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Questions and Answers
What is a key advantage of one-to-one interviews?
What is a key advantage of one-to-one interviews?
Which type of interview is typically considered qualitative?
Which type of interview is typically considered qualitative?
What is a significant disadvantage of one-to-one interviews?
What is a significant disadvantage of one-to-one interviews?
Which of the following types of questions should be avoided due to bias?
Which of the following types of questions should be avoided due to bias?
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Which of the following is NOT true about structured interviews?
Which of the following is NOT true about structured interviews?
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What should a question focused on categorical data avoid?
What should a question focused on categorical data avoid?
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What type of question helps determine which questions a respondent should answer next?
What type of question helps determine which questions a respondent should answer next?
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Which type of question can lead to misconceptions due to double negatives?
Which type of question can lead to misconceptions due to double negatives?
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What is a characteristic of the Guttmann scale?
What is a characteristic of the Guttmann scale?
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Which of the following is considered a disadvantage of participant observation?
Which of the following is considered a disadvantage of participant observation?
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What describes the role of a 'complete observer'?
What describes the role of a 'complete observer'?
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Which scale is primarily used to measure agreement or disagreement?
Which scale is primarily used to measure agreement or disagreement?
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What is a primary function of the semantic differential scale?
What is a primary function of the semantic differential scale?
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In participant observation, what is a significant challenge?
In participant observation, what is a significant challenge?
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What defines the 'observer as participant' role?
What defines the 'observer as participant' role?
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Which describes a case study?
Which describes a case study?
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What is the correct format for listing authors in an APA citation for a journal article?
What is the correct format for listing authors in an APA citation for a journal article?
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In APA citations, how should the year of publication be presented?
In APA citations, how should the year of publication be presented?
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How should journal titles be formatted in an APA reference list?
How should journal titles be formatted in an APA reference list?
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When citing an edited book chapter in APA format, which of the following must be included?
When citing an edited book chapter in APA format, which of the following must be included?
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Which of the following is true regarding page numbers in APA citations for edited books?
Which of the following is true regarding page numbers in APA citations for edited books?
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What is a significant disadvantage of non-probability sampling?
What is a significant disadvantage of non-probability sampling?
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When formatting the DOI in an APA citation, what is the correct practice?
When formatting the DOI in an APA citation, what is the correct practice?
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In APA style, what is the correct capitalization for article titles in references?
In APA style, what is the correct capitalization for article titles in references?
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What defines purposive sampling?
What defines purposive sampling?
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What is the purpose of including 'In' and '(Eds.)' when citing an edited book?
What is the purpose of including 'In' and '(Eds.)' when citing an edited book?
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What is the focus of modal instance sampling?
What is the focus of modal instance sampling?
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What characterizes expert sampling?
What characterizes expert sampling?
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What best describes quota sampling?
What best describes quota sampling?
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What is the goal of heterogeneity sampling?
What is the goal of heterogeneity sampling?
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What is the primary method used in snowball sampling?
What is the primary method used in snowball sampling?
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Which sampling method is most likely to include outliers?
Which sampling method is most likely to include outliers?
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What is the theoretical population in research?
What is the theoretical population in research?
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Which statement best defines a sample in research methodology?
Which statement best defines a sample in research methodology?
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What is a sampling frame?
What is a sampling frame?
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Which sampling method involves dividing the population into subgroups before selecting samples?
Which sampling method involves dividing the population into subgroups before selecting samples?
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What characteristic distinguishes probability sampling from non-probability sampling?
What characteristic distinguishes probability sampling from non-probability sampling?
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What does systematic random sampling require as part of the selection process?
What does systematic random sampling require as part of the selection process?
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Which sampling method is beneficial when the population is widespread across a geographical area?
Which sampling method is beneficial when the population is widespread across a geographical area?
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Multi-stage sampling can be best described as which of the following?
Multi-stage sampling can be best described as which of the following?
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Study Notes
APA Citation References
-
Journal articles have specific formatting rules:
- Authors are NOT in alphabetical order.
- A comma follows each author's last name and initial, with a space between initials.
- An ampersand (&) precedes the last author, even with two authors.
- The year of publication is in parentheses followed by a period.
- Article titles use "sentence case" (capitalize only the first word).
- The journal title is italicized and uses "title case" (capitalize all words except articles, prepositions, and conjunctions).
- The volume number is italicized.
- The issue number is in parentheses, not italicized, with no space between the volume number and the issue number.
- Page numbers are followed by a period.
- If a DOI number exists, include it without a period after.
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Edited book chapters have different formatting:
- The book title is in sentence case.
- Editors are listed with "In" and "(Eds.)".
- The book title is italicized, in sentence case, and includes "Vol. II" or "2nd ed" if applicable.
- Chapter page numbers use "pp".
- Publishers do not include city or state.
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Books also have specific formatting:
- Authors include initials after their names, similar to journals.
- Book chapter titles are in sentence case.
- Publishers do not include city or state in APA 7th edition.
APA Citations In-text
- Single author citations use the author's last name and year of publication in parentheses.
- Two-author citations use both authors' last names and year of publication in parentheses.
- Three or more author citations use the first author's last name followed by "et al." and year of publication.
One-to-one Interview Advantages and Disadvantages
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Advantages:
- Allows for probing and follow-up questions.
- Easier for respondents to share opinions or impressions.
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Disadvantages:
- Can be time-consuming and resource intensive.
- Interviewer is part of the measurement instrument, requiring extensive training.
One-to-one Structured Versus Unstructured Interviews
- Structured interviews are quantitative.
- Unstructured interviews are qualitative.
Questions to Avoid
- Vague terms: Avoid terms like "sex" which can be interpreted differently.
- Jargon, slang, and abbreviations: Avoid using language that may not be understood by all respondents.
- Biased language: Avoid language that suggests a preferred answer.
- Double-barreled questions: Avoid combining two questions into one.
- Leading questions: Avoid questions that suggest a specific answer.
- Categorical data for continuous variables: Avoid using categories for continuous variables like age.
- False premises: Avoid questions that start with a false premise.
- Future intentions: Avoid asking about future plans.
- Double negatives: Avoid using multiple negatives in a single question.
Types of Questions
- Threatening: Avoid questions that could make respondents feel threatened.
- Knowledge: These questions assess the respondent's knowledge about a specific topic.
- Filter question: These questions determine if the respondent should answer subsequent questions based on their response.
- Contingency question: These questions depend on the answers to previous questions.
- Likert-type response scales: These scales allow respondents to rate their level of agreement, satisfaction, etc., on a scale.
- Semantic differential scale: These scales assess a respondent's perception of an item using a set of opposite adjective pairs.
- Guttmann scale: This scale presents a series of statements where agreement with a statement implies agreement with all previous statements.
Participant Observation Advantages and Disadvantages
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Advantages:
- Captures spontaneous data in natural settings.
- Allows for coding behaviors.
- Works well with homogeneous groups.
- Effective in combination with other methods.
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Disadvantages:
- Difficult to quantify and summarize data.
- Recording behaviors may rely on memory.
- Difficult to maintain objectivity.
- Can be time-consuming and expensive.
- Requires highly trained observers.
Participant as Observer
- The observer's role is known to the group being studied and is secondary to their role as a participant.
- Researchers actively participate in the group's activities while observing their behaviors and interactions.
Observer as Participant
- The observer's role is known, and their primary role is to assess the program, group, or participants.
- Researchers immerse themselves in a community or group to observe and participate in their activities.
Complete Observer
- The researcher is a silent observer, hidden from the subjects or in a public setting where their presence is unnoticed.
- Observation can be conducted using a two-way mirror.
Case Study
- An intensive analysis of a single instance of a phenomenon.
- Researchers interview individuals and study life history documents to gain insight.
- Aims to discover unique features and common traits shared by individuals in a given classification.
Theoretical Population
- The population researchers aim to generalize their findings to.
Accessible Population
- The population that is accessible to the researchers.
Sample
- The group of people selected to participate in the study.
Sampling Frame
- A list of the accessible population from which the sample is drawn.
Random-digit-dialing
- A method of sampling used in telephone surveys.
Subsample
- A subset of the sample.
Probability Sampling
- Any sampling method that uses some form of random selection.
Probability Sampling Advantages and Disadvantages
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Advantages:
- Allows for generalization of findings to the population.
- Provides more accurate and reliable data.
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Disadvantages:
- Can be more expensive and time-consuming.
- May require a larger sample size.
Simple Random Sampling
- Each member of the population has an equal and independent chance of being selected.
- A basic and commonly used probability sampling technique.
Stratified Random Sample
- The profile of the sample matches the profile of the population on specific characteristics (e.g., gender, ethnicity, age).
- The population is divided into subgroups and then a random sample is taken from each subgroup.
Systematic Random Sampling
- A randomly selected starting point is chosen, and then every kth unit is selected.
- Useful when a desired sample size is known and a sampling fraction can be calculated.
Cluster (area) Random Sampling
- The population is divided into clusters (typically geographic regions).
- A random selection of clusters is made, and all units within the selected clusters are sampled.
- Useful when sampling geographically dispersed populations.
Multi-stage Sampling
- Combines different sampling methods.
- Often used in complex social research studies to reach specific populations.
Non-probability Sampling
- Sampling methods that do not use random selection.
Non-probability Sampling Advantages and Disadvantages
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Advantages:
- Less expensive, quicker, and more convenient.
-
Disadvantages:
- Biased and difficult to generalize to the overall population.
- May not accurately represent the population.
Purposive Sampling
- Researchers select participants with specific characteristics to meet predefined criteria.
- Used when researchers want to study specific groups or individuals.
Modal Instance Sampling
- Sampling the most frequent or typical case.
- Can be difficult to identify the typical case and may not be suitable for formal research.
Expert Sampling
- Surveys individuals with known or demonstrated expertise in a specific area.
- Used to gain insight into a topic, evaluate measures, or provide evidence for the validity of other sampling approaches.
Quota Sampling
- Nonrandomly selecting participants with specific characteristics until a quota is filled.
- Aims to ensure the sample reflects the population's proportions on certain features.
Heterogeneity (Diversity) Sampling
- Including participants with diverse backgrounds, interests, and views to capture a wide range of opinions.
- The opposite of modal instance sampling.
Snowballing Sampling
- Starts with a group of participants who meet the criteria.
- Researchers then ask those participants to recommend others who also meet the criteria.
- Useful for reaching populations that are inaccessible or hard to find.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the specific formatting rules for APA citations of journal articles and edited book chapters. This quiz will cover essential guidelines that you need to understand for proper citation in academic writing.