Historical Antecedents in Science and Technology PDF

BONIFACIO JR. L. GIANGAN, LPT, MST ASSISSTANT PROFESOR I  CHAPTER 1 HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY GE 7 BONIFACIO JR. L. GIANGAN, LPT, MST ASSISSTANT PROFESOR I  LEARNI...

BONIFACIO JR. L. GIANGAN, LPT, MST ASSISSTANT PROFESOR I  CHAPTER 1 HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY GE 7 BONIFACIO JR. L. GIANGAN, LPT, MST ASSISSTANT PROFESOR I  LEARNING OUTCOMES AT THE END OF THIS CHAPTER, THE STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO: 1. EXPLAIN HOW SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AFFECTED THE SOCIETY AND ENVIRONMENT AND VICE VERSA. 2. IDENTIFY INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES THAT CHANGED THE WORLD OVER THE COURSE OF HISTORY; AND. 3. DISCUSS THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE PHILIPPINES.  ANCIENT TIMES In the ancient times, people were concerned with transportation and navigation, communication and record-keeping, mass production, security and protection, as well as health, aesthetics, and architecture. □ TRANSPORTATION was significant during that time because people were trying to go places and discover new horizons. □ COMMUNICATION was also essential in their endeavors to discover and occupy new places □ WEAPONS and ARMORS were important as well in the discovery of new places or the establishment of new alliances with other tribes.  ANCIENT TIMES □A primary challenge they faced was the CONSERVATION OF LIFE. □To integrate their needs – for better transportation, establishment of structures for protection from human attacks and natural disasters, and construction of bigger and stronger infrastructure – people ventured into what is now known as the field of ENGINEEERING. □The development in engineering also ushered in the introduction of ARCHITECTURE.  1. SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION Sumeria is located on the southernmost tip of Ancient Mesopotamia. Sumerians are known for their high degree of cooperation with one another and their desire for great things. The foundations of human civilization first flowered in the fertile lands between the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers. Known today as Sumer, this ground-breaking culture gave birth to not only the first cities but also innovations in transportation, literature, and monumental architecture.  CUNEIFORM One of the major contributions of Sumerians is the development of the first writing system known as cuneiform. It is a system that utilizes word pictures and triangular symbols which are carved on clay using wedge instruments and then left to dry.  URUK CITY It is the great wonder not only because it is considered to be the first true city in the world but also for the way it was erected. There were no building stones in the location of this city and lumber was limited making a construction a big challenge.  THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR Another engineering and architectural feat of the Sumerians is the great Ziggurat of Ur. The Ziggurat, also called the mountain of god, was built in the same manner that they constructed the city of Uruk.  IRRIGATION AND DIKES As population increased, so did the demand for food. The Sumerians were challenged to mass produce food items but the elements in the environment seemed uncooperative.  SAILBOATS Another challenge to the Sumerians was transportation. At that time, the wheel was not invented; the main mode of transportation was through waterways such as rivers and seas.  WHEEL In the latter part of their history, the Sumerians were able to invent the wheel since the specialized tools needed to create it were already available. The first wheels were not made for transportation but for farm work and food processes. Mesopotamian Wheel  THE PLOW Another farm technology invented by the Mesopotamians is the plow. Humans evolved form being food gatherers to farm cultivators.  ROADS In order to facilitate faster and easier travel, the Sumerians developed the first roads. With this work, the flow of traffic became faster and more organized. 2. BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION Babylonian civilization emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The Babylonians were great builders, engineers, and architects.  HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON Today, people can only marvel at the beauty of the famous hanging gardens of Babylon from Stories of historians and paintings that portray the palace. It was said to be a structure of made up of layers upon layers of gardens that contained several species of plants, trees, and vines.  3. EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION Another early civilization famous for its legacy is the Egyptian civilization located in north Africa. Many stories tell about engineering feats of the Egyptians especially regarding the infares- tractors established by the Pharaohs.  PAPER OR PAPYRUS One of the earlier contribution of Egyptian civilization was the paper or papyrus. Although Egypt was not the first to develop a system of writing, they were able to make writing easier for the world.  INK When the Egyptian invented the papyrus or the paper, engraving eased to be used in writing. As a result, the Egyptian invented ink by combining soot with different chemical to produce inks of different colors.  HIEROGLYPHICS Like the Sumerians, Egyptians also developed a system of writing using symbols, known as hieroglyphics. Although some say that hieroglyphics was adapted from the early writing system established in Mesopotamia as a result of trade between civilizations, the Egyptian believed that this writing system was provided to them by their gods.  COSMETICS The Egyptians also invented the use cosmetics. Although Cosmetics in the modern times are used to improve and highlight the facial features of the person, their function in ancient Egypt was for both health and aesthetic reasons  WIG Another cosmetic invention of ancient Egyptians is the wig. At present, wigs are used to enhance the appearance of people who are balding or those who want to try new hair looks.  WATER CLOCK/CLEPSYDRA Another important ancient Egyptian contribution is the Water clock this device utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water from one vessel to the other.  4. GREEK CIVILIZATION Greek is an archipelago in the southeastern part of Europe known as the birthplace of western Philosophy, some of the major achievements of the Greeks include in depth works on philosophy and mathematics. More than coliseums and the Olympics, the Greek civilization has contributed much to the world especially in the fields of science and technology.  ALARM CLOCK One of the most utilized gadgets today was invented by The ancient Greeks is the alarm clock. Although the alarm clock during that time did not resemble the present- day alarm clock, the purpose was just the same, to tell an individual when to stop or when to start.  WATER MILL Watermills were also considered as one of the most important contributions of Greek civilization to the world. They were commonly used in agricultural processes like milling of grains which was a necessary form of food processing during that time.  5. ROMAN CIVILIZATION The roman empire was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the west.  NEWSPAPER One of the major contributions of the romans is the newspaper. The first newspapers, known as gazettes, contain announcement of the roman empire to the people.  BOUND BOOKS OR CORDEX With the invention of paper , it became easier for civilizations to write down everything that happened in their time.  ROMAN ARCHITECTURE Roman architecture is one of the most visual contributions of the ancient roman empire to the world. Roman architecture was considered a continuation of Greek architecture, hence , the resemblance.  ROMAN NUMERALS Although other number system had already been established before the roman numeral, these old systems could not keep up with high calculation requirements due to the increasing rate of communication and trade among the nations.  6. CHINESE CIVILIZATION The Chinese civilization is considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia , if not the world. Also known as the middle kingdom, China located on the far east Asia.  SILK One of the things that connected far east China to the world.  TEA PRODUCTION Tea is a beverage produced by pouring hot or boiling water over crushed or shredded dried tea leaves. It was believed that the first tea was drunk by a Chinese emperor.  GREAT WALL OF CHINA Once considered the only Man-made structure that could be seen from outer space, the great wall of China is said to be the largest and most extensive infrastructure that the nation built. Made with stone, brick, wood, earth, and other materials, it showcased the extent of Chinese.  GUN POWDER Is one of the most interesting inventions in China. Originally, it was developed by Chinese alchemists who aimed to achieved immortality.  MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES The start of the middle ages was marred by massive invasions and migrations. War was prevalent during this time.  PRINTING PRESS After the China developed woodblock printing, Johann Gutenberg was able to invent the printing press, a more reliable way of printing using a cast type.  MICROSCOPE Zacharias Janssen was able to developed the first compound microscope. The microscope was the key in discovering new means in preventing and curing various illness (davidson,2015)  MICROSCOPE To developed the proper medicines for illness, experts must understand the sickness through an investigation. Thus, they needed a device that could magnify things invisible to the eye.  TELESCOPE Since the middle ages was also known as the age of the exploration, the need for nautical inventions was high.  WAR WEAPON All sides must develop weaponries not only as offensive tools but also as defensive instruments.  MODERN TIMES The booming world population during the nineteenth century onwards demanded that more goods be produced at a faster rate.  PASTEURIZATION Louis Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologist, and chemist. He invented pasteurization, the process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster.  PETROLEUM REFINERY At first, people used animal oils for generating light to illuminate their homes. Samuel M. Kier was able to invent kerosene by refining petroleum.  TELEPHONE The development of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell was one of the most important inventions that time.  CALCULATOR The creation of the modern calculators did not only pave the way for easier arithmetic calculations , but also resulted in the development of more complex processing machines like the computer.  PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS Despite being considered a developing country , the Philippines also contributes to the global advancement of science and technology.  SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS TRICYCLE An amphibious tricycle that can cross not only flooded streets but also rivers and lakes. It may also be utilized to travel island to island. Since the Philippines is an archipelago, the salamander is a useful invention that has a lot of potential.  SALT LAMP Aisa Mijeno was able to invent a lighting system that utilizes a material abundant in the Philippines-salt water. She invented the sustainable alternative lighting (salt) lamp an environment-friendly light source that runs on salt water.  MEDICAL INCUBATOR A filipino pediatrician Dr. Fe Delmundo, devised a medical incubator made from indigenous and cheap materials which did not run on electricity. Its main purpose was to maintain conditions suitable for newborn, usually pre-term baby.  MOSQUITO OVICIDAL/LARVICIDAL TRAP SYSTEM DOST-ITDI was able to introduce the mosquito ovicidal/ larvicidal trap system also known as OL Trap. this trap system is made of natural ingredients that are lethal to mosquito s but safe for humans and the environment.  EJEEPNEY A major innovation the changed in the transportation industry in the Philippines was the development of the jeepney. However the diesel powered jeepney produces large quantities of black smoke and is usually a major contributor of noise pollution due to its primitive exhaust systems. To counter this disadvantages the electric jeepney or Ejeepney was developed. THANK YOU!!!