Learning Disabilities PDF

LEARNING DISABILITIES A Neurological Disorder meaning results B. Secondary from differences in a way a person’s ➔ Caused by issues with brain is wired. neurological development in the womb The Three Typ...

LEARNING DISABILITIES A Neurological Disorder meaning results B. Secondary from differences in a way a person’s ➔ Caused by issues with brain is wired. neurological development in the womb The Three Types of Specific C. Acquired Learning Disorder ➔ Result from an injury or illness I. Dyslexia Types of Dyslexia Dys - Difficulty Lexia - Language/Words 1. Phonological (dysphonetic dyslexia) Reading Disorder also known as Can often process and Language-Based Learning understand whole words, Disability. but not the individual sounds that make them up. Categories of Dyslexia Trouble decoding and sounding out words. A. Developmental 2. Visual (surface, orthographic ➔ Present from Birth or dyseidetic) ➔ Inherited/Genetic Having difficulty with visual Mutations processing and working ➔ Dysfunction in the Left memory side brain: affects the Troubled in spelling words ability to read and that are not phonetic and language processing struggles with similar ➔ Common in Males letters (e.g, p,q,b,d) 1  3. Attentional Dyslexia Rare form 6. Double Deficit Dyslexia Caused by a failure of the difficulty in both letter-word-binding system, phonological processing resulting in the migration (breaking down sounds) of letters between words. and visual-spatial processing (attending to Note: a person struggles to maintain and decoding symbols). focus on individual words while reading difficulty organizing written causing letters to migrate from letters to material or following letters. directions that require multiple steps Example: The cat sat on the mat (normal) II. Dyscalculia The sat cat on the mat (attentional dyslexia) Dys - Difficulty 4. Developmental Neglect Calculia - latin: Calculare - to Count Letters seeming out of sequence and words Learning disorder that affects a seems to actually move or person’s ability to do math. jump around on the page Affects brain areas that handle Leads to errors: reversals math-skills and number-related of letters, reading words skills and understanding. from right to left. 5. Rapid naming deficit (rapid auto-naming dyslexia) Difficulties in both reading pace and language processing. Example: Has a slow reaction to naming objects due to dyslexia. 2  4. Graphical Dyscalculia Types of Dyscalculia causes difficulties with writing mathematical symbols, including but not 1. Verbal Dyscalculia limited to numbers. Involves difficulty with talking about mathematical Note: Can write numbers, can read concepts or relationships. math information but struggles to do math symbols. Note: Can write and do concepts of math but struggles to talk about 5. Ideognostical Dyscalculia concepts, numbers and solutions. Difficulty solving mathematical puzzles and 2. Practognostic Dyslcaculia comprehending difficulty translating their mathematical ideas abstract mathematical without the use of knowledge into real-world numbers. actions or procedures 6. Operational dyscalculia Note: can do abstract math but cannot Difficulties in completing apply the problem in real life mathematical applications. computations or procedures, either verbal 3. Lexical Dyscalculia or written. Difficulty with mathematical expressions or equations, as well as with reading and comprehending mathematical symbols and numbers. Note: trouble in processing, recognizing and understanding mathematical symbols and numbers. 3  5. Lexical Dysgraphia III. Dysgraphia Relies heavily on sound-to-letter patterns Learning Disability in Writing. (phonetic rules) when writing rather than memorizing the correct Types of Dysgraphia spellings. 1. Dyslexic Dysgraphia unreadable writing 2. Motor Dysgraphia Poor fine motor abilities. Frequently, struggle with grip 3. Spatial Dysgraphia Problems in spatial perception: affects letter spacing and drawing ability Struggle with handwriting and staying within the lines on paper. 4. Phonological Dysgraphia Difficulties in writing and spelling unfamiliar words, non-words, and phonetically irregular words. struggle to memorize phonemes and blend them in the correct sequence to write a targeted word. 4  ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPER - ACTIVITY DISORDER ❖ A Neurodevelopmental Disorder 2. HyperActive Impulsive Type characterized by persistent (ADHD-HI) patterns of in-attention, Hyperactive and Impulsive hyperactivity and impulsivity. Behaviors ❖ Difficulty in focusing, controlling their behavior, and staying Characteristic of ADHD-HI organized. Restlessness Excessive Talking Types of Attention Deficit Impulsive Behavior Hyperactivity Disorder Difficulty Waiting Excessive Physical Activity 1. Inattentive Type (ADHD-I) Primarily marked by In-attention and 3. Combined Type (ADHD-C) distractibility, with fewer or Inattentive Type and no symptoms. Hyperactivity Impulsive Behaviors Characteristic of ADHD-I Difficulty Sustaining Attention Easily Distracted Poor Organization Forgetfulness Avoidance of Mental Effort Careless Mistakes 5  EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCE ❖ A condition that affects how 3. Behavioral Disorders: may someone feels and acts. display defiance, aggression, or rule-breaking behavior. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) DEFINITION 4. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder about Emotional Disturbance (PTSD): Results from experiencing or witnessing traumatic events, leading to 1. Inability to Learn emotional distress. 2. Inability to Build or Maintain Relationships 5. Obsessive-Compulsive 3. Inappropriate Behavior or Disorder (OCD): Characterized Feelings by unwanted, intrusive thoughts 4. Pervasive Mood of Unhappiness (obsessions) and repetitive or Depression. behaviors (compulsions) aimed at 5. Physical Symptoms or Fears reducing anxiety. 6. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Different types of Emotional Disorder (ADHD): Involves Disturbance difficulties with attention, impulse control, and hyperactivity. 1. Anxiety Disorders: Includes 7. Adjustment Disorders: Occur in generalized anxiety disorder, response to significant life panic disorder, and social anxiety changes or stressors, resulting in characterized by excessive worry emotional or behavioral and fear. symptoms that are disproportionate to the event. 2. Mood Disorders: Primarily involves depression and bipolar disorder, leading to persistent sadness or mood swings. 6 INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER ➔ Intellectual Disability (ID): Characterized by limitations in intellectual functioning. ➔ Developmental Disability (DD): disorders that affect intellectual and physical functioning. Four Levels of ID based on Severity Mild - Minimal Impact on daily life. Moderate - noticeable Severe - affects person’s ability to function independently Profound - presents major challenges and limitations. Symptoms of IDD 1. Delay in Motor Skill 2. Learning Difficulties 3. Communication Challenges 4. Social Difficulties 5. Adaptive Behavior Deficits 7  SPEECH AND LANGUAGE IMPAIRMENT means a communication disorder, such Late in both understanding as stuttering, impaired articulation, a and using words. language impairment, or a voice impairment, that adversely affects a 3. Receptive Language Disorder: child’s educational performance. Trouble understanding language. Hard to understand Characteristic spoken words, even if hearing is fine. ➔ Speech - difficulty in articulation Finding it hard to of words. understand long ➔ Language - deficiency in sentences. understanding and sharing Problems identifying or thoughts and ideas. understanding words in spoken or written form. Types of Speech and Language 4. Expressive Language Impairment Disorder: Trouble using words. 1. Articulation Disorders: Trouble Hard to think of the right making sounds. word to say. Not using as many words Replacing one sound with as others of the same age. another. Difficulty putting words Leaving out sounds. together to make Changing a sound so it’s sentences. unclear. Adding extra sounds. 5. Fluency Disorders: Speech that is not smooth. 2. Language Delays: Speaking and Repeating sounds or understanding words late. words, like "I-I-I want that." Speaking too fast and Late in using words and unclear, with missing parts sentences. of words. Late in understanding Stretching out sounds like words and sentences. "Sssssee you later." 8  SPEECH AND LANGUAGE IMPAIRMENT 6. Voice Disorders: Voice doesn’t sound right. Dysphonia: Voice sounds rough, hoarse, or weak. Aphonia: Losing the voice or can’t speak. Resonance Trouble: Voice sounds too nasal (like talking through the nose) or not nasal enough. 9  AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER ❖ characterized by persistent challenges in social Types of Autism Spectrum Disorder communication and interaction, along with restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or 1. Autistic Disorder (Classic activities. Autism) ➔ Traditional form of Autism ❖ Spectrum: wide range of symptoms, abilities, and levels 2. Asperger’s Syndrome impairment / multiple ➔ Milder symptoms compared to Classic Autism The Origins ➔ Average of Above Average Intelligence ➔ High Functioning Autism Autos (Greek) : Self Described by Dr. Leo Kanner in 3. Pervasive Developmental 1943 as, “distinct Disorder (Not Otherwise neurodevelopmental condition”. Specified: PDD-Nos) ➔ Showed symptoms of autism but did not fully Historical Understanding meet the criteria for classic autism and Asperger’s. In the 20th century, Hans 4. Childhood Disintegrative Asperger also identified a related Disorder (CDD) condition (later called Asperger's ➔ Rare and Severe Form of Syndrome) with milder ASD symptoms. 5. Rett Syndrome ➔ Genetic Disorder that affects mostly girls, showed symptoms such as repetitive hand movement and wringing. 10  DEAFNESS AND HEARING DISORDER ❖ Deafness - No functional 5. Progressive/Sudden hearing. ➔ hearing loss worsens over ❖ Hearing Impairment - A general time (progressive) or term for any degree of hearing happens quickly (sudden) loss, from mild to profound. Types of Hearing Impairment Degree of Deafness and Hearing Disorder 1. Conductive Hearing Loss ➔ vibrations are not passing through from the outer ear Mild: Difficulty hearing soft to the inner ear, specially sounds in cochlea. Moderate: Difficulty hearing conversational sounds 2. Sensorineural Hearing Loss Severely: Unable to hear loud ➔ caused by dysfunction of sounds the inner ear Profound: Near or total inability to hear or cannot hear a sound 3. Mixed Hearing Loss below ➔ combination of conductive hearing loss and sensorineural hearing loss. Communication Option 4. Unilateral/Bilateral 1. Sign Language ➔ Unilateral: single sided 2. Oral Communications deafness - refers to 3. Cochlear Implants hearing impairment in just 4. Hearing Aids one ear ➔ bilateral - hearing impairment are both 11  VISUAL IMPAIRMENT ❖ difficulty seeing, ranging from 7. Tunnel Vision mild blurriness to complete ➔ loss of peripheral vision blindness. with retention of central vision. Types of Visual Impairment Causes of Visual Impairment 1. Low Vision 1. Refractive Errors ➔ cannot be corrected with Myopia (nearsighted): glasses or contact lenses. Difficulty seeing distant objects. 2. Partial Sight Hyperopia (farsighted): ➔ Some vision remains, but Difficulty focusing on close it may be blurred, objects. distorted, or limited vision Astigmatism: Distorted or blurry vision due to an 3. Blindness irregular shape of the ➔ complete or near-complete cornea or lens. loss of sight in one or both Presbyopia: Age-related, eyes. difficulty focusing on near ➔ inability to see anything, objects, usually after age including light, to seeing 40. only shapes or shadows 2. Cataracts 4. Total Blindness 3. Glaucoma ➔ a person cannot see 4. Age-Related Macular anything at all Degeneration (AMD) 5. Diabetic Retinopathy 5. Color Blindness 6. Trauma or Injury ➔ trouble distinguishing 7. Infections and Inflammation between certain colors. 8. Medication and Toxicity 6. Night Blindness (Nyctalopia) ➔ Difficulty seeing in low light or darkness 12  VISUAL IMPAIRMENT Assistive Technologies for Visual Impairment Screen readers Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Audio books and Book players Magnification software Voice assistants Accessible GPS CCTV Magnifiers 13  ORTHOPEDIC AND HEALTH DISABILITIES Orthopedic Impairment 2. Musculoskeletal Disorders ➔ Described as a physical limitation Skeletal system impairments that that affects the musculoskeletal involve the joints, bones, limbs, system. and associated muscles. Defects or diseases of bones and muscles, such as limb deficiency Characteristic of Orthopedic or club-foot. Impairment 3. Degenerative Diseases 1. Congenital Orthopedic affect motor movement such as Impairment muscular dystrophy. An impairment that a child is born with and begins Muscular Dystrophy: a group of before birth. disorders characterized by slow 2. Acquired Orthopedic weakening and muscular loss. Impairment Develops after birth and can be caused by injury or Well-known Conditions disease. ➔ Spina Bifida (Split Spine) ➔ Cerebral palsy Three Categories ➔ Marfan syndrome ➔ Dislocation of hip ➔ Achondroplasia 1. Neuromotor Impairments ➔ Club foot Involve the central nervous ➔ Polio system. ➔ Fetal Alcohol syndrome affect a child's ability to move, use, feel, or body control certain parts of the e.g; spina bifida, cerebral palsy, and spinal cord injuries 14  SEVERE AND MULTIPLE DISABILITIES Refer to conditions where a person is experiencing more than one impairment. Severe Disabilities ➔ A condition that significantly limits a person's ability to perform daily activities or live independently without substantial support, due to major physical, mental, or sensory impairments. Multiple Disabilities ➔ Having a combination of two or more serious disabilities. Diagnosing of Multiple Disabilities Screening process Comprehensive assessment Developmental evaluations Genetic testing Imaging test 15