Lesson 10: Citation - Practical Research 2 PDF

Practical Research 2 Lesson 10 Citation A citation is the way you tell your readers that certain materi...

Practical Research 2 Lesson 10 Citation A citation is the way you tell your readers that certain material in your work came from another source. It also gives your readers the information necessary to find that source again, including: ▪ Information about the author ▪ The date your copy was published ▪ The title of the work ▪ The page numbers of the material you are borrowing ▪ The name and location of the company that published your copy of the source Why should I cite sources? Giving credit to the original author by citing source is the only way to use other people’s work without plagiarizing. But there are a number of reasons to cite sources: ▪ Citations are extremely helpful to anyone who wants to find out more about your ideas and where they came from. ▪ Citing sources shows the amount of research you’ve done. ▪ Citing sources strengthens your work by lending outside support to your ideas. When do I need to cite? Whenever you use other people’s words or ideas in your writing, you should cite that source of information. Whether you are summarizing, paraphrasing or quoting a work directly, you must give credit to the originator of the idea that you are using. When you use another person’s words directly, they must be enclosed in quotation marks, with the source cited. Failure to cite appropriately is the same as claiming those ideas or words as your own and is considered plagiarism. How should I format my RRL? Use the American Psychological Association (APA) style. APA style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. Guidelines in using the APA format: ▪ When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper. In a study about parental involvement in Bottoms and O’Neill (2001) stated that school (Bottoms & O’Neill, 2001) … parental involvement … ▪ Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names. In a study about parental involvement in schools in Atlanta, Georgia (Bottoms & O’Neill, 2001) … ▪ If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and pronouns. In “Preparing a New Breed of School Principals: It’s Time for Action,” Bottoms and O’Neill (2001) stated that parental involvement …. ▪ When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word. In “Socio-Economic Status as a Correlate of Academic Performance,” Johnson and Jones (2001) stressed that …. ▪ After a colon or dash in a title, capitalize the first word. In “Preparing a New Breed of School Principals: It’s Time for Action,” Bottoms and O’Neill (2001) stated that parental involvement …. ▪ Italicize the titles of longer works such as books, edited collections, movies, documentaries, or albums. In Freedom Writers (2007), the students bring their family problems inside their classroom. ▪ Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles, articles from edited collections, television shows, and song titles.  In “Preparing a New Breed of School Principals: It’s Time for Action,” Bottoms and O’Neill (2001) stated that parental involvement …. ▪ If a work has two authors, cite both names every time the reference appears in your text. Join the authors' names with the word and. In “Preparing a New Breed of School Principals: It’s Time for Action,” Bottoms and O’Neill (2001) stated that parental involvement …. ▪ If a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all of the authors the first time you refer to the work in your text. The next time you refer to the work, shorten the citation to the last name of the first author plus the words et al. Join the authors' names with the word and if you are referring to them in the text; join the authors' names with an ampersand (&) if you are referring to them in a parenthetical citation. First Citation Second Citation Cruz, Reyes, and Jose (2001) mentioned that…. Cruz, et al. (2001) argued that…. It is mentioned that… (Cruz, Reyes, & Jose, 2001). It is argued that… (Cruz, et al., 2001). ▪ If a work has six authors (or more), cite only the last name of the first author plus the words et al. Cruz, et al. (2001) mentioned that…. It is mentioned that… (Cruz, et al., 2001). ▪ If you are citing a work that has no author, no date, and no page numbers, use the first few words from the title, then the abbreviation n.d. (for "no date"), and then use paragraph numbers (if available) or simply leave out any reference to pages. In another study of students and research decisions, it was discovered that students succeeded with tutoring ("Tutoring and APA," n.d.). ▪ Using direct quotations. You should try to use your own words (citing appropriately) whenever possible. In scientific writing, it is not as necessary to use a previous researcher’s original words as it is in other types of writing. Your own ideas and integration of previous findings is more important. Therefore, you should use quotations sparingly. ▪ To indicate direct quotations of fewer than 40 words in your text, enclose the quotation within double quotation marks. Provide the author, year, and specific page citation in the text, and include a complete reference in the reference list. Punctuation marks, such as periods, commas, and semicolons, should appear after the parenthetical citation. Question marks and exclamation points should appear within the quotation marks if they are a part of the quotation but after the parenthetical citation if they are a part of your text. She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style,” (Jones, According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using 1998), but she did not offer an explanation as to why. APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199). ▪ Place direct quotations longer than 40 words in a free-standing block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented five spaces from the left margin. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent t he first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation five spaces from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after closing punctuation mark. Jones's 1993 study found the following: Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199) What is a reference page? The reference page lists all the sources you have cited in your paper or manuscript. It commonly has its four main components such as: the author’s name, date, title, and source. It also allows the researcher to recognize the contribution of other writers and researchers in your manuscript. How will I craft my list of references using the APA style of referencing? Below are the various ways on how you will craft the reference list of your research paper. 1. Books. This is the pattern that the researcher may follow. Pattern: Author’s last name, Initial of First Name (Year of Publication). Book Title. City of Publication: Name of Publication. Example: Allen, T. (1974). Vanishing Wildlife of North America. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society. 2. Encyclopedia and Dictionary. Below is the pattern and example of how will you reference a source coming from this. Pattern: Author’s Last Name, Initial of the First Name (Year of Publication). Title of the Article. Title of Encyclopedia (volume, pages). City of Publication. Name of Publication. Examples: Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. New Encyclopedia Britannica (v.26, pp.501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster’s. 3. Magazines and Newspaper Articles. Below is the given pattern of referencing for a source that may came from here. Pattern: Author’s Last Name, Initial of the First Name. (Year of Publication). Article title. Periodical title, volume number (issue number if available). inclusive pages. Note: Do not enclose the title with quotation marks and put a period after the title. If a periodical includes a volume number, italicize it and then give the page range (in regular type) without “pp.” If the periodical does not use volume numbers, as in newspapers, use “p.” or “pp.” for page numbers. Example: Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals of preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of Physiological and Psychology, 55.893-896. 4. Website or Webpage. The standard pattern for it is written below. Pattern for an Online Periodical: Author’s Name (Date of Publication). Title of article. Title of periodical, volume number, Retrieved month day, year, from full URL. Example: Devitt, T. (2001, August 2). Lightning injuries for at music festival. The Why Files. Retrieved January 23, 2002, from http://whyfiles.org./137 lightning /index.html Pattern for an Online Document: Author’s Name. (Date of Publication). Title of Work. Retrieved Month day, year from full URL. Examples: Dove, R. (1998). Lady freedom among us. The Electronic Arts Center. Retrieved June 19, 1998 from http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/subjects/afam.html. Fredrickson, B.L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being. Preventions and treatment, Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3 /pre003000Ia.html. Note: When citing an internet source, refer to the specific website of the document. If the document is undated, use “n.d.” ( for no date) immediately after the document title. ▪ Format each reference with a hanging indent, which means that the first line of each reference entry is aligned flush with the left margin and each subsequent line has a hanging indent of 1.27 cm or 0.5 in. (Go to Paragraph>Special>Hanging, and set the value to 1.27 cm or 0.5 in)