APPL111 Lesson 2 APA In-Text Citations PDF

Objectives: At the end of the session, the students must be able to: 1.define plagiarism; 2.identify the significance of the APA 7 styling guide; 3.determine the basics of in-text citations; 4.distinguish in-text citation rules; 5.review/revise the group’s proposal to observe correct in-text cita...

Objectives: At the end of the session, the students must be able to: 1.define plagiarism; 2.identify the significance of the APA 7 styling guide; 3.determine the basics of in-text citations; 4.distinguish in-text citation rules; 5.review/revise the group’s proposal to observe correct in-text citations applications. Objectives: Overview: At the end of the session, the students 1.Plagiarism must be able to: 1.define plagiarism; 2.Introduction to 2.identify the significance of the APA 7 APA styling guide; 3.In-text Citation 3.determine the basics of in-text citations; Basics 4.distinguish in-text citation rules; 4.Rules 5.review/revise the group’s proposal to 5.Activities observe correct in-text citations applications. References Assignment 1.American Psychological Association. 1.Review your group’s (2020). Publication manual of the proposal. 2.Start the review matrix’s American Psychological Association component for the in-text 2020: the official guide to APA citations. style (7th ed.). American Psychological Association. 2.Pears, R., & Shields, G. (2022). Cite them right. Bloomsbury Publishing  Plagiarism Plagiarism is the act of presenting the words, ideas, or images of another as your own; it denies authors or creators of content the credit they are due. Whether deliberate or unintentional, plagiarism violates ethical standards in scholarship (Graham, 2018).  A. Reusing one’s I. Taking content previously published or submitted work without proper Which is NOT written by another and running it through a software attribution (ex. submitting an assignment done in one plagiarism? tool (text spinner, translation engine) to evade subject to another plagiarism subject teacher) E. Working with other students on an detection. assignment meant for individual assessment. J. Manipulating text B.Copying or adapting with the intention source code without of misleading permission from and F. Forgetting to properly cite or attribution to the quote a source or unintentional plagiarism detection original creator. paraphrasing. software. C. Weaving phrases G. Copying and pasting K. Engaging a third party and text from content without proper attribution. (for free, for pay, or several sources into in-kind) to complete one’s own work. H. Rephrasing a source’s an assignment and Adjusting sentences ideas without proper attribution. representing that as without quotation one’s own work. marks or attribution. D. Providing inaccurate Which of these acts L. Falsifying or fabricating data or improperly appropriating or incomplete information about are you most guilty someone else’s work, putting a researcher, sources such that they cannot be of? institution, or publisher’s reputation found. in jeopardy. The Plagiarism Spectrum 2.0 The Plagiarism Spectrum 2.0 identifies twelve types of unoriginal work. Familiarity with traditional forms of plagiarism and emerging trends helps students develop original thinking skills and do their best original work. As the bar becomes redder, the infraction gets more serious. PLAGIARISM SPECTRUM ORIGINAL THINKING- when someone submits assignments that are their own work, composed of original ideas built on attributed sources. STUDENT COLLUSION- working with other students on an assignment meant for individual assessment. INADVERTENT Forgetting to properly cite or quote a source or unintentional paraphrasing. WORD- FOR- WORD- Copying and pasting content without proper attribution. PARAPHRASE PLAGIARISM- Rephrasing a source’s ideas without proper attribution. PLAGIARISM SPECTRUM SELF- PLAGIARISM- Reusing one’s previously published or submitted work without proper attribution (ex. submitting an assignment done in one subject to another subject teacher). COMPUTER- CODE PLAGIARISM- Copying or adapting source code without permission from and attribution to the original creator. MOSAIC PLAGIARISM- Weaving phrases and text from several sources into one’s own work. Adjusting sentences without quotation marks or attribution. SOURCE- BASED PLAGIARISM- Providing inaccurate or incomplete information about sources such that they cannot be found. PLAGIARISM SPECTRUM SOFTWARE- BASED TEXT MODIFICATION- Taking content written by another and running it through a software tool (text spinner, translation engine) to evade plagiarism detection. MANUAL- TEXT MODIFICATION- Manipulating text with the intention of misleading plagiarism detection software. CONTRACT CHEATING- Engaging a third party (for free, for pay, or in- kind) to complete an assignment and representing that as one’s own work. DATA PLAGIARISM- Falsifying or fabricating data or improperly appropriating someone else’s work, putting a researcher, institution, or publisher’s reputation in jeopardy. ACADEMIC INTEGRITY According to Monash University (2023), Academic integrity is the act of being honest, fair, respectful and responsible in studies and academic work. It means applying these values in own work, and also when someone engage with the work and contributions of others. Maintaining academic integrity is important because: good academic work is underpinned by honesty, trust and respect you want to acknowledge who created or developed new ideas or research knowledge is created by many people, and we want to acknowledge each person's contribution when you copy someone else’s work, you don’t actually learn anything. (Monash University, 2023) Objectives: At the end of the session, the students must be able to: 1.define plagiarism; 2.identify the significance of the APA 7 styling guide; 3.determine the basics of in-text citations; 4.distinguish in-text citation rules; 5.review/revise the group’s proposal to observe correct in-text citations applications.  What is APA Style? The American Psychological Association (APA) citation style is the most commonly used format for manuscripts in the social sciences. APA regulates: Stylistics In-text citations References Why use APA?  Why use APA? APA format provides writers with a format for cross-referencing their sources—from their parenthetical references to their reference page. This cross-referencing system allows readers to locate the publication information of source material. This is of great value for researchers who may want to locate your sources for their own research projects.  Why use APA? The proper use of APA style also shows the credibility of writers; such writers show accountability to their source material. Most importantly, use of APA style can protect writers from plagiarism—the purposeful or accidental use of source material by other writers without giving appropriate credit.  Why use APA? “Scientific knowledge represents the accomplishments of many researchers over time. A critical part of writing in APA Style is helping readers place your contribution in context by citing the researchers who influenced you.” (American Psychological Association, 2019, p. 270)  Why use APA? Source: https://www.bibguru.com/blog/citation-styles-for-science/ There are other referencing manuals. Why use Source: https://pressbooks.pub/drrashijain/chapter/citing- from-reliable-sources-in-text-citations-and-list-of- APA 7? Why use only for the class? references/ Objectives: At the end of the session, the students must be able to: 1.define plagiarism; 2.identify the significance of the APA 7 styling guide; 3.determine the basics of in-text citations; 4.distinguish in-text citation rules; 5.review/revise the group’s proposal to observe correct in-text citations applications.  In-Text Citation Basics Cite the work of those individuals whose ideas, theories, or research have directly influenced your work. Cite only works that you have read and ideas that you have incorporated into your writing. Cite primary sources when possible and secondary sources sparingly. Appropriate Level of Citation  In-Text Citations Author–Date Citation System All referencing styles will use indicators in your text, called citations or in-text citations, to show your reader that you are referring to, called citing, someone else’s work. This citation will link to full details of the sources in a list of all references at the end of your work, called the reference list, works cited list or end- text citations, or in some styles as footnotes at the bottom of each page. When citing, there are two general formats, based on how you cite sources in your text: numeric and author-date.  In-Text Citations Numeric style If you are using a numeric style, such as Chicago, IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), MHRA (Modern Humanities Research Association), OSCOLA (Oxford University Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities), Vancouver, place a number in your text to indicate a citation. Your reader will then look for this number in the footnotes or endnotes to see the full reference.  In-Text Citations Author–Date Citation System In the numeric style, the references are numbered in order of citation appearance. Look at the example for Kwan (2006). Since the source is the first reference to appear in the text, it is the one listed first in the reference list (not alphabetically arranged).  In-Text Citations Author–Date Citation System If using an author- date style, such as Harvard or APA, your citations should include the following elements: Author(s) or editor(s) surname/family name Year of publication Page number(s) if Note. The four elements of a reference list entry include the author (in purple), the date (in blue), the title (in yellow), and the source (in green). required (always The in-text citations that correspond to this reference include the last required for direct name of the author and year of publication, which match the information in the reference list entry. quotations) Parenthetical and Narrative Citations In-text citations have Genres can be Bhatia (2004) defined genre two formats: defined as “a class analysis as a multi-disciplinary parenthetical and of communicative activity used to determine the events that share narrative. some set of form of any particular type of communicative text and to help individuals In parenthetical purposes” (Swales, reproduce them with the correct choice of lexicon and grammar. citations, the author 1990). name and publication date appear in parentheses. In narrative citations, this information is incorporated into the text as part of the sentence. Parenthetical and Narrative Citations In parenthetical Falsely balanced news coverage can distort citations, both the the public’s perception of expert consensus author and the date, on an issue (Koehler, 2016). separated by a comma, appear in parentheses for a Writing a thesis in English poses difficulties parenthetical citation. for non-native English speaking students A parenthetical (Shaw, 1991), and it is not an exception for citation can appear these Vietnamese M.A. students. within or at the end of a sentence. When a parenthetical Despite these difficulties, few studies were conducted citation is at the end on how this group of Vietnamese writers compose their of a sentence, put M.A. theses despitea number of studies on writing in the period or other English by Vietnamese students (Hudson, Nguyen, & end punctuation after Hudson, 2008; Loan, 2012 ; Luong & Nguyen, 2008; Nguyen & Hudson, 2010 ; Thuy, 2009; Tran, 2007; Vi, the closing 2001). parenthesis. Parenthetical and Narrative Citations In narrative citations White (2005) asserted that English is the person(s) increasingly regarded as a basic academic skill responsible for work carried out or the for university students world-wide. knowledge gained is named, and a reporting verb is used. The clear association between positive academic Reference to the cited and personal-emotional adjustment and the use author is of active coping strategies was confirmed by grammatically part of Brown and Green (2015). or integral to the citation sentence. Notice that, if you remove This typology is based on the one developed by the narrative citation, the White (2014) but with some alterations. idea sounds incomplete unlike in parenthetical citations, where Green’s theory (1994) that plagiarism by L2 information is not a writers is a developmental rather than a moral issue grammatical part of the has been substantiated and is now widely accepted. sentence. Objectives: At the end of the session, the students must be able to: 1.define plagiarism; 2.identify the significance of the APA 7 styling guide; 3.determine the basics of in-text citations; 4.distinguish in-text citation rules; 5.review/revise the group’s proposal to observe correct in-text citations applications.  Rules in Citing Works 1. Citing Multiple Works (Parenthetical) 2. Citing Multiple Works with an emphasized work (Parenthetical) 3. Citing Specific Parts of a Source 4. Unknown or Anonymous Author 5. Number of Authors to Include in In-Text Citations 6. Works With the Same Author and Same Date 7. Authors Having the Same Surname 8. Abbreviating Group Authors 9. General Mentions of Websites, Periodicals, and Common Software and Apps 1. Citing Multiple Works (Parenthetical) When citing multiple works parenthetically, (Adams et al., 2019; Shumway & Shulman, place the citations in 2015; Westinghouse, 2017) alphabetical order, separating them with a semicolon. Notable experts in the field of linguistics Listing both agreed that the main communicative parenthetical in-text citations and function of an abstract is to give an accurate reference list entries summary of pertinent points or concepts, in alphabetical order which represents or captures the essence of helps readers locate the whole article (Bhatia, 1993; Berkenkotter and retrieve works & Huckin, 1995; Santos, 1996; Martín-Martín, because they are 2005; Walter, 2008; Lon et al., 2012). listed in the same order in both places. 2. Citing Multiple Works with an emphasized work (Parenthetical) To highlight the work(s) most directly relevant to your point in a given sentence, place those citations first within parentheses in alphabetical order and then insert a semicolon and a phrase, such as “see also,” before the first of the remaining citations, which should also be in alphabetical order. This strategy allows authors to emphasize, for example, the most recent or most important research on a topic, which would not be reflected by alphabetical order alone. (Sampson & Hughes, 2020; see also Augustine, 2017; Melara et al., 2018; Pérez, 2014) 3. Citing Specific Parts of a Source To cite a specific part of a source, provide an author–date citation for the work plus information about the specific part. There are many possible parts to cite, including: pages, paragraphs, sections, tables, figures, supplemental materials, or footnotes from an article, book, report, webpage, or other work; chapters, forewords, or other sections of authored books; time stamps of videos or audiobooks; and slide numbers in PowerPoint presentations. For religious and classical works with canonically numbered parts common across editions (e.g., books, chapters, verses, lines, cantos), cite the part instead of a page number Note: In the reference list, provide an entry for the entire work (not only the part that you used).  3. Citing Specific Parts of a Source pages, paragraphs, sections, tables, figures, supplemental 1. (Thompson, 2020, Slide 7) - a Slide from a PPT materials, or footnotes from an 2.(Beck Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 2012, article, book, report, webpage, 1:30:40) - Video/Audiobook timestamp or other work; 3.(King James Bible, 1769/2017, 1 Cor. 13:1) - verse of a chapters, forewords, or other religious work sections of authored books; 4.(Department of Education, 2019, p. 10) - page from a time stamps of videos or report) audiobooks; and 5.(Armstrong, 2015, pp. 3–17) - several pages (written as pp) slide numbers in PowerPoint 6.(Shimamura, 2017, Chapter 3, para 2.) -2nd paragraph of a presentations. chapter from authored book For religious and classical 7. (Aristotle, ca. 350 B.C.E./1994, Part IV) - section from works with canonically authored book numbered parts common 8.(Shakespeare, 1623/1995, 1.3.36–37) -Lines from a play across editions (e.g., books, 9.(Shadid, 2020, paras. 2–3) - paragraphs from a source chapters, verses, lines, cantos), 10.(Kovačič & Horvat, 2019, Table 1) - table from an cite the part instead of a page article/report/webpage number  4. Unknown or Anonymous Author When the author of a work is not named, the author may be unknown (i.e., no author is listed on the work, as with a religious work) or identified specifically as “Anonymous.” For works with an unknown author, include the title and year of publication in the in-text citation (note that the title moves to the author position in the reference list entry as well). If the title of the work is italicized in the reference, also italicize the title in the in-text citation. In-text citation for book with no author: ⚬ Book with no author: (Webster's Basic English Dictionary, 2000) Reference List: ⚬ Webster’s basic English dictionary. (2000). Note: Advisedly, limit the use of sources with no authors.  4. Unknown or Anonymous Author When a work’s author is designated as “Anonymous,” cite in text the word Anonymous followed by a comma and the date: In-text citation for website with no author: ⚬ (Anonymous, 2008) ⚬ Anonymous (2008) analyzes the causes of corruption in the Philippines. Reference List: ⚬ Anonymous. (2008). Close- analysis of the corruption in the Philippines. Atomic Publishing. Note: Advisedly, limit the use of sources with no authors. 5. Number of Authors to Include in In-Text Citations For a work with one or two authors, include the author name(s) in every citation. In parenthetical citations, use an ampersand (&) between names for a work with two authors or before the last author when all names must be included to avoid ambiguity. In narrative citations, spell out the word “and.” For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus “et al.” in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity. 6. Works With the Same Author and Same Date When multiple references have an identical author (or authors) and publication year, include a lowercase letter after the year. The year–letter combination is used in both the in-text citation and the reference list entry. Use only the year with a letter in the in-text citation, even if the reference list entry contains a more specific date. (Judge & Kammeyer-Mueller, 2012a) Judge and Kammeyer-Mueller (2012b) (Sifuentes, n.d.-a, n.d.-b)  7. Authors Having the Same Surname If the first authors of multiple references share the same surname but have different initials, include the first authors’ initials in all in-text citations, even if the year of publication differs. Initials help avoid confusion within the text and help readers locate the correct entry in the reference list. (J. M. Taylor & Neimeyer, 2015; T. Taylor, 2014)  8. Abbreviating Group Authors If a reference has a group author, the name of the group can sometimes be abbreviated—for example, “American Psychological Association” can be abbreviated to “APA.” ⚬ As with other abbreviations, provide the full name of the group on first mention in the text, followed by the abbreviation. ⚬ If the group name first appears in a parenthetical citation, include the abbreviation in square brackets, followed by a comma and the year. ⚬ In the reference list entry, do not abbreviate the group author name. Instead, spell out the full name of the group as presented in the source. For the reference list entry, we do not abbreviate: American Psychological Association. (2017, January). Understanding and overcoming opioid abuse. https://www.apa.org/helpcenter/opioid-abuse.aspx  9. General Mentions of Websites, Periodicals, and Common Software and Apps For a general mention of a website with no indication of particular information or a specific page from that site, no reference list entry or in-text citation is needed. Provide the name of the website in the text and include the URL in parentheses. For example, if you used a website to create a survey, mention the website in the text. We created our survey using Qualtrics (https://www.qualtrics.com). A variation of this technique is also used for general mentions of periodicals. For example, if you want to include the name of a journal you searched during a meta- analysis, provide the journal title (in italic) using title case. I searched the Journal of Abnormal Psychology for studies to include in the meta-analysis.  Rules in Citing Works 1. Citing Multiple Works (Parenthetical) 2. Citing Multiple Works with an emphasized work (Parenthetical) 3. Citing Specific Parts of a Source 4. Unknown or Anonymous Author 5. Number of Authors to Include in In-Text Citations 6. Works With the Same Author and Same Date 7. Authors Having the Same Surname 8. Abbreviating Group Authors 9. General Mentions of Websites, Periodicals, and Common Software and Apps Reflection: 1.What values are gained in observing citation styles? 2.How will this lesson affect (any of) the following: a. Critical Thinking b. Communication c. Information Literacy d. Ethical Understanding Objectives: Overview: At the end of the session, the students 1.Plagiarism must be able to: 1.define plagiarism; 2.Introduction to 2.identify the significance of the APA 7 APA styling guide; 3.In-text Citation 3.determine the basics of in-text citations; Basics 4.distinguish in-text citation rules; 4.Rules 5.review/revise the group’s proposal to 5.Activities observe correct in-text citations applications. Activity 1. Correct the following in-text citations. 1. (Sheret, Sultana and Sotir 2016) 2. (Yeo, Oh, Pyke, McDonald 1998) 3. (Charman 2007) 4. (Smith 2009 Slide 7 in PPT) 5. (Brown and Truman nd) 6. (Anonymous 1968) 7. (Minogue, 1968 and Lopez, 1971) 8. (Laxamana 2018) (Laxamana 2018) [same authors] 9. (Joanna Perdido 2019) (Lea Perdido 2018) 10. combine sources 1, 2, and 3 in one in-text citation. Activity 2. Given a set of references, create the in-text citation. 3 sources in one parenthetical citation Dowling, R., Gorman-Murray, A., Power, E., & Luzia, K. (2012). Critical reflections on doctoral research and supervision in human geography: The ‘PhD by publication.’. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 36(2), 293–305. https://doi.org/10.1080/03098265.2011.638368 Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). SAGE. Grant, B. M. (2008). Agonistic struggle: Master slave dialogues in humanities supervision. Arts and Humanities in Higher Education, 7(1), 9–27. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/1474022207084880 1 source in a narrative citation Carter, S., Guerin, C., & Aitchison, C. (2020). Doctoral writing: Practices, processes and pleasures. Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1808-9 Activity 3. Review the research proposals and check the use of in-text citations. Instructions: 1.This activity will utilize the written proposal from the RDL (Research in Daily Life) subjects. The research group will be the basis for the grouping. 2.Create two tables following the provided examples. The first table will be for the citations with references. The second table will be for the citations with missing references. 3.In alphabetical order, list all the references used in your proposal under the first column (one cell, one reference). 4.Identify whether the cited source was used in parenthetical (second column) or narrative form (third column). Each citation occurrence should be checked. Include a short excerpt from the text (more or less five words). Create as many rows as possible for a reference. 5.Finally, identify the chapter and page number where the citation was used (fourth column). 6.For the second table, include all citations in the first column. Identify the in-text citation usage (second or third column). Follow up on the references.  Assignment 1.Review your group’s proposal. 2.Start the review matrix’s component for the in-text citations.