APA Citation Formatting Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is a key advantage of one-to-one interviews?

They eliminate interviewer bias.

They allow for probing or follow-up questions. (correct)

They are always structured.

They are less resource-intensive.

Which type of interview is typically considered qualitative?

Focus group interviews

Unstructured interviews (correct)

Semi-structured interviews

Structured interviews

What is a significant disadvantage of one-to-one interviews?

They provide a narrow set of data.

They are always conducted in a controlled environment.

They are time-consuming. (correct)

They can lead to misinterpretations.

Which of the following types of questions should be avoided due to bias?

Leading questions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT true about structured interviews?

They allow flexibility for the interviewer. Signup and view all the answers

What should a question focused on categorical data avoid?

Creating overlapping categories. Signup and view all the answers

What type of question helps determine which questions a respondent should answer next?

Filter question Signup and view all the answers

Which type of question can lead to misconceptions due to double negatives?

True or false questions Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the Guttmann scale?

It features a predefined order where agreement with a later statement implies agreement with earlier ones. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a disadvantage of participant observation?

It may lead to biased interpretations. Signup and view all the answers

What describes the role of a 'complete observer'?

The researcher is hidden or unnoticed, remaining non-intrusive. Signup and view all the answers

Which scale is primarily used to measure agreement or disagreement?

Likert-type response scales Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the semantic differential scale?

To measure perceptions on a bipolar scale. Signup and view all the answers

In participant observation, what is a significant challenge?

Recording data accurately during observations. Signup and view all the answers

What defines the 'observer as participant' role?

The researcher is open about their observational role and actively participates. Signup and view all the answers

Which describes a case study?

An in-depth examination of a single instance or phenomenon. Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct format for listing authors in an APA citation for a journal article?

There should be a comma after each author's last name followed by their initials. Signup and view all the answers

In APA citations, how should the year of publication be presented?

The year is placed in parentheses and followed by a period. Signup and view all the answers

How should journal titles be formatted in an APA reference list?

Italicized and in title case, excluding articles. Signup and view all the answers

When citing an edited book chapter in APA format, which of the following must be included?

The book title must be in italics and sentence case. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding page numbers in APA citations for edited books?

Page numbers must be indicated with 'pp.' Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant disadvantage of non-probability sampling?

It often results in biased samples. Signup and view all the answers

When formatting the DOI in an APA citation, what is the correct practice?

The DOI should not include any spaces. Signup and view all the answers

In APA style, what is the correct capitalization for article titles in references?

Only the first word and any proper nouns should be capitalized. Signup and view all the answers

What defines purposive sampling?

Sampling conducted with predefined criteria. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of including 'In' and '(Eds.)' when citing an edited book?

To clarify that the listed individuals are editors rather than authors. Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of modal instance sampling?

Sampling the most frequent or typical cases. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes expert sampling?

Focuses on individuals with expertise in a specific area. Signup and view all the answers

What best describes quota sampling?

Participants with specific characteristics are specifically selected non-randomly. Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of heterogeneity sampling?

To include a wide range of diverse opinions and backgrounds. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method used in snowball sampling?

Identifying a few participants and asking them to refer others. Signup and view all the answers

Which sampling method is most likely to include outliers?

Heterogeneity sampling. Signup and view all the answers

What is the theoretical population in research?

The population researchers aim to generalize their findings to Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best defines a sample in research methodology?

The group of participants selected for the research study Signup and view all the answers

What is a sampling frame?

A listing of the accessible population used to draw the sample Signup and view all the answers

Which sampling method involves dividing the population into subgroups before selecting samples?

Stratified random sampling Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes probability sampling from non-probability sampling?

Each member does not have an equal chance of selection in non-probability sampling Signup and view all the answers

What does systematic random sampling require as part of the selection process?

Choosing a random number and selecting every kth participant Signup and view all the answers

Which sampling method is beneficial when the population is widespread across a geographical area?

Cluster (area) random sampling Signup and view all the answers

Multi-stage sampling can be best described as which of the following?

Combining several sampling methods to gather data Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

APA Citation References

Journal articles have specific formatting rules:
- Authors are NOT in alphabetical order.
- A comma follows each author's last name and initial, with a space between initials.
- An ampersand (&) precedes the last author, even with two authors.
- The year of publication is in parentheses followed by a period.
- Article titles use "sentence case" (capitalize only the first word).
- The journal title is italicized and uses "title case" (capitalize all words except articles, prepositions, and conjunctions).
- The volume number is italicized.
- The issue number is in parentheses, not italicized, with no space between the volume number and the issue number.
- Page numbers are followed by a period.
- If a DOI number exists, include it without a period after.
Edited book chapters have different formatting:
- The book title is in sentence case.
- Editors are listed with "In" and "(Eds.)".
- The book title is italicized, in sentence case, and includes "Vol. II" or "2nd ed" if applicable.
- Chapter page numbers use "pp".
- Publishers do not include city or state.
Books also have specific formatting:
- Authors include initials after their names, similar to journals.
- Book chapter titles are in sentence case.
- Publishers do not include city or state in APA 7th edition.

APA Citations In-text

Single author citations use the author's last name and year of publication in parentheses.
Two-author citations use both authors' last names and year of publication in parentheses.
Three or more author citations use the first author's last name followed by "et al." and year of publication.

One-to-one Interview Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages:
- Allows for probing and follow-up questions.
- Easier for respondents to share opinions or impressions.
Disadvantages:
- Can be time-consuming and resource intensive.
- Interviewer is part of the measurement instrument, requiring extensive training.

One-to-one Structured Versus Unstructured Interviews

Structured interviews are quantitative.
Unstructured interviews are qualitative.

Questions to Avoid

Vague terms: Avoid terms like "sex" which can be interpreted differently.
Jargon, slang, and abbreviations: Avoid using language that may not be understood by all respondents.
Biased language: Avoid language that suggests a preferred answer.
Double-barreled questions: Avoid combining two questions into one.
Leading questions: Avoid questions that suggest a specific answer.
Categorical data for continuous variables: Avoid using categories for continuous variables like age.
False premises: Avoid questions that start with a false premise.
Future intentions: Avoid asking about future plans.
Double negatives: Avoid using multiple negatives in a single question.

Types of Questions

Threatening: Avoid questions that could make respondents feel threatened.
Knowledge: These questions assess the respondent's knowledge about a specific topic.
Filter question: These questions determine if the respondent should answer subsequent questions based on their response.
Contingency question: These questions depend on the answers to previous questions.
Likert-type response scales: These scales allow respondents to rate their level of agreement, satisfaction, etc., on a scale.
Semantic differential scale: These scales assess a respondent's perception of an item using a set of opposite adjective pairs.
Guttmann scale: This scale presents a series of statements where agreement with a statement implies agreement with all previous statements.

Participant Observation Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages:
- Captures spontaneous data in natural settings.
- Allows for coding behaviors.
- Works well with homogeneous groups.
- Effective in combination with other methods.
Disadvantages:
- Difficult to quantify and summarize data.
- Recording behaviors may rely on memory.
- Difficult to maintain objectivity.
- Can be time-consuming and expensive.
- Requires highly trained observers.

Participant as Observer

The observer's role is known to the group being studied and is secondary to their role as a participant.
Researchers actively participate in the group's activities while observing their behaviors and interactions.

Observer as Participant

The observer's role is known, and their primary role is to assess the program, group, or participants.
Researchers immerse themselves in a community or group to observe and participate in their activities.

Complete Observer

The researcher is a silent observer, hidden from the subjects or in a public setting where their presence is unnoticed.
Observation can be conducted using a two-way mirror.

Case Study

An intensive analysis of a single instance of a phenomenon.
Researchers interview individuals and study life history documents to gain insight.
Aims to discover unique features and common traits shared by individuals in a given classification.

Theoretical Population

The population researchers aim to generalize their findings to.

Accessible Population

The population that is accessible to the researchers.

Sample

The group of people selected to participate in the study.

Sampling Frame

A list of the accessible population from which the sample is drawn.

Random-digit-dialing

A method of sampling used in telephone surveys.

Subsample

A subset of the sample.

Probability Sampling

Any sampling method that uses some form of random selection.

Probability Sampling Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages:
- Allows for generalization of findings to the population.
- Provides more accurate and reliable data.
Disadvantages:
- Can be more expensive and time-consuming.
- May require a larger sample size.

Simple Random Sampling

Each member of the population has an equal and independent chance of being selected.
A basic and commonly used probability sampling technique.

Stratified Random Sample

The profile of the sample matches the profile of the population on specific characteristics (e.g., gender, ethnicity, age).
The population is divided into subgroups and then a random sample is taken from each subgroup.

Systematic Random Sampling

A randomly selected starting point is chosen, and then every kth unit is selected.
Useful when a desired sample size is known and a sampling fraction can be calculated.

Cluster (area) Random Sampling

The population is divided into clusters (typically geographic regions).
A random selection of clusters is made, and all units within the selected clusters are sampled.
Useful when sampling geographically dispersed populations.

Multi-stage Sampling

Combines different sampling methods.
Often used in complex social research studies to reach specific populations.

Non-probability Sampling

Sampling methods that do not use random selection.

Non-probability Sampling Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages:
- Less expensive, quicker, and more convenient.
Disadvantages:
- Biased and difficult to generalize to the overall population.
- May not accurately represent the population.

Purposive Sampling

Researchers select participants with specific characteristics to meet predefined criteria.
Used when researchers want to study specific groups or individuals.

Sampling the most frequent or typical case.
Can be difficult to identify the typical case and may not be suitable for formal research.

Expert Sampling

Surveys individuals with known or demonstrated expertise in a specific area.
Used to gain insight into a topic, evaluate measures, or provide evidence for the validity of other sampling approaches.

Quota Sampling

Nonrandomly selecting participants with specific characteristics until a quota is filled.
Aims to ensure the sample reflects the population's proportions on certain features.

Heterogeneity (Diversity) Sampling

Including participants with diverse backgrounds, interests, and views to capture a wide range of opinions.
The opposite of modal instance sampling.

Snowballing Sampling

Starts with a group of participants who meet the criteria.
Researchers then ask those participants to recommend others who also meet the criteria.
Useful for reaching populations that are inaccessible or hard to find.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the specific formatting rules for APA citations of journal articles and edited book chapters. This quiz will cover essential guidelines that you need to understand for proper citation in academic writing.