Learning Disabilities Overview
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Questions and Answers

What does the term 'dyslexia' literally refer to?

  • Difficulty with language/words (correct)
  • Difficulty with numbers
  • Difficulty with memory
  • Difficulty with writing

Which type of hearing loss is characterized by vibrations not passing from the outer ear to the inner ear?

  • Conductive Hearing Loss (correct)
  • Mixed Hearing Loss
  • Sensorineural Hearing Loss
  • Unilateral Hearing Loss

Rett syndrome primarily affects boys.

False (B)

Dyslexia is caused purely by environmental factors.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for hearing loss that happens quickly?

<p>sudden hearing loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main feature of phonological dyslexia?

<p>Trouble decoding and sounding out words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Attentional dyslexia is caused by a failure of the __________-word-binding system.

<p>letter</p> Signup and view all the answers

________ hearing loss involves a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss.

<p>Mixed</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of hearing loss with their descriptions:

<p>Conductive Hearing Loss = Vibrations not passing through the outer ear Sensorineural Hearing Loss = Dysfunction of the inner ear Unilateral Hearing Loss = Hearing impairment in one ear Bilateral Hearing Loss = Hearing impairment in both ears</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dyslexia primarily affects visual processing and memory?

<p>Visual dyslexia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of dyslexia with its description:

<p>Phonological dyslexia = Trouble decoding and sounding out words Visual dyslexia = Difficulty with visual processing Attentional dyslexia = Failure in letter-word binding Double deficit dyslexia = Difficulty in both phonological and visual processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a communication option for individuals with hearing disabilities?

<p>Vision Therapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The condition characterized by difficulty seeing, ranging from mild blurriness to complete blindness, is known as __________.

<p>visual impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dyslexia is equally common among males and females.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the root cause attributed to developmental dyslexia?

<p>Neurological dysfunction in the left side of the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is verbal dyscalculia primarily associated with?

<p>Difficulty talking about mathematical concepts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dyscalculia only affects a person's ability to perform arithmetic calculations.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the difficulty in translating abstract mathematical knowledge into real-world actions?

<p>Practognostic Dyscalculia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dyscalculia is a learning disorder affecting a person’s ability to do __________.

<p>math</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of dyscalculia allows for abstract math understanding but struggles in applying it to real-life situations?

<p>Operational Dyscalculia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lexical Dyscalculia primarily affects motor skills required for writing.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dyscalculia is characterized by difficulties with writing mathematical symbols?

<p>Graphical Dyscalculia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Phonological Dysgraphia?

<p>Difficulties in writing and spelling unfamiliar or non-words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dyscalculia is only concerned with number-related skills.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A key feature of ADHD is difficulty in focusing, controlling behavior, and staying __________.

<p>organized</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common error might someone with attentional dyslexia make while reading?

<p>Reversals of letters or reading words from right to left</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of dysgraphia to its description:

<p>Dyslexic Dysgraphia = Unreadable writing Motor Dysgraphia = Poor fine motor abilities Spatial Dysgraphia = Problems with letter spacing Phonological Dysgraphia = Struggles with phonetically irregular words</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Latin word 'Calculare' means to __________.

<p>Count</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dyscalculia involves difficulty comprehending mathematical puzzles?

<p>Ideognostical Dyscalculia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ADHD is characterized by hyperactive and impulsive behaviors?

<p>Hyperactive Impulsive Type (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Motor Dysgraphia is primarily associated with problems in spatial perception.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common difficulty do individuals with Operational Dyscalculia face?

<p>Completing mathematical computations or procedures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dysgraphia involves learning disabilities in __________.

<p>writing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dysgraphia relies heavily on sound-to-letter patterns when writing?

<p>Phonological Dysgraphia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does dysphonia refer to?

<p>Voice sounds rough, hoarse, or weak (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Asperger’s Syndrome is a traditional form of Autism.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who described Autism as a distinct neurodevelopmental condition?

<p>Dr. Leo Kanner</p> Signup and view all the answers

A voice that sounds too nasal is referred to as ________ trouble.

<p>resonance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of Autism Spectrum Disorder with its description:

<p>Autistic Disorder = Traditional form of Autism Asperger’s Syndrome = Milder symptoms, average intelligence Pervasive Developmental Disorder = Symptoms of autism without full criteria Childhood Disintegrative Disorder = Rare and severe form of ASD</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a characteristic symptom of Autism Spectrum Disorder?

<p>Challenges in social communication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aphonia refers to a voice that sounds rough and hoarse.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does PDD-Nos stand for?

<p>Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'spectrum' in Autism Spectrum Disorder refers to a range of ________ and levels of impairment.

<p>symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misunderstanding about the symptoms associated with Autism?

<p>All individuals with Autism have the same symptoms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Learning Disability

A neurological difference in how a person's brain is wired, affecting learning.

Developmental Learning Disability

A learning disability present from birth, often inherited/genetic, affecting brain functions related to reading and language.

Dyslexia

A type of specific learning disability focused on language and reading.

Phonological Dyslexia

A type of dyslexia where a person can understand whole words, but struggles with individual sounds.

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Visual Dyslexia

A type of dyslexia where a person struggles with visual processing and sometimes has difficulty with spelling non-phonetic words.

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Attentional Dyslexia

A rare type of dyslexia caused by a problem in connecting letters and words.

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Double Deficit Dyslexia

A type of dyslexia involving difficulties with both phonological processing and visual-spatial processing.

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Acquired Learning Disability

Learning Disability from an injury or illness

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Dyscalculia

A learning disorder affecting math abilities, impacting brain areas responsible for math skills.

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Verbal Dyscalculia

Difficulty talking about math concepts or relationships.

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Practognostic Dyscalculia

Difficulty translating abstract mathematical knowledge into real-world actions or procedures.

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Graphical Dyscalculia

Difficulties writing math symbols, including numbers.

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Ideognostical Dyscalculia

Difficulty solving math puzzles and understanding mathematical concepts without using numbers.

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Rapid Naming Deficit

Slow reaction to naming objects, related to problems with reading and language processing speed.

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Developmental Neglect

Letters seem out of sequence, words move on the page to cause letter/word reversals.

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Math concepts

Understanding ideas in math without numbers.

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Reading errors

Common mistakes in reading caused by dyslexia, like reversals of letters/words.

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Operational Dyscalculia

Difficulty applying math in real-life problems, despite understanding abstract math concepts.

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Lexical Dyscalculia

Problems with reading, recognizing, and understanding math symbols and numbers.

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Dysgraphia (general)

Learning disability impacting writing skills.

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Dyslexic Dysgraphia

Unreadable handwriting due to writing difficulties.

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Motor Dysgraphia

Writing difficulties due to poor fine motor skills affecting handwriting grip.

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Spatial Dysgraphia

Difficulties with spatial perception which affects letter spacing and drawing.

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Phonological dysgraphia

Problems spelling unfamiliar words or words with sounds blending difficulty.

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ADHD (general)

Neurodevelopmental disorder with persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

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ADHD-HI

ADHD subtype primarily characterized by hyperactivity and impulsivity.

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Inattention

Difficulty focusing and paying attention to tasks.

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Rett Syndrome

A rare genetic disorder primarily affecting girls, characterized by developmental delays, repetitive hand movements, and communication difficulties.

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Deafness

Complete absence of functional hearing, resulting in the inability to perceive sound.

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Hearing Impairment

A broader term encompassing any degree of hearing loss, ranging from mild to profound.

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Conductive Hearing Loss

Hearing loss caused by problems in the outer or middle ear, preventing sound from reaching the inner ear effectively.

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Progressive Hearing Loss

Hearing loss that gradually worsens over time.

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Sudden Hearing Loss

A rapid and unexpected onset of hearing impairment.

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Tunnel Vision

A condition where peripheral (side) vision is lost but central vision remains intact.

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Speech and Language Impairment

Difficulty with speaking, understanding, or using language.

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Dysphonia

A voice disorder where the voice sounds rough, hoarse, or weak.

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Aphonia

Loss of voice or inability to speak.

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Resonance Trouble

A voice disorder where the voice sounds too nasal or not nasal enough.

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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A developmental disorder characterized by challenges in social communication and interaction, along with restricted, repetitive behaviors, interests, or activities.

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Autistic Disorder (Classic Autism)

The traditional form of autism, characterized by significant social and communication challenges.

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Asperger's Syndrome

A milder form of ASD with above-average intelligence, but social communication challenges.

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Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD-NOS)

A type of ASD where individuals show symptoms of autism but don't fully meet the criteria for classic autism or Asperger's.

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Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD)

A rare and severe form of ASD where a child loses skills they once had.

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What does 'autos' mean in Greek?

Self

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Study Notes

Learning Disabilities

  • Neurological disorder, meaning differences in how a person's brain is wired
  • Secondary: Caused by issues with neurological development in the womb
  • Acquired: Result from injury or illness

Specific Learning Disorders: Types

  • Dyslexia (Reading Disorder): Language-based learning disability
    • Phonological (dysphonetic): Difficulty decoding words, trouble processing individual sounds
    • Visual (surface, orthographic or dyseidetic): Difficulty with visual processing and working memory, struggling with non-phonetic words, letters like p, q, and b
  • Developmental Neglect: Letters seem out of sequence or jump; leads to errors such as reversing letters or reading right-to-left
  • Rapid Auto-naming deficit (rapid auto-naming dyslexia): Difficulty in reading pace and language processing
  • Attentional: Caused by a failure of the letter-word-binding system, resulting in letters migrating between words.

Dyscalculia

  • Difficulty calculating
  • Learning disorder affecting math abilities
  • Impacts brain areas handling math skills and understanding

Dysgraphia

  • Learning disability affecting writing
  • Dyslexic Dysgraphia: Unreadable writing
  • Motor Dysgraphia: Difficulty with fine motor abilities and grip
  • Spatial Dysgraphia: Problems with spatial perception affecting letter spacing and drawing ability, staying within lines on paper.
  • Phonological Dysgraphia: Difficulty in spelling or writing unfamiliar words, phonetic irregular words; trouble memorizing phonemes and blending them into a targeted word.
  • Lexical Dysgraphia: Relies on sound-to-letter patterns rather than memorizing spellings;

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

  • Neurodevelopmental disorder
  • Types:
    • Inattentive: Primarily marked by inattention and distractibility.
    • Hyperactive-Impulsive: Hyperactive and impulsive behaviors
    • Combined: Inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive characteristics.

Emotional Disturbance

  • Condition affecting emotions and behaviors.
  • Types:
    • Anxiety disorders: Generalized, panic, and social anxiety characterized by excessive worry and fear.
    • Mood disorders: Depression and bipolar disorder, leading to persistent sadness or mood swings.
    • Behavioral disorders: Defiance, aggression, or rule-breaking behavior.
    • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Results from traumatic events leading to emotional distress.
    • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): Characterized by unwanted thoughts and repetitive behaviors to reduce anxiety.
    • Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Difficulties with attention, impulse control, and hyperactivity.
    • Adjustment Disorders: Occur in response to significant life changes or stressors, leading to disproportionate emotional/behavioral symptoms.

Intellectual Developmental Disorder (IDD)

  • Intellectual Disability (ID): Characterized by limitations in intellectual functioning.
  • Developmental Disability (DD): Disorders affecting intellectual and physical functioning.
  • Four levels based on severity (mild, moderate, severe, profound)

Speech and Language Impairment

  • Types:
    • Articulation Disorders: Trouble making sounds; replacing, leaving out, or unclearly changing sounds; adding extra sounds.
    • Language Delays: Late speaking, using words and sentences.
    • Receptive Language Disorder: Difficulty understanding spoken words.
    • Expressive Language Disorder: Difficulty expressing thoughts in words.
    • Fluency Disorders: Issues with speech smoothness.
    • Voice Disorders: Dysphonia (rough, hoarse, or weak voice); Aphonia (unable to speak).

Autism Spectrum Disorder

  • Characterized by persistent challenges in social communication and interaction, along with restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities.
  • Spectrum of symptoms, abilities, and levels of impairment.
  • Types: Autistic Disorder (Classic Autism), Asperger's Syndrome, Pervasive Developmental Disorder (Not Otherwise Specified), Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, and Rett Syndrome.

Deafness and Hearing Disorder

  • Deafness: No functional hearing
  • Hearing Impairment: Ranges from mild to profound hearing loss.
  • Types: Conductive, Sensorineural, Mixed, and Bilateral/Unilateral
  • Symptoms, degrees of severity, and communication options (sign language, oral communication, cochlear implants, hearing aids)

Visual Impairment

  • Difficulty seeing ranging from mild blurriness to complete blindness
  • Types: Low vision, partial sight, blindness, total blindness, color blindness, night blindness
  • Causes: Refractive errors, cataracts, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, trauma, infections, medication, and toxicity

Orthopedic Impairment

  • Physical limitation of the musculoskeletal system, with congenital or acquired types.
  • Types: Neuromotor impairments, musculoskeletal disorders, and degenerative diseases.

Severe and Multiple Disabilities

  • Conditions where a person experiences more than one impairment

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Learning Disabilities PDF

Description

This quiz explores various learning disabilities, focusing on neurological differences and specific types such as dyslexia and dyscalculia. Understand how these conditions affect reading, writing, and mathematical abilities in individuals. Test your knowledge on the causes and characteristics of these learning disorders.

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