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Questions and Answers
What was the Sumerians' belief about the cause of diseases?
What was the Sumerians' belief about the cause of diseases?
Which civilization is credited with the construction of the Hanging Gardens?
Which civilization is credited with the construction of the Hanging Gardens?
What was a primary function of temples in ancient Egyptian civilization?
What was a primary function of temples in ancient Egyptian civilization?
What was the purpose of mummification in ancient Egypt?
What was the purpose of mummification in ancient Egypt?
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What type of writing system did ancient Egyptians develop?
What type of writing system did ancient Egyptians develop?
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Which device did ancient Egyptians use for lifting water in irrigation systems?
Which device did ancient Egyptians use for lifting water in irrigation systems?
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What significant advancement did Egyptians make in the field of timekeeping?
What significant advancement did Egyptians make in the field of timekeeping?
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In which area did the Greek civilization make significant contributions?
In which area did the Greek civilization make significant contributions?
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Who was responsible for significantly developing the combustion engine?
Who was responsible for significantly developing the combustion engine?
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Which scientific principle was fundamentally challenged by Nicolaus Copernicus?
Which scientific principle was fundamentally challenged by Nicolaus Copernicus?
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What key concept did Robert Boyle’s work primarily focus on?
What key concept did Robert Boyle’s work primarily focus on?
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Which of the following was NOT a contribution of Isaac Newton?
Which of the following was NOT a contribution of Isaac Newton?
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The disproof of the phlogiston theory was primarily associated with which scientist?
The disproof of the phlogiston theory was primarily associated with which scientist?
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What significant contribution did Charles Parsons make in the field of energy?
What significant contribution did Charles Parsons make in the field of energy?
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Which concept indicates a fundamental transformation in scientific understanding?
Which concept indicates a fundamental transformation in scientific understanding?
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What was a key belief of the Greek society regarding nature?
What was a key belief of the Greek society regarding nature?
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What was one of the core contributions of Albert Einstein to physics?
What was one of the core contributions of Albert Einstein to physics?
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Which philosopher is known for developing the Socratic method?
Which philosopher is known for developing the Socratic method?
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What was one of the significant contributions of Pythagoras?
What was one of the significant contributions of Pythagoras?
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What was the function of aqueducts in Roman architecture?
What was the function of aqueducts in Roman architecture?
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Which Roman structure was built as a temple dedicated to all Roman gods?
Which Roman structure was built as a temple dedicated to all Roman gods?
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Which material did Romans NOT typically use in their construction?
Which material did Romans NOT typically use in their construction?
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What aspect of Roman civilization helped standardize trade communication?
What aspect of Roman civilization helped standardize trade communication?
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Which of the following philosophers proposed the concept of four fundamental elements: fire, air, earth, and water?
Which of the following philosophers proposed the concept of four fundamental elements: fire, air, earth, and water?
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Which technological innovation was introduced during the Late Middle Ages that improved agriculture?
Which technological innovation was introduced during the Late Middle Ages that improved agriculture?
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Which invention by Johannes Gutenberg significantly impacted the spread of knowledge in the Renaissance?
Which invention by Johannes Gutenberg significantly impacted the spread of knowledge in the Renaissance?
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What was a primary focus of the Scientific Revolution from the 16th to 18th century?
What was a primary focus of the Scientific Revolution from the 16th to 18th century?
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Which mathematician is credited with the formulation of laws of planetary motion during the Scientific Revolution?
Which mathematician is credited with the formulation of laws of planetary motion during the Scientific Revolution?
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Who enhanced the steam engine, contributing to the Industrial Revolution?
Who enhanced the steam engine, contributing to the Industrial Revolution?
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What was a notable invention during the Late Middle Ages related to navigation?
What was a notable invention during the Late Middle Ages related to navigation?
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Which aspect of warfare was introduced in the Late Middle Ages that dramatically changed military tactics?
Which aspect of warfare was introduced in the Late Middle Ages that dramatically changed military tactics?
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Which philosopher is known for developing the Cartesian coordinate system?
Which philosopher is known for developing the Cartesian coordinate system?
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What is a primary characteristic of the Latency Stage in Freud's theory?
What is a primary characteristic of the Latency Stage in Freud's theory?
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According to Prof. Gambari's perspective, which of the following is NOT a key element in nation building?
According to Prof. Gambari's perspective, which of the following is NOT a key element in nation building?
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What role does science and technology play in economic development?
What role does science and technology play in economic development?
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Which of the following countries was highlighted as a top performer in the Global Science Scorecard (2012)?
Which of the following countries was highlighted as a top performer in the Global Science Scorecard (2012)?
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What is a crucial factor for localized programs in developing countries focusing on science and technology?
What is a crucial factor for localized programs in developing countries focusing on science and technology?
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Which investment is considered vital for economic success according to Edgardo J. Angara?
Which investment is considered vital for economic success according to Edgardo J. Angara?
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What impact do scientific outputs have on the quality of life, as highlighted in the Global Science Scorecard?
What impact do scientific outputs have on the quality of life, as highlighted in the Global Science Scorecard?
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Which of the following is a component of national identity?
Which of the following is a component of national identity?
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Study Notes
Medicine and Beliefs
- Sumerians viewed diseases as divine punishments or demonic influences.
- Priests believed in their magical powers to combat illnesses.
- Exorcists used charms and spells to expel spirits causing sickness.
Babylonian Civilization
- Hanging Gardens of Babylon, attributed to King Nebuchadnezzar, are unconfirmed in existence.
- Bronze Age innovations include crafting weapons with bronze and alloy of copper and tin.
Egyptian Civilization
- Unified around 3200 BCE by King Narmer.
- Temples built from stone served as gods' abodes, managed by priests and Pharaohs.
- Mummification practices aimed to preserve bodies for the afterlife.
- Hieroglyphics utilized symbolic representations inscribed on structures.
- Advanced irrigation systems developed using tools like the shaduf and Archimedean screw.
- Created a 365-day calendar with 12 months of 30 days.
- Wigs worn for beauty and hygiene; made from human hair, sheep wool, or vegetable fiber.
- Kohl made from soot and galena used as eyeliner cosmetics.
- Developed papyrus, an early form of paper.
- Water clocks known as clepsydra measured time based on water flow.
Greek Civilization
- Initiated in the 8th century BCE, contributing to governance, art, philosophy, and sports.
- Polytheistic society with mythology explaining natural events.
- Open-air theaters constructed for artistic performances.
- Water mills enhanced agricultural productivity.
- Varied housing conditions from urban slums to opulent accommodations.
- Sea reliance fostered trade, leading to the establishment of colonies.
- Notable philosophers included:
- Socrates: Socratic method focusing on good and justice.
- Plato: Founder of Western philosophy through the Academy of Athens.
- Aristotle: Empirical approach to nature, Theory of Four Causes.
- Thales: Proposed water as the fundamental substance.
- Pythagoras: Known for contributions to mathematics.
- Empedocles: Introduced four elemental concepts.
- Democritus: Introduced atomism.
- Archimedes: Known for the law of buoyancy.
Roman Civilization
- Founded in 753 BCE by Romulus and Remus, expanded its power across Europe.
- Cities built around forums, large plazas for public gatherings.
- Significant architecture includes:
- Pantheon: Temple for all Roman gods.
- Colosseum: Largest amphitheater with a capacity of 50,000.
- Arch of Septimus Severus: Honors Roman victories.
- Maison Carree: Completely preserved temple.
- Building materials included tufa and travertine.
- Aqueducts engineered to transport water via gravity.
- Roman numerals developed for standardized counting.
Late Middle Ages (14th - 15th Century)
- Technological progress marked by innovations in agriculture and crafts.
- Notable advancements in metallurgy, gunpowder use, and various inventions like wheelbarrows and artesian wells.
- Alchemy blended science with philosophy, focusing on fundamental elements.
Renaissance (14th - 17th Century)
- Characterized as a "rebirth," emphasizing art, science, and exploration.
- Key advancements in mining, agriculture, and printing, including the steam engine and printing press.
- Utilization of medicinal remedies from vegetables.
Scientific Revolution (16th - 18th Century)
- Notable figures and contributions:
- Copernicus: Heliocentric model challenged geocentrism.
- Tycho Brahe: Made precise astronomical observations.
- Johannes Kepler: Formulated laws of planetary motion.
- Galileo Galilei: Developed laws of motion techniques.
- Isaac Newton: Established laws of motion and universal gravitation.
Physics and Mathematics
- Christiaan Huygens: Developed theories on light.
- René Descartes: Introduced the Cartesian coordinate system.
- Evangelista Torricelli: Invented the barometer.
- Blaise Pascal: Work on fluid mechanics and probability.
Industrial Revolution
- Steam engine enhancements by James Watt.
- Development of railway locomotives by Richard Trevithick.
- Innovations in textile industry for spinning and weaving.
- Telegraph invented for improved long-distance communication.
- Combustion engine pioneered by Étienne Lenoir, enhanced by Daimler & Benz.
- Electricity and coal gas advancements for lighting and heating.
Intellectual Revolutions
- Paradigm shifts occur when existing paradigms are replaced or altered.
- Geocentrism (Ptolemy) vs. Heliocentrism (Copernicus) highlighted important shifts in understanding.
- Newtonian Revolution established foundational scientific principles.
Chemical Revolution
- Robert Boyle: "Father of Chemistry," known for Boyle's Law and his air pump.
- Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier: Identified oxygen's role in combustion and disproved phlogiston theory.
Einsteinian Revolution
- Albert Einstein: Expanded Newtonian physics; received Nobel Prize in 1921.
Nation Building
- Definitions evolve to encompass shared history, culture, and identity.
- Key drivers: Science and technology are instrumental in economic growth and societal development.
- Countries classified by economic and technological status; top nations from the Global Science Scorecard include the U.S., Germany, and China.
- Localized programs focused on developing nations' specific needs, supported by investment in public goods and education.
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Description
Explore the fascinating intersection of medicine and supernatural beliefs in ancient Sumerian and Babylonian civilizations. This quiz delves into the perceptions of disease as divine punishment and the roles of priests and exorcists in treating illnesses. Learn about historical beliefs and practices that shaped early medicine.
