CAFS 4000 Exam 2 Study Guide PDF

CAFS 4000 Exam 2 Study Guide; 11/6 40 multiple choice (D = definition, E = example, W = which of the following is not true) 1. APA Citations References a. Journal Article - Authors are NOT in alphabetical order! - There is a comma after each author’s last name n th...

CAFS 4000 Exam 2 Study Guide; 11/6 40 multiple choice (D = definition, E = example, W = which of the following is not true) 1. APA Citations References a. Journal Article - Authors are NOT in alphabetical order! - There is a comma after each author’s last name n their initial - There is a space between initials - There is a & before last author even when there are two authors - The year of publication is in parentheses and is followed by a period. - Article titles uses “sentence case” (only cap is the first word of the title) - The journal title is ITALICIZED and Title case (every word is cap except articles, prepositions, conjunctions.) title is followed by a comma! - Volume number is ITALICIZED - The issue number is not italicized, but is in parentheses (NO space between the volume # and the issue #) - The page #s are followed by a period - If there is a doi # then it should be included (do not put a period after the doi#) EXAMPLE: Mercury, F., May, B., Taylor, R., & Deacon, J. (1973). The story of the greatest band ever. The Journal of Champions, 1(2), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.99/s99999-999-9999-9 b. Edited Book Chapter - Book title is sentence case - Editors Has to have “IN” and “(EDS.)” - Book title should be sentence case and ITALICS, have “Vol.II”… same if 2nd ed” - Page numbers of the chapter should be “pp” - Publisher notice NO city or ST EXAMPLE: Lecter, H., Sweeney, T., & Dahmer, J. (2014). Tips for preparing and eating white meat. In G. Ramsey, R. Ray, W. Puck, & J. Childs (Eds.), Eating advice from famous chefs (Vol. II, pp. 15-34). Yum Yum Press c. Book - Book author should have initials after name (Just like the journals) - Book chapter title should be sentence case, notice the proper nouns are capitalized - Publisher notice no city, ST in APA 7th edition - EXAMPLE: Rex, T. (2013). Barney, Godzilla, and Dino: A dinosaur love fest? Jurassic Cretaceous 2. APA Citations In-text a. One citation: single author, two authors, three or more authors - 1 Citation SINGLE AUTHOR: Propane is far superior to butane (Hill, 1999). – According to Hill (1999), propane is far superior to butane. - 1 Citation TWO AUTHORS: How we saved America’s economy (Swift & Knowles, 2023). – Swift and Knowles (2023) discuss saving America’s economy. - 1 Citation THREE OR MORE AUTHORS: Many believe the force can be used to defeat the dark side (Skywalker et al., 1977). – According to Solo et al. (1977), the Millennium Falcon broke the record for the Kessel Run. b. Multiple citations - Citations are arranged in alphabetical order by first authors last name within the parentheses - Each citation is separated by a semicolon CAFS 4000 Exam 2 Study Guide; 11/6 40 multiple choice (D = definition, E = example, W = which of the following is not true) - Three studies demonstrated insecurity and trauma were related to increased risk of multiple identities and personalities (Costanza & Vandelay, 1990; Gribble & Shackleford, 1998; Sybil et al., 1973). c. Quotations - When quoting, the page number must be included (i.e., “p.” for one page and “pp.” for 2+ pages). - If it is from an online document, then use the paragraph (¶) number on the page. - “No Mr. Kitty, that’s my pot pie!” (Cartman, 1999, p. 23). - According to Othmar and Donovan (1959), “wah, wa wa wah, wah, wa wa wah wah” (pp. 23-24). - Seinfeld (1989) gave his opinion on dogs when he said, “When two life forms are walking together, and one of poops but the other one picks it up and carries it for him, it is clear who is in charge” (¶. 3-4) 3. Questionnaires advantages/disadvantages – W Advantages - Relatively inexpensive, quick way to collect large amounts of data from large samples in a short time. - Convenient for respondents to complete. - Anonymitly can result in more honest responses - Well-suited for answering questions related to what, where, and how many Disadvantages - Limited ability to get more in-depth information - Relies on participant’s abilities to recall behavior and/or events - Must rely on self-report - Difficult with low-literacy groups of different language speakers. - Not well suited to answering How, and Why 4. Group administered questionnaire – W - 5. Mail survey – D/E/W 6. Online survey – D/E/W 7. Household drop-off survey – D/E/W 8. One-to-one interview advantages/disadvantages – W ADVANTAGES - Opportunity to probe or ask follow up questions - Generally easier for the respondent, especially if what is sought is opinions or impressions. DISADVANTAGES - Can be very time consuming - Resource intensive - The interviewer is considered a part of the measurement instrument. (have to be well trained in how to respond to any contingency) 9. One-to-one structured versus one-to-one unstructured interviews – W - Structured is QUANTITATIVE - Unstructured is QUALITATIVE 10. Telephone interview – D/E/W 11. Focus group general considerations – D/E/W 12. Focus group advantages/disadvantages – W 13. Questions to avoid - D/E - Avoid vague term EX: Sex __ CAFS 4000 Exam 2 Study Guide; 11/6 40 multiple choice (D = definition, E = example, W = which of the following is not true) - Avoid Jargon, slang, and abbreviations; EX: made out may have different connotations, CA could stand for California or Central America - Avoid biased language; EX: Are there identifiable differences between gay men and normal men? - Avoid double-barreled questions; EX: true or false; HDFS 2004W is both useful and exciting - Leading questions; EX: Now that you have learned the value of library resources, how often will you go? - Categorical data for continuous variable; EX: How old is your child? 0-1, 2-5, 6-12, 13- 18 - False premises; EX: since global warming is caused a worldwide crisis, how much should sustainable design be… - Future intentions; Ex: how often do you plan to exercise in the next 6 months? - Double negatives; EX: true or false; it is not good to not exercise. 14. Types of questions - D/E - Threatening: Are you a legal citizen? How many sexual partner have you had? - Knowledge: Polyester is more widely used fiber than nylon, True, false, don’t know - Filter Question: A question whose answer determines which question the respondent goes to next; EX: Have you ever voted in a national, state, or local election? If yes please answer questions 14-25, if no skip questions 14-25 and go to 26 - Contingency question: Depends on the answers to pervious questions; EX: have you ever smoked yes or no, if yes, how many times have you smoked. - Likert-type response scales: Have respondents rate (usually on scale of 1-4 to 1-7) their level of 1; agreement or disagreement with various declarative statements. Level 2; satisfaction/dissatisfaction with services - Semantic Differential scale: Assess a respondent’s perception of an item on a set of bipolar adjective pairs. - Guttmann scale: set of items od statements set up in such a way that a respondent who agrees with any specific statement will also agree with all previous statements on the list. 15. Participant observation advantages/disadvantages – W ADVANTAGES - Spontaneous quality of data that can be gathered - Can code behaviors in a natural setting (lunchroom, hallway, social gathering) - Works well w/ a homogeneous group - Good technique in combination w/ others methods DISADVATAGES - Quantification & summary of data are difficult - Recording of behaviors & events may have to be made from memory. - Difficult to maintain objectively - Very time consuming & expensive - Requires a highly trained observer 16. Participant as observer – D/E - The researcher’s role as observer is known to the group being studied and is secondary to his/her role as participant. EXAMPLE: Is when a researcher actively engages in the activities of the group they are studying while also observing the group’s behaviors and interactions. 17. Observer as participant – D/E - Researcher’s observer role is known, and his/her primary role is to assess the program/group/participants. EXAMPLE: a researcher immerses themselves in a community or group to observe and participate in their activities. CAFS 4000 Exam 2 Study Guide; 11/6 40 multiple choice (D = definition, E = example, W = which of the following is not true) 18. Complete observer – D/E - Researcher is a silent observer. The researcher may be hidden from the subjects or in a public setting where his/her presence is unnoticed and unobtrusive to the subject being observed. EXAMPLE: can be like a two-way mirror. 19. Case study – D/E - Refers to relatively intensive analysis of a single instance of a phenomenon being investigated. The investigator interviews individuals and/or studies life history documents (e.g., diaries, medical records, letters) to gain insight. Attempts to discover unique features and common traits shared by persons in given classification. 20. Theoretical population – D - The population the researchers would like to sample from because this is the group they are interested in generalizing to. 21. Accessible population – D - The population that is accessible to the researchers. 22. Sample – D - The group of people who are selected to be in the study. 23. Sampling frame – D - A listing of the accessible population from which the researchers will draw the sample. It is important to explain in detail how the sample will be contacted to assure representativeness. 24. Random-digit-dialing – D/E 25. Subsample – D - 26. Probability sampling versus non-probability sampling – D - Any method of sampling that utilizes some form of random selection. 27. Probability sampling – W (advantages and disadvantages) 28. Simple random sampling – D/E/W - Each member of the population has an equal and independent chance of being selected to be part of the sample. 29. Stratified random sample – D/E - The profile of the sample matches the profile of the population on some specific characteristic (e.g., gender, ethnicity, age). Specifically, the population is divided into homogeneous subgroups (i.e., stratums), and then a random sample of each subgroup is taken. 30. Systematic random sampling – D/E - Choose a number at random (ie., k) and then select every kth unit. - A desired sample size is selected. - Next, a sampling fraction is calculated by dividing the population size by the desired sample size. - A starting point is randomly selected, and every kth unit/ participation is selected. 31. Cluster (area) random sampling – D/E - Sometimes the population is disbursed across a wide geographic region; which could make it time consuming and expensive to sample participants. Hence, the population could be divided into clusters (i.e., geographic regions), and then a random selection of clusters could be conducted and each unit with the cluster could be sampled. EXAMPLE: 32. Multi-stage sampling – D/E - A combination of aforementioned sampling methods. In many applied social research studies, more complex sampling methods are used. CAFS 4000 Exam 2 Study Guide; 11/6 40 multiple choice (D = definition, E = example, W = which of the following is not true) 33. Non-probability sampling – W (advantages and disadvantages) ADVANTAGES - Lost cost, quick, and convenient DISADVNTAGES - Biased and difficult to generalize to the overall population 34. Purposive sampling – D/E - Conducted with a purpose in mind (e.g., a researcher wants to study one or more predefined groups). In other words, the sample consists of subjects chosen because the researcher believes they are uniquely able to provide specific information and/or meet certain selection criteria. EXAMPLES: 35. Modal instance sampling – D/E - Refers to sampling the most frequent case or the typical case. - It is difficult to identify the typical or modal case. Hence, modal instance sampling is only reasonable for informal sampling contexts. - E.g., public opinion polls: asking typical fast food consumer what is the best chain? 36. Expert sampling – D/E - Involves surveying a group of individuals with known or demonstrable experience and expertise in some area. - Can be used to gain insight into a specific topic (e.g., policy cultural fad), to evaluate measures to be used in a study, to provide evidence for the validity of another sampling approach (e.g., modal sampling), etc. 37. Quota sampling – D/E - Participants with certain characteristics are nonrandomly selected until a quota is filled. 38. Heterogeneity (diversity) sampling – D/E - Used to include as many opinions or views as possible by recruiting respondents (especially outliers) with many different backgrounds, interests, views, ideas, etc. - It is the opposite of modal instance sampling. - E.g., sampling people with different marital statuses (single, married, divorced, remarried, etc.) 39. Snowballing sampling – D/E - Begins by identifying participants who meets the criteria for inclusion in the study. Then the researcher asks the participant to recommend others who also meet the criteria. - Snowball sampling is especially useful when the researcher is trying to reach populations that are inaccessible or hard to find (e.g., homeless). 40. Convenience sampling – D/E - Participants are included because they are convenient (e.g., recruited from classes, advertisements, announcements) - It is one of the most common sampling methods - Traditional “person on the street” interviews - College student research pools or surveying students in a classroom. - In clinical practice, using clients who volunteer to participate.