GED 11 Lesson 1 Reviewer.pdf

Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology SCIENCE is(knowledge from) the careful study of the structure and behaviour of the physical world, especially by watching, measuring, and doing experiments, and the development of theories to describe the results of these activitie...

Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology SCIENCE is(knowledge from) the careful study of the structure and behaviour of the physical world, especially by watching, measuring, and doing experiments, and the development of theories to describe the results of these activities SCIENTISTS (Natural Philosophers in the Ancient Time) formulate testable explanations and predictions based on their observations TECHNOLOGY (Greek words tekhnē (art or craft) and logia (study or knowledge) is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry. It is a scientific or industrial process, invention, method, or the like. ANTECEDENT is a thing or event that existed before or logically precedes another. Ancient Times Mesopotamians 1. Wheel - not used for transportation but for a potter’s wheel and existed around 3500 BC. 2. Chariot - based on two wheels which were attached with an animal like a horse using wood and ropes. 3. Cuneiform - first form of writing developed by the Sumerians to maintain business records. Mesopotamia - an ancient region located in the eastern Mediterranean bounded in the northeast by the Zagros Mountains and in the southeast by the Arabian Plateau, corresponding to today’s Iraq, mostly, but also parts of modern day Iran, Syria and Turkey. Egyptians 1. Aeolipile or Steam Engine - Hero of Alexandria as he was often known, was a Greek born in 10AD in Alexandria, part of Egypt, invented the Aeolipile or steam engine. It was used to automate opening of temple doors by lighting a fire on the altar. 2. Papyrus Sheets - earliest paper like material 3. Ox drawn Plough - uses the power of oxen to pull the plough revolutionising agriculture. 4. Ink - was often used for writing in hieroglyphs. It was very black like carbon black and could not deteriorate when applied over the papyrus to write. 5. Sunclock (Sundial) - The Egyptians were so advanced that had the idea of calculating time as early as the 3,500BC and they invented the sun clock (sundial). The sundial made it possible to differentiate between and predict morning, afternoon and night. The oldest surviving sun clock was found in 2013 in the Valley of the Kings. 6. Mummification - The ancient Egyptians believed in the afterlife, plenty of gods and goddesses which made to actually start the process of mummification (to preserve the human body from decaying). They wholeheartedly believed that when a Pharaoh dies his life energy (ka) would move from his body to another realm temporarily, so it was important to them to preserve the body from decaying when the spirit returns. Chinese 1. Great Wall - This is one of the seven famous wonders of the world, representing a series of fortifications made initially of stone, earth and later of bricks. It was erected in 221 BC with the goal of protecting the northern borders of the country from different nomadic groups that invaded the Chinese Empire. 2. Compass - Originally, it was used in fortune telling and architecture until the Chinese figured out it could be used for travelling. 3. Seismograph - Each of the dragons was facing downwards and had a small ball in its mouth. In the case of an earthquake, the dragon facing the closest direction would open its mouth releasing the ball into the mouth of a small bronze frog underneath. 4. Paper - Although the discovery of paper is linked to 105 AD, recent archaeological discoveries suggest that it already existed in Ancient China from around 100 BC. Back then, the paper was made from mulberry tree bark but the creator later included hemp and fishnets to strengthen it. 5. Gunpowder - Gunpowder was invented in the Tang dynasty in the ninth century by alchemists searching for an elixir of immortality. Gunpowder is a mixture of charcoal, saltpetre and sulfur. 6. Mechanical Clock - The first mechanical clock in Europe was created around the beginning of the 13th century. However, the first Chinese mechanical clock was created in 725 by Yi Xing, a Buddhist monk, astronomer, mathematician and mechanical engineer who lived during the Tang Dynasty (from 618 to 907).. His clock worked by dripping water that activated a wheel. Greeks The Greeks’ interest in the field of science can be seen as far back as the sixth century BC, and they have often been hailed as the fathers of science, medicine, zoology, and many other areas. Their findings in the areas of astronomy, geography, and mathematics made them pioneers in the field of science. Greek Natural Philosophers Aristotle of Stagira (384 - 322 BC)- Aristotle decided the Earth must be a globe. The concept of a sphere for the Earth appears in Plato's Phaedo, but Aristotle elaborates and estimates the size. Aristotle also classified animals and is the father of zoology. Pythagoras (570 - 495 BC) Thales of Miletus (620 - 546 BC)- Thales was a geometer, military engineer, astronomer, and logician. Probably influenced by Babylonians and Egyptians, Thales discovered the solstice and equinox and is credited with predicting a battle stopping eclipse thought to be on 8 May 585 B.C. Anaximander of Miletus (611 - 547 BC)- invented the gnomon on the sundial (although some say it came from the Babylonians), providing a way to keep track of time. He also created a map of the known world. He was one of the first cartographers.  Plato (428 - 348 BC)- Ancient alarm clock used by the Egyptians was made by a Greek engineer, physicist and mathematician Ctesibius (285 - 222 BCE) who lived in Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt. But, Plato (428-348 BCE), a Greek philosopher, constructed his own version of an alarm clock with vessels much ahead of Ctesibius. Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria (90 - 168 CE)- Ptolemy founded the Ptolemaic System of geocentric astronomy, which held for 1,400 years. He drew maps with latitude and longitude and developed the science of optics. Middle Age Inventions 1. Mechanical Clock - Timekeeping devices have emerged since the ancient world, but it was not until the Middle Ages that the technology was invented that allowed for mechanical clocks to accurately keep track of time. The knowledge of not only what hour it was, but even what minute and second it was, would change the way people scheduled their days and work patterns, especially in urban areas. 2. Printing Press - While printing technology had been developed in 11th century China, it was the 15th century German Johannes Gutenberg and his printing press that started a new era of the mass production of books. Until the rise of computers in the 20th century, books and the printed word would remain the dominant form of media for the world’s knowledge. 3. Eyeglasses - Although we are not sure who can be credited with the invention of eyeglasses, this device could be found in Western Europe in the latter years of the 13th century. Its ability to correct vision problems makes it one of the most useful mediaeval inventions and a great benefit to hundreds of millions of people today. 4. Water and Windmills - While mills were in use from antiquity, it would be in the Early Middle Ages that they became very popular. Throughout the mediaeval period, new and ingenious forms of mills were invented, which allowed people to harness the energy from natural forces like rivers and wind, a process that continues to the present day. 5. Spinning Wheel - Spinning Wheels may have their origin in India sometime between the 5th and 10th Century AD. There is evidence they were in use in China at about 1000 AD. They reached Europe via the Middle East, by around 1400. The spinning wheel replaced the earlier method of hand spinning, in which the individual fibres were drawn out of a mass of wool held on a stick, or distaff, twisted together to form a continuous strand, and then wound on a second stick. Black Death - The mass disruption to mediaeval society caused by the plague set the progress of science and discovery back, and the knowledge would not reemerge until the Renaissance. About 35% of the English population died due to the Black Death. The devastation was so severe that you might have found entire ghost towns in the English countryside where the whole town was killed by the plague. Renaissance Leonardo daVinci ○ Siege Defences ○ War Scythes ○ Multi-Barrel Gun ○ Ornithopter ○ Tank ○ Helicopter ○ Airplane Wing Nicholas Copernicus ○ Ars, law, medicine, astronomy ○ Heliocentric Universe Galileo Galilei ○ Physics Isochronous Motion Parabolic Motion Inertia (Newton) ○ Thermometer ○ Telescope Moon, Jupiter, Saturn, Milky Way Scientific Revolution Christian Huygens ○ Pendulum Clock (John Harrison) ○ Regulating Spiral (1675) ○ Theory of Light Isaac Newton ○ Principia (3 book) Modern Mechanics Celestial Mechanics Laws of the Universe Johannes Gutenberg ○ Moveable Type ○ Latin Bible Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution marked a period of development in the latter half of the 18th century that transformed largely rural, agrarian societies in Europe and America into industrialised, urban ones. The American Industrial Revolution commonly referred to as the second Industrial Revolution, started sometime between 1820 and 1870. The Industrial Revolution led to inventions that included the telephone, the sewing machine, X ray, lightbulb, and the combustible engine. The increase in the number of factories and migration to the cities led to pollution, deplorable working and living conditions, as well as child labour. Inventions 1. Steam Engine (1712) - Thomas Newcomen invents the first steam engine. It is not very useful yet, but the idea of using steam to make machines go will be important to the Industrial Revolution. 2. Spinning Jenny (1764) - James Hargreaves, a British carpenter and weaver, invents the spinning jenny. The machine spins more than one ball of yarn or thread at a time, making it easier and faster to make cloth. 3. Cotton Gin (1794) - Eli Whitney creates a machine that makes it much easier to separate cotton seeds from cotton fibre. It greatly reduces the time it takes to clean cotton and helps the southern states make more money from cotton crops. 4. Telegraph (1844) - Samuel Morse invents the telegraph, which allows messages to be sent quickly over a wire. By 1860, telegraph wires stretched from the east coast of the United States west of the Mississippi River. 5. Sewing Machine (1846) - At a time when people had to make their own clothes at home or pay someone else to sew them by hand, Elias Howe invents the sewing machine. Now clothes can be made in large factories. 6. Safety Break (1853) - Elevators were already invented by 1853, but people worried about elevator cars falling. Elisha Otis invents a safety break to prevent them from falling if a cable breaks, making people feel more confident about using elevators in tall buildings. 7. Dynamite (1866) - Alfred Nobel invents dynamite, which is a safer way to blast holes in mountains or the ground than simply lighting black powder. Dynamite is important in clearing paths to build things such as roads and railroad tracks. 8. Vaccine (1870) - A chemist named Louis Pasteur believed that germs caused disease. Using this information, he created vaccines that helped prevent many common diseases, which helped people live longer. 9. Telephone (1876) - He may not have invented the telephone, but Alexander Graham Bell was the first to get a patent for it. Being able to speak to people over a telephone wire greatly changes the way the world communicates. 10. Light Bulb (1879) - Not the first man to create a light bulb, Thomas Edison created a light bulb that lasted longer than other designs and showed it off by lighting a lamp. Edison's light bulbs allow people to do many things at night, such as work, that used to only happen during the day. Modern Era Rockets to Space ○ Robert Goddard Liquid Fueled (1929) ○ Werner vonBraun V1, V2, V5, Saturn 5 Albert Einstein ○ Special Theory (1905) ○ General Theory ○ Quantum Theory ○ Big Bang Theory Curved, Finite space ○ Atomic Bomb Responsibility of Science The Manhattan Project ○ Oppenheimer ○ Fermi, Berethe, Teller ○ Four Sites ○ Project Trinity Los Alamos Ground Zero - Alamagordo Computer Pioneers ○ Charles Babbage ○ Hollerith & Watson ○ Enigma & Colossus ○ John vonNeuman ○ Ekert & Mockley ○ Shockley, Bardeen &Brattain ○ Jack Kilby ○ Jobs & Wozniak ○ Gates & Allen History of Science and Technology in the Philippines Pre - Colonial Era Stone age ○ Archeological findings show that modern man from Asian mainland first came over land on across narrow channels to live in Batangas and Palawan about 48,000 B.C. ○ Subsequently they formed settlement in Sulu, Davao, Zamboanga, Samar, Negros, Batangas, Laguna, Rizal, Bulacan and Cagayan. ○ They made simple tools and weapons of stone flakes and later developed a method of sawing and polishing stones around 40,000 B.C. ○ By around 3,000 B.C. they were producing adzes, ornaments of seashells and pottery. ○ Pottery flourished for the next 2,000 years until they imported Chinese porcelain. ○ Soon they learned to produce copper, bronze, iron, and gold metal tools and ornaments.  Iron age ○ During the Iron Age, Filipinos were engaged in extraction, smelting and refining of iron from ores, until the importation of cast iron from Sarawak and later from China. Industry / Agriculture ○ By the first century AD, Filipinos were weaving cotton, smelting iron, making pottery and glass ornaments, and cultivated lowland rice fields with dikes and terraced fields with spring water in mountain regions. ○ They had also learned how to build boats for trading purposes. Spanish chronicles noted refined plank built warships called caracoa suited for inter island trade raids. Trading ○ By the 10th century, Filipinos from the Butuan were trading with Champa (Vietnam) and those from Ma i (Mindoro) with China as noted in Chinese records containing several references to the Philippines. ○ The People of Ma i and San Hsu (group of Palawan and Calamian Islands) traded bee wax, cotton, pearls, coconut heart mats, tortoise shell and medicinal betel nuts, panie cloth for porcelain, lead fishnets sinker, coloured glass beads, iron pots, iron needles and tin. ○ Filipinos also traded with Borneo, Malacca and parts of Malay peninsula. Filipinos were already engaged in activities and practices related to science forming primitive or first wave technology. They were curative values of some plants on how to extract medicine from herbs. They had an alphabet, a system of writing, a method of counting and weights and measure. They had no calendar but counted the years by the period of the moon and from one harvest to another. Filipinos had learned to make and use artillery. They were growing rice, vegetables and cotton; raising swine, goats and fowls; weaving cloth and producing beeswax and honey. They wore colourful clothes, made their own gold jewellery and even filled their teeth with gold. Their houses were made of wood and bamboo. Spanish Era Beginning of modern science and technology in the Philippines Spaniards established schools, hospitals and started scientific research, greatly shaped by the role of religious orders though. The University of Santo Thomas remained as the highest institution of learning. In 1887, the Laboratory Municipal de Ciudad de Ciudad de Manila was created. Leon Ma. Guerrero, father of botany in the country and one the first licensed pharmacist Manila prospered due to Galleon trade Only the shipbuilding industry prospered. Shipbuilding was entirely in the hands of the natives. Mining, handicrafts and other industries declined. Manila was opened to Asian shipping in 1789, then eventually to world trade in 1829. Production of sugar and hemp was accelerated and modernised. Imports of manufactured also rose  Waterworks system, steam tramways, electric lights, newspaper and banking system were introduced in Manila. Meteorological studies were promoted by Jesuits who founded the Manila Observatory in 1865. Fr. Federico Faura to issue the first public typhoon warning In 1901, the Observatory was made a central station of the Philippine Weather Bureau Manila prospered but countryside remained underdeveloped and poor The expansion of agricultural production for export exacerbated existing socio economic inequality and introduced private ownership of land. There was an increase of concentration of wealth to landowners, Spaniards, Chinese mestizos, and native Principalia American Era Science and technology in the Philippines advanced rapidly during the American regime The Americans introduced a system of secularised public school education Primary education was free, with English as the medium of instruction. It was followed by the setting up of a Philippine Normal School to train Filipino teachers. Secondary school were opened afterward The University of the Philippines was created on 18 June 1908 by Act of the Philippine Legislature. College of Agriculture in Los Baños , Laguna in 1909, Colleges of Liberal Arts, College of Engineering and Veterinary Medicine in 1910 College of Law in 1911. School of Forestry and Conservatory of Music in 1916 College of Education in 1918 Most of the teachers were Americans and foreigners, except in the college of Medicine. Young men and women were encouraged to get a higher professional education in American colleges In 1901, the Bureau of Government Laboratories was created and later named Bureau of Science It pioneered research on diseases such as leprosy, tuberculosis, cholera, dengue fever, malaria and beri beri. Studies on the commercial value of tropical products, tests on minerals and road building materials, and the nutritional value of foods were done here. From 1906, the Bureau of Science published the Philippine Journal of Science which reported not only work done in local laboratories but also scientific developments abroad which had relevance to Philippine problems The Philippines became an Asian leader in transportation and communication. Railroads were developed in Luzon, Cebu and Panay. More ports and shipping were opened up. Pier 7 in Manila was the largest port in Asia. Philippine economic development was determined by free trade relations  As a result, the Philippine economy became tied to that of the United States, remaining primarily an exporter of agricultural crops and raw materials and an importer of American manufactured goods. The Philippines entered Industrial age (mass production) Offices were organized for the growth of scientific research Weather Bureau (1901) Board (later Bureau) of Health (1898) Bureau of Mines (1900) Bureau of Forestry (1900) Bureau of Agriculture (1901) Bureau of Coast and Geodetic Survey (1905) Bureau of Plant Industry (1929) Bureau of Animal Industry (1929) National Research Council of the Philippine Islands (NRCP) The creation of these science agencies showed increasing concern and support for the development of science and technology. The Philippine Inventors Commission (1964) Philippine Coconut Research Institute (1964) Philippine Textile Research Institute (1967) Forest Products Research and Industries Development Commission (1969) Metals Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC) Philippine Science High School (PSHS) Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research(PCARR) Commonwealth Period The Commonwealth government worked towards the development of economic self reliance but failed due to foreign trade and tariff policies that were controlled by the American government Public school system (basic education) expanded and private schools (higher education) were reorganized. The National Development Company was mandated to undertake the development of successful research of government science agencies, such as the Bureau of Science, Bureau of Animal Industry and Bureau of Plant Industry. The occupation of the Philippines by the Japanese during the war brought educational and scientific activities to a halt.