presented 800 examples in 8^th^ century, then it was translated into Latin and became Europe's subject. - Astrolabe - Mosque of Damascus - Water Wheel - Water irrigation - Algebra and Geometry - Muhammad bin Moosaa Al-Khawaarizm (kHEVA). He studied operations in fraction **Chinese Civilization** - Paper and Chinese calligraphy - Writing on animal bones "oracle bone" - used to tell the future - Place value number system - Invented kites and lanterns - Magnetic compass - Gunpowder - made up of Sulfur, charcoal and potassium nitrate - Fireworks - Kites made up of silk and bamboo - Seismoscope - Zhang Heng invented the earthquake detecting tool - Crossbow **Indus-Hindu Civilization** - Aryabhata - he made an accurate circumference and diameter of Earth. He also supported Copernicus (Heliocetric) - Brahmagupta - "bodies fall toward the earth like the nature of water' - Jantar Mantar building is an observatory in India that studied the movements of sun and the moon to determine the dates of events **STS DEVELOPED IN PHILIPPINES** - **Spaniards** made a significant impact in influencing Christianity from 1851 (333 years). They also brought cultures, arts and music. They started Urban Based Thinking on which policy comes from the Spaniards government. **Encomienda** is the system of giving resources work hardly of Filipino to Spaniards. - - **Barong Tagalog** - clothe used by Filipino men - **Baro't Saya** -clothe used by Filipina - - - - **Kampilan**- long sword used for battle. It is the kind of sword used by Lapu Lapu to defeat Magellan - **Vinta** - traditional colorful boat made of **Tausug and Bajau** - **Jeepney** - famous massive public vehicle used by Filipino - **First Aid Kit** - (**DANVIC BRIONES**) - water-proof bags containing water, light snacks, and other items essential for survival. - **COMPUTER CHIPS** - **Diosdado Banatao** graduated of Electrical Engineering from Mapua University developed the first single-chip, 16-bit microprocessor-based calculator. It is the PC chip set and the Windows Graphics accelerator chip for PCs. - **[Snapchat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapchat), [Spectacles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectacles), [Bitmoji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitmoji),** **and Zenly** was developed by [**Bobby Murphy**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Murphy_(businessman)), a Filipino-American, co-founded Snap Inc. (formerly Snapchat Inc.), a technology and camera company.