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 CROP PROTECTION 11a LECTURE PRESENTATION PSAU VISION To be a Responsive Premier State Agricultural University for Humane and Blissful Development PSAU MISSION PSAU: an Agricultural University that Enables and Empowers Employees, Students and Other Stakeho...

 CROP PROTECTION 11a LECTURE PRESENTATION PSAU VISION To be a Responsive Premier State Agricultural University for Humane and Blissful Development PSAU MISSION PSAU: an Agricultural University that Enables and Empowers Employees, Students and Other Stakeholders toward Greatness, Excellence and Prosperity CROP PROTECTION 11a LECTURE PRESENTATION GOALS 1. Educ-Action: Cradle of the Mind (Instructional Quality and Relevance Development Plan) 2. Community Empowerment: Spring of Wisdom, Fount of Hope (Community Extension Service Development Plan) 3. Build to Plow and Grow (Resource Management Development Plan) 4. Research to Explore and Soar the Heights (Research for Development Plan) 5. Self-Love and Care to Love and Care for Others to Greatness and Excellence (Faculty and Personnel Development) 6. Link to Help Sow the Seeds (External Linkaging and Internationalization Plan) 7. Produce to make the Sun to Rise for Growth (Production, Income Generation, and Commercialization Development)  CROP PROTECTION 11a LECTURE PRESENTATION II. College Goal and Program Objectives Goal 1. To provide relevant and quality higher education and training and training to clients who will spur growth in agriculture and forestry and lead in community development activities of the institute in particular and the College in general. III.Program objectives: 1.To generate technologies through meaningful research in order to contribute in addressing the problems of clients 2.To provide extension services to farmers to help improve agricultural production CROP PROTECTION 11a LECTURE PRESENTATION GRADING CRITERIA IN CP102 ATTENDANCE(20%) LATE ATTENDEES WILL BE NOTED LEC AND LAB QUIZZES 20% LAB EXPERIMENTS 30% [email protected] LATE SUBMISSION MEANS DEDUCTION OF PTS.) MAJOR EXAMS -30% (NO SPECIAL EXAMS) Unit 1 Introduction Pesticide (FA0, 1989)The increasing difficulty encountered in recent years in controlling insect pests has led to a searching inquiry into the conditions under which insecticides act, and the chemical, physical, and biological factors which govern their effects. Among these factors none are more important than the physiological processes which occur in the species whose control is desired. Thus insect physiology has an economic importance which makes its active development much more imperative than if it were of purely scientific interest alone. Nevertheless, few attempts have been made to apply the increasing knowledge of physiology to the problems of insect-pest control, and the accounts of such work are widely scattered in the biological literature. These conditions have made it seem worthwhile to attempt to interpret certain advances in this field in terms of their relations to insect toxicology and control.  chemicals used as growth regulators, defoliants, desiccants, fruit thinning agents, or agents for preventing the premature fall of fruits, and substances applied to c r o p s e i t h e r b e fo r e o r a f t e r harvest to prevent deterioration during storage or transport. The term, however excludes such chemicals used as fertilizers, plant and animal nutrients, food additives and animal drugs. DEFINITION OF TERMS Acaricide - material toxic to mites (acarina) Activator - Chemical added to a pesticide to increase its toxicity. active ingredient - (a.i.) toxic component of a formulated pesticide. Adherence- the ability of a material to stick to a particular surface. Adhesive- (sticker) material added to increase pesticide retention; different commercial preparations of methyl cellulose are available for this purpose. Adjuvant- a spray additive to improve either physical or chemical properties (see suppleent, sticker, adhesive, spreader, wetter, and emulsifier). Antibiosis- the resistance of a plant to insect attact by having, for example a thick cuticle, hariy leaves, toxic sap, etc. Anti-feedant- A chemical possessing the property to inhibiting the feeding of certain insect pests. Asymptote - the point in the growth of a population at which numerical stabilty is reached. Bait- Food stuff used for attracting pests; usually mixed with a poison to form a poison bait. Band application - treatment of a band of soil in row-crops, usually covering plant rows, with either sprays or granules. Biocide - a general poison or toxicant Browsing - the eating of foliage of bushes and trees. Carrier- material serving as diluent and vehicle for the active ingredients; usually in dusts. Coccoon - a silken case inside which a pupa is formed. Compatibility - the ability to mix different pesticdes without physical or chemical interactions which would lead to reduction in biological efficiency or increase in phyto-toxicity. Concentrated solution c.s. - commerical pesticide preparation before dilution for use. Concentration - proportion of active ingredient in a pesticide preparation, beofe or adter dilution. Contact poison- material killing pests by contact action, presumably by absorption through the cuticle. Control - (noun) untreated subjects used for comparison with those given a oarticular crop protection treatment. Control (verb) - to reduce damage or pest density to a level below the economic threshold. a. legislative - the use of legislation to control the importation and to prevent any spread of a pest within a country. b. Physical- the use of mechanical (hand picking, etc.) and physical methods (heat, cold, radition, etc. ) of controlling pests. c. Cultural - regular farm operations designed to destroy pests. d. chemical - the use of chemical pesticides as smokes, gas, dusts, and sprays to poison pests. e. biological - the use of natural predators, parasites and disease organisms to reduce pest populations. f. integrated - the very carefully reasoned use of several different methods of pest control in conjunction with each other to control pests with a minum disturbance to the natural situation. Cover - proportion of the surface area of the target plant on which the pes has been deposited. Crawlers - the active first instar of a scale insect. Defoliant - spray which induces premature leaf- fall. Dessicant- chemical which kills vegetation by inducing exsessive water loss. Diluent - component of spray or dust that reduces the concentration of the active ingredient, and may aid in mechanical application but does not directly affect toxicity. Disinfect- to free from infection by destruction of the pest of pathogen established in or on plants or plant parts. - to kill or inactivate pests or pathogens present upon the surface of plants or plant parts, or in the immediate vicinity (e.g. soil). Dispersal - movement of individuals out of a population (emigration) or into a population (immigration). Diurnal - active during the daytime. Dormant- Alive but not growing; buds with an unbroken cover of scales; quiescent; inactive; a resting stage. Dose; dosage- quantity of pesticide applied per individual, or per unit are, or per unit volume, or per unit weight. Drfit- spray or dust carried by natural air currents beyond the target area. Ecdysis - the molting (shedding of the skin) of larval arthopods from one of development to another- the final molt leading to the formation of the puparium or chrysalis. Ecesis ( oikesis) - the establishment of an organisms in a new habitat; accidental disperal and establishment Economic damage - the injury to a crop which wil justify the cost of artificial control measures. Economic pest- a pest causing a crop loss of about 5-10% Economic threshold - the pest population level at which control measures should be started to prevent the pest population from reaching the economic injury level. Efficiency of a pest control measure- the more or less fixed reduction of a  pest population regardless of the numer of pests involved. Effectiveness of a pest control measure - this is shown by the number of pests remaining after control treatment. Emulsifiable concentrate (ec) - liquid formulation that when added to water will spontaneously disperse as fine droplets for form an emulsion ( miscible oil). Emulsifier - spray additive which permits formation of a stable suspension of oil droplets in aqueous solution, or of aqueous solution in oil. Emulsion- a stable dispersion of oil droplets in aqueous solution, or vice versa. Entomophagous - an animal (or plant) which feeds upon insects. Fecundity- capacity to produce offspring (reproduce); power of a species to multiply rapidly. Formulation - statement of nature and amount of all constituents of a pesticide concentrate. method of preparation of a pesticide concentrate. Fossorial legs- modified for digging, in the habit of digging or burrowing. Frass- wood fragments made by a wood-boring insect, usually mixed with feces. Fumigant- pesticide exhibiting toxicity in the vapour phase. Furrow application- placement of pesticidew with seed in the furrow at the time of sowing. Generation- the period from any given stage in the life cycle (usually adult) the same stage in the offspring. Grub(white)- a scarabaeiform larva; thick bodied, with a well developed head and thoracic legs, without abdominal prolegs, usually sluggish in behaviour, general term for larvae of coleoptera. Hemimetabolous- insects having a simple metamorphosis. Herbivores- feeding on plants (phytopagous) Holometabolous- insects having a complete metamophosis, as in the Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, lepidoptera. Host- The organism in or on which a parasite lives; and the plant on which an insects feeds. Hypermetamorphosis- A type of complete metamorphosis in which the the different larval instars represent two or more different types of larvae. Imago- the adult, or reproductive stage of an insect. Inert- a material having no biological action. Infect- to enter and establish a pathogenic relatioship with a plant (host); to enter and persist in a carrier. Infest- to occupy and cause injury to either a plant, soil or stored products. Insecticide- toxin effective against insects. Instar- the form of an insect between successive molts; the first instar being the stage between hatching and the first molt. Larva- the immture stages of an insect. between the egg and having a complete metamorphosis; the six legged first istar the Acarina. Larvicide- toxicant (poison) effective agsinst insect larvae. life table- the separation of a pest population into its different age compoents (e.g. eggs, larvae, pupae, adults). Miticide- preferably called acaricide Molluscicide- toxicant effective against slugs and snails. Monophagous- an insect restricted to a single host plant species Mortality- population decrease factor, death rate. Natality- population increase factor; birth rate Nematicide- toxicant effective against nematode Nocturnal - active at night Nymph- the immature stage of an insect that does not have a distint pupal stage; also the immature stages of acarina that have eight legs. Oligophagous- stenophagous an animal feeding upon only a few,closely related, host plants; or it may be an animal parasite. Ovicide- toxicant effective against insect or mite eggs. Oviparous- reproduction by laying eggs. Parasite- an organism living in intimate association with a living organism (plant ir animal) from which it derives material essential for its existence while conferring no benefit in return. Parasitoid- An organism alternately parasitic and free-living; most parasitic Hymenoptera and Diptera fall into this category as usually only the larvae are parasitic. Parthenogenesis- Reproduction without fertilization; usually through eggs but sometimes through viviparity. Persistence- the term applied to chemicals that remain active for a long period of time after application. Pest- an animal or plant causing damage to man’s crops, animals or possessions. Pest density- the population level at which a pest species causes economic damage. Pest management- the careful manipulation of a pest situation, after extensive consideration of all aspects of the life system as well as ecological and economic factors. Pest spectrum- the complete range of pests attacking a particular crop. Pesticide- A chemical which by virtue of its toxicity (poisonous properties) is used to kill pest organisms. A term of wide application which includes all all the more specific applications- insecticide, acaricide, bactericide, fungicide, herbicide, molluscicide, nematicide, rodenticide, etc. Pheromone- (ectohormone) a substance secreted by an insect to the exterior causing a specific reaction in the receiving insect. Phytophagous- Herbivores; plant eating Phytosanitation- measures requiring the removal or destruction of infected or infested plant material likely to form a source of reinfection or reinfestation. (See crop hygiene) Poison bait- an attractant food stuff for insects, mollucs, or rodents, mixed with an appropriate toxicant. Polyphagous- an animal feeding upon a range of hosts. Pre-access integral - the interval of time between the last application of pesticide to an area and safe access to the area for domestic livestock, and man. Pre-harvest interval- the interval of time betweenthe last application of pesticide and the safe harvesting of edible crops for immediate consumption. Proprietory name- Distinguishing name given by the manufacturer to a particular formulated product. Protected clothing- clothing to protect the spray operator from the toxic effects of crops protection chemicals. This may include rubber gloves, boots, apron respirator, face mask, etc. Pupa - the stage between larva and adult in insects with complete metamorphosis; a non-feeding and usually inactive stage. Quarantine- all operations associated with the prevention of importation of unwanted organisms into a territory, or their exportation from it. Repellant- a chemical which has the property of inducing avoidance by a particular pest. Residue- Amount of pesticide remaining in or on plant tissues (or in soil) after a given time, especially at harvest time. Resistance - the natural or induced capacity to avoid or repel attact by (or parasites). Also the ability to withstand the toxic effects of a pesticide or a group of pesticides, often by metabolic detoxification. Rodenticide- a toxicant effective against rodents. Roguing- the removal of unheatlhy or unwanted plants from a crop. Run-off- the process or spray shedding from a plant surface during and immediately after application, when droplets coalesce to form a continuous film and surplus liquid drops from the surface. Seed dressing- a coating (either dry or wet) or protectant pesticide applied to seeds before planting. Semiochemicals- chemicals produced by one organism that incite a response in another organism. Spray a. air-carried: spray propelled to target in stream of air. b. Coarse: dispersion of droplets of mass mediam diameter over 200 um. c. Concentrate: undiluted commercial pesticide preparation. d. Fine: dispersion of droplets of mass median diameter from 5--150 um e. Floor: spray applied to the litter on the ground surface. High-volume: over 1200 1/ha on bushes and trees; over 700 1/ha on grounds crops (or over 400 1/ha on bushes and trees; 50-250 1/ha on ground crops ( or 5-400 1/ha). Median-volume: 600-1200 1/ha on bushes and trees; 250-700 1/ha on ground crops. Mist: dispersion of dropletsof 50 -100 um in diameter. Ultra-low-volume : less than 50 1/ha on ground crops; less than 250 1 ha according to trees and bushes ( or less than 51 1/ha according to definition. spread - uniformity and completeness with which a spray deposit covers a continuous, such as leaf or a seed. stability- the ability of a pesticide formulation to resist chemical degradation over a period of time. Sticker- a material of high viscocity used to stick powdered seed dressings on to seeds; two commonly used stickers are paraffin and methyl cellulose. A solution of methyl cellulose can be added to a spray to increase retention on plant foliage. Stomach poison - toxicant (poison) which operates by absorption through the intestine after having been ingested by the insect, usually on plant material. Susceptible - capable of being easily infested of infected; not resistant. Systemic- A pesticide absorbed through the plant surfaces (usually roots) and translocated through the plant vascular system. Taxonomy- the laws of classification as applied to natural history; identification of plant and animal species. Tolerance - ability to endure infestation ( or infection) by a particular pest( or pathogen) without showing sever symptoms of distress. Tracer- additive to faciltitate location of a deposit, by radioactive or flourescent means. Translocation- the uptake of a pesticide into part of a plant body and its subsequent dispersal to other parts of the plant body. Trap crop - crop of plants (sometimes wild plants) grown especially to attract insect pests. and when infested either sprayed or collected and destroyed. trap plants usually grown between the rows of the crop plants or else peripherally. Vector- organisms able to transmit viruses or other pathogens either dfirectly or indirectly. Direct virus vetors include insects, mites and nematodes. viviparous - giving birth to living young (aphidoidae) Toxic—having the characteristic of producing an undesirable or adverse health effect. Toxicity—any toxic (adverse) effect that a chemical or physical agent might produce within a living organism. Toxicity is the hazard of a substance which can cause poisoning Toxicology—the science that deals with the study of the adverse effects (toxicities) chemicals or physical agents may produce in living organisms under specific conditions of exposure. It is a science that attempts to qualitatively identify all the hazards (i.e., organ toxicities) associated with a substance, as well as to quantitatively determine the exposure conditions under which those hazards/toxicities are induced. Bioassay - (commonly used shorthand for biological assay or assessment), or biological standardization is a type of scientific experiment. A bioassay involves the use of live animal or plant (in vivo) or tissue or cell (in vitro) to determine the biological activity of a substance, such as a hormone or drug. B.CONCEPT OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY The study of the functional properties of insect tissues and organs as insect physiology is a branch of biology that investigates how insects live and function and as insects are one of the most diverse groups of animals on Earth and have evolved adaptations that allow them to live in a variety of ecosystems. Physiologic and toxicology knowledge of insect and other arthropds is necessary to develop management practices for agricultural pests. Different chemical classes of pesticide are necessary to avoid pesticide resistance. It is desirable to study insect physiology to identify and understand systems that are unique to insects and not found in mammals, birds, reptiles or fish. If insecticides are developed that target those systems, and only those systems, there is a good chance that the insecticides will be non-toxic to other species and therefore safe to handle and safe for the environment in which they are used. Pesticide Use Pattern Indiscriminate use of insecticides in controlling insect pests of agricultural crops has been implicated in the development of resistance in disease vectors that breed within farming areas. Since vector control strategies are insecticide based, it is important to study insecticide resistance in farming areas such as irrigation sites where vectors are breeding. The indiscriminate use of insecticides in the area, the residue levels in soil and water samples from breeding grounds.Intensive use of insecticides might end up in insecticide resistance The phenomenon of insecticide resistance reflects a genetic adaption enabling arthropod pests to survive exposure to otherwise lethal amounts of insecticide. The evolution of insecticide resistance is characterized by a decrease in susceptibility of a population to a toxin, due to exposure in the field. The study of insecticide resistance has been excessively focused on preventing monetary damage by targeted pests, rather than understanding how historical and current processes contribute to the evolution of insecticide resistance Resistance to insecticides is a recent phenomenon; it only arose following the wide-scale adoption of chemicals by pest control practitioners starting in the middle of 20th century. Global pesticide use (kg/ha ) data taken from FAO-STAT 2022 Despite repeated failures of novel insecticidal chemistries, we still lack a clear understanding of how herbivorous insects are able to rapidly adapt to insecticides. Insecticide resistance is a specific case of insect adaptation to toxic compounds, which has been an important driver of herbivore evolution for millions of years before the Anthropocene. Placing insecticide resistance into a broader evolutionary context will greatly improve our ability to fully understand its underlying mechanisms. Chapter II. A.Insect growth, development and reproduction B.Metabolic systems of insects C.Insect coordination and integration Chapter II. A.Insect growth, development and reproduction B.Metabolic systems of insects C.Insect coordination and integration metamorphosis, which is Greek for “change in form.” Incomplete metamorphosis (or hemimetabolous development), is the ancestral mode of development among insects and other arthropods, and is quite similar to the gradual development that characterizes most other animals. The life cycle begins with the egg. There are several additional juvenile/nymphal stages that become successively larger as the insect continues to eat, grow, and undergo metamorphic events (molts) when its skin is shed. Types of Life cycle/development Chemoreceptors Mechanoreceptors photoreceptors