Crop Protection: Principles in Insect Control Management - Lesson 5 PDF

07/10/2024 PRINCIPLES IN CROP PROTECTION LESSON 5 Strictly for SLSU use only INSECT CONTROL MANAGEMENT 1 ...

07/10/2024 PRINCIPLES IN CROP PROTECTION LESSON 5 Strictly for SLSU use only INSECT CONTROL MANAGEMENT 1  07/10/2024 Key Terms Economic Injury Level (EIL) This is the smallest number of insects (amount of injury) that will cause yield losses EQUAL to the insect management costs. Economic Threshold Level (ETL) This is the pest density at which management action should be taken to prevent an increasing pest population from reaching the economic injury level 2  07/10/2024 MODES OF DAMAGE CAUSED BY INSECT Modes of Damage caused by Insects Insects Attacking Cultivated Plants Plant injury through feeding (Phytophagy) Plant injury by oviposition (in fruits, stems, leaves, twigs; terminal portion dies or may cause fruit drop) Vectors of diseases (transmission of plant diseases from plant to plant) 3  07/10/2024 Modes of Damage caused by Insects Insects Attacking Stored Products Destruction by termites, powder post beetles, carper ants Damage on material made from animal fibers (furs, clothing, blanket, rugs, and upholstery) Fabric damage by dermestid beetle and clothes moth 4  07/10/2024 Modes of Damage caused by Insects Insects Attacking Stored Food Contamination from tunneling/ feeding in food (meats, cheese, milk products, flour, cereal, nuts, and fruits) Decrease in quality and marketability Modes of Damage caused by Insects Insects Attacking Man and Animals Annoyance caused by insects to man and animals Annoyance through secreted odors or secretions Annoyance to one’s eyes or ears 5  07/10/2024 Modes of Damage caused by Insects Venomous Insects Inject toxins to man and animals causing irritation, swelling, pain and sometimes paralysis Venom from bees, wasps – swelling or even anaphylactic shock or death Venom from stinging hairs of saddle- back caterpillars, tussock moth, etc. – dermatitis/ urticaria Modes of Damage caused by Insects Parasitic Insects May live inside bodies of humans or animals as irritation, damages to tissues, or even death External parasites of birds and mammals Irritation from bites of fleas, bed bugs, and other biting insect Infestation of larvae of botflies on nasal passages of sheep, alimentary tracts of horses, and damage on mucous membrane 6  07/10/2024 Modes of Damage caused by Insects Disease Transmission Piercing-sucking insects serve as vectors of diseases in plants, animals, or humans Mechanical transmission of houseflies or blowflies feeding on fecal matter and contaminating food fed by man causing typhoid fever, cholera, and dysentery INSECT PEST CLASSIFICATION 7  07/10/2024 Insect Pest Classification A. Based on Origin Endemic Pest Native; local in origin Exotic Pest Introduced from outside the locality Insect Pest Classification B. Based on Population Dynamics Key/ Major Pest Always present in the field every season with high population Potential/ Minor Pest Always found in the field at a low population Occasional/ Sporadic Pest Usually strong fliers that can migrate from one plant to another 8  07/10/2024 Insect Pest Classification C. Based on Feeding Habits Chewing Sucking Boring 9  07/10/2024 Insect Pest Classification D. Based on Target Host/ Plant Parts Phytophagous (Hervivorous) Leaf feeders/ miners; fruit/ seeds feeders; stem and root borers; sap feeders; gall makers Zoophagous/ Carnivorous Parasites; Predators Entomophagous Saprophagous Mycetophagous Insect Pest Classification E. Based on Range of Host Monophagous Have only one host Oligophagous Have only a few hosts Polyphagous Have more than one hosts 10  07/10/2024 History of Insect Pests Control History of Insect Pest Control From the fossil record, we know that all major taxa of biting flies and external parasites already existed by the time Homo sapiens first appeared on earth. Phthirus and Pediculus, the two genera of lice that feed on humans, have a host range that is limited to primates (apes and monkeys). But since our primitive ancestors were hunters and gatherers, they probably found that insects were more useful as food than they were troublesome as pests. 11  07/10/2024 History of Insect Pest Control Pest control tactics were mentioned occasionally in writings of the ancient Chinese, Sumerian, and Egyptian scholars. Predatory ants, for example, were used in China as early as 1200 B.C. to protect citrus groves from caterpillars and wood boring beetles. Ancient Egyptians organized long lines of human drovers to repel swarms of invading locusts. History of Insect Pest Control There was very little progress in pest control during the DARK AGES. In a book entitled "Natural History", Ferrante Imperato (1599) gave a prescription: "... draw the image of a fly... on a copper plate during the second half of the constellation of Pisces... then bury it in the center of your house (during) the first half of the constellation of Taurus." 12  07/10/2024 History of Insect Pest Control With the RENAISSANCE, people began to view insects less as a punishment from God and more as members of a natural world that could be studied and controlled. Hand labor was used extensively in early pest control, but cultural, physical, and chemical practices also evolved Franz Ernst Brückmann, a German physician who lived in the early 1700's, designed the first mechanical traps for various insects. History of Insect Pest Control Since the late 1800's, entomologists and chemists have made outstanding progress in the technology of pest control. In general, all of these tactics work in at least one of the following ways They kill the pest directly -- usually by exposing it to lethal substances or unsuitable environmental conditions. They reduce the reproductive potential of a pest population -- often by modifying its environment (biotic or abiotic) or by restricting its movement. They modify the pest's behavior to make it less troublesome (attract it, repel it, confuse it, exclude it, mislead it). 13  07/10/2024 History of Insect Pest Control Most of the control tactics that are commonly used today can be grouped into two broad categories: By definition, a natural control may be any environmental factor that keeps a pest population below its economic injury level. Artificial controls, on the other hand, employ products or processes of human origin to modify a pest's distribution, behavior or physiology. History of Insect Pest Control During the Greek and Roman Empires, the plant derived chemicals were used sporadically (e.g. pyrethrum, arsenic and sulfur). In the latter half of the 19th century, more sophisticated use of pesticides evolved; Paris Green (arsenic and copper) – kills a spectrum of insect pests. The World War II brought with it an increasing use of chemical control against arthropod pests and plant diseases. 14  07/10/2024 History of Insect Pest Control “Miracle pesticides” such as DDT (dichloro- diphenyl-trichloroethane) were discovered in the 1940’s. Organophosphates were also developed in Germany , carbamates in Switzerland The birth of modern herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides and other pest control chemicals followed, and still the search for the ultimate control is still being done. Mindless use, was and still is, the root of evils in the pesticide effects. History of Insect Pest Control The modern insecticides fallibility was the development of resistance in insects exposed to toxic materials which led to: Development of insect resistance Revolution of a whole new spectrum of arthropods whose prior population have been small or moderate Environmental contamination, and Killing of wildlife. 15  07/10/2024 History of Insect Pest Control 1946 - First report of insect resistance to DDT (housefly in Sweden) 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s - Widespread development of resistance to DDT and other pesticides 1962 - Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring. (The book led to a public outcry in the US for environmentally safe approaches to pest control) 1972 – Banning of DDT in United States Insect Pest Control Tactics 16  07/10/2024 Integrated Pest Management Ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests or their damage through a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices and use of resistant varieties. Integrated Pest Management Concepts: 1. Chemical control should be the last resort 2. Shift from “control” to “management” 3. Addition of the word Integrated 4. There are decision rules tat guide selection of control method 5. IPM Ecological Principles Cultural Methods Utilization of practices that are normally practiced growing a crop to suppress plant pest population Primary objected: to prevent pest damage, not the destruction of an existing and damaging pest population Requirement to utilize effectively: Thorough understanding of: Crop phenology Life cycle of pest Pest Ecology and Behavior e.g. Crop manipulation, land manipulation, cultural management, and sanitary measures 17  07/10/2024 Cultural Methods Crop manipulation: Pruning; defruiting multiple cropping cover cropping Trellising plant spacing Cultural Methods Land manipulation: tillage no tillage irrigation flooding fallow soil-less culture (hydroponics) proper drainage 18  07/10/2024 Cultural Methods Cultural management: mulching early planting late planting Fertilization adjust time of harvest crop rotation use of trap crops Cultural Methods Sanitary Measures: removal and burning of infested part weeding farm waste decomposition destruction of plant residues elimination of breeding sites use of clean seeds/planting materials 19  07/10/2024 Physical and Mechanical Methods Using physical and mechanical forces to manage pests Kill pest directly and/or modify environment to be unfavorable for pest survival It includes a wide variety of devices that exclude, entrap, entangle, or electrocute insects. Physical Methods Mechanical Methods Modifying of Physical Agents to Involve the use of physical make it less favorable for pests devices to tools to directly manage pest populations Physical and Mechanical Methods Physical methods a. Moisture/ Water regulation Hot water treatment Hot air treatment Vapor heat treatment Refrigeration and Burning b. Radiation UV light and X-ray c. Visible Light Light trap, Solarization, Laser 20  07/10/2024 Physical and Mechanical Methods Mechanical methods a. Barriers Modified terrain Bagging Screens b. Mechanical destruction Hand picking/ hand-weeding Shaking & collecting devices Trapping, brushing, swatting, and crushing Sieving and separation Biological Methods Employment of any biological agent for control of a pests Natural Enemies Naturally occurring beneficial organism that attack or feed on pests Biological Control Agent Mass-produced population and released to the environment to keep pests under control and prevent them from causing further economic damage 21  07/10/2024 Biological Methods Characteristics of a Good Biological control agent Good searching ability (effective at low concentration) Amenable to grow in inexpensive media Effect against wide range of pests Non-toxic to human Non-pest or pathogenic to the crop Compatible with cultural practices Resistant to Pesticides Biological Methods Types of Biocontrol Agents against Arthropod Pests A. Predator Feed on several pest to complete its life cycle Type of natural enemies which keep the population of their prey in check Examples: Coccinelid Beetle (Cheilomenes Earwig (Euborellia annulata) – preys on eggs, sexmaculata, Micraspis discolor) – Aphids larva, & pupa of Lepidoterans, Coleopterans, & Dipterans Brown lacewing (Pseudomicromus Flower bug (Orius tantillus) – preys on eggs igorotus) - Aphids and larvae of lepidopterans 22  07/10/2024 Biological Methods Types of Biocontrol Agents against Arthropod Pests B. Parasitoids Lay eggs in or on other insect species (host) The immatures kill the host as it feeds on it and develops within; usually smaller than their host Examples: Trichogramma evanescens Diadegma semiclausum, D. Insulare (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) – (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) – Asian Corn Borer (ACB) Eggs diamondback moth (DBM) larva Xanthopimpla stemmator (Hymenoptera: Cotesia glomerata, C. Plutellae Ichneumonidae) – Strip stem borer larva (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) – DBM and ACB larva 23  07/10/2024 Biological Methods Types of Biocontrol Agents against Arthropod Pests C. Pathogens Debiliating disease-causing microorganisms that may be fata Examples: Metarhizium anisopliae (Fungi) –Infects Nucleopolyhedrovirus (Virus) - Infects Rhinoceros beetle grubs cutworm and DBM larva Beauveria bassiana (Fungi) - Infects Heterorhabditis indica (Nematode) – Attacks Rhinoceros beetle grubs cutworms Bacillus thuringiensis (Bacteria) – Produces cryotoxins that kill several species of Lepidopteran larvae 24 07/10/2024 25  07/10/2024 Biological Methods Approaches to Biological control a. Classical Introduction of new Species b. Conservation Protection and encouragement of existing BCA Ecological engineering c. Augmentation (Artificial Release) Inundative release – release of large numbers of a natural enemy such that their population completely overwhelms that of the pest Inoculative release – releasing natural enemies periodically or seasonally Host Plant Resistance Methods Focused on plants’ ability to resist insect invasions Amount of heritable qualities possessed by the plant which influences the ultimate degree of damage done by the insect Some plants use their physical appearance as deterrent Mechanism of Host Plant Resistance a. Anti-xenosis b. Antibiosis c. Tolerance 26  07/10/2024 Host Plant Resistance Methods Mechanism of Host Plant Resistance a. Anti-Xenosis or Non-preference refers to the morphological and anatomical characteristics of the plant that influence the choice of the pest with regards to source of food, shelter and ovipositional sites Host Plant Resistance Methods Mechanism of Host Plant Resistance b. Antibiosis When a plant or its components have an adverse effect on the biology of the pest. Plant contains toxic metabolites that may affect the physiology of the pest; absence or imbalance of essential nutrients 27  07/10/2024 Host Plant Resistance Methods Mechanism of Host Plant Resistance c. Tolerance The ability of the plant to withstand pest attack and grow well despite the injury suffered. Plant is still capable of producing normal yield despite the pest infestation; plant can compensate for the damage Biotechnology Methods Utilization of living organism (plant/ animals) to improve the quality of plants or animals The use of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) Examples: Bt corn – engineered to express a toxin from the bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt); which is effective against certain pest, particularly the corn borer and other lepidopteran insects. Bt Eggplant – engineered to express a toxin from the bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt); helps protect against pest like fruit and shoot borer 28  07/10/2024 Autocidal Control Methods Introduction of sterile or genetically altered individuals into the wild population Involves tactics that cause the pest to contribute to the destruction of its own population Male sterile techniques Sterile male insects are released to the population Sterile male insects compete with fertile males Pests where sterile insect technique was used: Screw worms Fruit flies and Mosquitos 29  07/10/2024 Behavioral Control Methods Involves tactics that affect the behavior of pests which result to the reduction of pest population Chemical Attractants Substances that cause insects to make oriented movement towards the source Repellent Chemicals that cause insects to make oriented movement away from its source 30  07/10/2024 Legal or Regulatory Control All forms of legislations and regulations preventing entry, establishments and spread of a pest organism Quarantines and licensing or certification programs can be effective in limiting the movement of infested animals, seed, or breeding stock. Fundamental Objectives Prevent the entry and establishment of foreign plant and animal pests in a country or geographic area Eradicate/ contain/ suppress pests that have established in a limited area through legal means 31  07/10/2024 Chemical Control Control based on substances that are toxic to the pests at target Should be the last resort in integrated pest management (IPM) unless severe pest incidence occurred as insects may develop resistance It involve a wide variety of substances: ❑ Toxicant – Direct mortality ❑ Growth Regulators – Disrupts developmental processes ❑ Sterilants – Prevent Reproduction ❑ Semiochemicals – Modify insect behavior Chemical Control Pesticide Any chemical substance used to control or kill pest Pesticides should be registered under Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority (FPA) Pesticide Principles Toxicity is dose related Pest population are heterogenous and there is dynamic exchange of genes among local populations 32  07/10/2024 Chemical Control Advantage of Pesticide Use Fast curative action in preventing economic damage Have a wide range of properties, use and method of application to varied pest situation Easy to access and simple to use Chemical Control Disadvantage of Pesticide Use May cause pesticide resistance Destruction of beneficial species Outbreak of secondary pests Chemical residue hazards Environmental degradation Increase in production cost 33  07/10/2024 Thank You 34