Principles of Entomology.pdf

CROP PROTECTION: ENTOMOLOGY RYAN CHRISTIAN BRAGAT GUIRITAN, L.Agr. BSA Crop Protection: Entomology (cum laude), Central Mindanao University Instructor I, CMU – College of Agriculture – Department of Entomology INSECT Animals belonging to Phylum Arthropoda Most a...

CROP PROTECTION: ENTOMOLOGY RYAN CHRISTIAN BRAGAT GUIRITAN, L.Agr. BSA Crop Protection: Entomology (cum laude), Central Mindanao University Instructor I, CMU – College of Agriculture – Department of Entomology INSECT Animals belonging to Phylum Arthropoda Most abundant and diverse group of organisms on earth Are segmented, bilaterally symmetrical and possesses hard chitinous exoskeleton and paired jointed appendages ENTOMOLOGY – study of insects DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS OF INSECTS Body with three distinct regions: HEAD, THORAX, ABDOMEN One pair of antennae Three pairs of legs Often one or two pairs of wings, borne by the second and/or the third of the three thoracic segments The postoral appendages of the head typically consisting of mandibles, a pair of maxillae, labrum and labium PRODUCTS FROM INSECTS APICULTURE – refers to the rearing of honeybees (Apis mellifera), originally for honey, wax and other products (royal jelly, swarms) PRODUCTS FROM INSECTS SERICULTURE – refers to the rearing of silkworm (Bombyx mori) for the production of silk PRODUCTS FROM INSECTS SHELLAC – sticky brown resinous substance produced from the thick scale of the lac insects (high quality polish, manufacture of insulators, buttons, sealing wax, hairsprays) PRODUCTS FROM INSECTS COCHINEAL – a red dye produced from the dried and powdered bodies of the cactus mealybug (used in foodstuff coloration, cosmetics) PRODUCTS FROM INSECTS CHITIN – act as anticoagulant or haemostatic agent for tissue repair in humans BRANCHES OF ENTOMOLOGY INSECT ECOLOGY Deals with the relationship of insects with their environment Focuses on the study and analysis of presence of insects in an ecosystem INSECT MORPHOLOGY The study of insect body parts as well as their function Deals mostly with the external body parts of an insect INSECT PATHOLOGY Deals with the study of the diseases that may harm affect the health of insects In this, insect pathologists use disease agents or vectors to get rid of certain pests that may harm useful insects INSECT PHYSIOLOGY Deals with the various functions and behavioral systems present inside the insect body INSECT TAXONOMY Is the practice as well as theory of naming the insects It is a continuous process as there are many unidentified insects still roaming on the planet Earth INSECT TOXICOLOGY Deals on how the insecticides and other chemicals affect the insect’s physiological functions INDUSTRIAL ENTOMOLOGY Deals with the study as well as rearing of insects for business or beneficial purposes It also deals with the removal of harmful insects such as termites, cockroaches and house flies from the houses MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY Deals with public health and veterinary important insects such as mosquitoes, flies, cockroaches BIOLOGICAL CONTROL ENTOMOLOGY Deals with using natural enemies (insects) against insect pests POSTHARVEST ENTOMOLOGY Deals with the study, practice and control of those insects that harm and stored commodities and products FORENSIC ENTOMOLOGY The focus is on using the insects to determine or estimate the time, place of human health for legal purposes. CROP PROTECTION ENTOMOLOGY Deals with the study of controlling insects from damaging the crops in the field Also known as agricultural entomology HISTORY OF ENTOMOLOGY EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHIC DOCUMENTS (1st Dynasty - 3100 BC) Found the earliest graphic record of an insect species Suggesting that King Menes, the founder of the dynasty, made the oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis), the symbol of the kingdom of lower Egypt for many years to come (Harpaz, 1973) ARISTOTLE (384-322 BC) Considered as the “Father of Zoology” Also considered as the “Founder of General Entomology and Entomology as a Science”, as he was the first to systematize our knowledge on insects. He realized that insects were both winged and wingless, and had two basic types of mouthparts, chewing and sucking. He also realized that insects had different life history and underwent metamorphosis, but thought that pupae were eggs THEOPHRASTUS (380-287 BC) Included in his botanical work, the observations of plant pests and diseases PLINY or PLINY THE ELDER (23-79 AD) Roman author best known for his 37 books published in Historia Naturales which embraces all aspects of natural history Book eleven of Historia Naturales (77 AD) was devoted entirely to insects. DIOSCORIDES (60 AD) An Asiatic Greek, a military surgeon; described the significance of insects for pharmacology. – Ex.: Beetles containing cantharidin when killed over steam or glowing ashes, preserved and added to other medicaments were used against leprosy, carcinomas, herpes and also dropsy PETRUS CRESCENTI (1304-1309) An Italian who discussed many insect pests and their control in Ruralium Commodorum, the last great Western work of the Middle Ages that treated entomological subject matter, and perhaps the most influential in that it appeared just prior to the Renaissance FRANCESCO REDI (1626-1697) Disproved the theory of spontaneous generation with the aid of maggots of house flies from spoiled meat JOHN RAY (1627-1705) A botanist with a basic interest in insects, published the first descriptions of insect life histories, including an accurate account of caterpillar metamorphosis. He wrote Historia Insectorum RENE ANTOINE FERCHAULT DE REAUMUR (1683-1757) Through his six volume Memoires Pour Server A L’histoire Des Insects (1734- 1742), he initiated Modern Entomology and produced the first well illustrated classification. Such was the first entirely original compendium of entomology produced since Aristotle CAROLUS LINNAEUS (1707-1778) Swedish physician and botanist, often called the “Father of Taxonomy” introduced the modern system of binomial nomenclature. He published Systema Naturae (Classification of Living Things) where the 10th edition was the starting point of zoological nomenclature JOHANN CHRISTIAN FABRICIUS (1745-1808) The student of Linnaeus, from South Jutland, Denmark Published Systema Entomologica in 1775 and subsequent volumes, he attempted to classify the insect fauna of the entire world VIEWPOINTS ON THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHILIPPINE ENTOMOLOGY PRE-SPANISH PERIOD No clear records of how insects were regarded; whatever existing record there is, may be in the form of folklore or superstitions SPANISH PERIOD (1521-1899) first written record of an insect in the Phil. was the amusing narrative of the leaf insect by the Italian historian Pigafetta which he found in Palawan in 1521 during the voyage of Ferdinand Magellan concerned on migratory locusts and silkworms Silkworm rearing – which was first introduced by Spanish missionary in 1593 and revived later in 1780 by Father Galliana AMERICAN OCCUPATION (1900-1940) More studies were done on mosquitoes which were vectors of malaria and filariasis, and for insect pests of leading agricultural crops. UICHANCO – known as the “Father of Philippine Entomology” and the first Filipino instructor in Entomology WAR SETBACK AND REBUILDING (1941-1959) CLARE BALTAZAR – first Filipina entomologist who completed her BSA as summa cum laude in 1947; the only National Scientist for Systematic Entomology CENDANA & BALTAZAR (1947) – study on cotton leafhopper, the first publication after the war DEVELOPMENT AND DIRECTION (1960-present) LEO C. RIMANDO - first Filipino acarologist who spearheaded research on mites in the Phil. in 1961 INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (1960) - maintains an entomology department especially on the insect pests of rice. CLARE BALTAZAR – an internationally recognized authority on Philippine Hymenoptera when a catalog of Philippine Hymenoptera was published in 1966 LEONILA CORPUZ-RAROS – first Filipina acarologist GENERAL STRUCTURE OF INSECTS INSECT BODY WALL (Exoskeleton) EPIDERMAL CELL – cellular layer of body wall, secretes molting fluid involved in the growth process CUTICLE – non-cellular layer of the body wall; covers the entire body surface and also lines the insects’ air tube lining, salivary glands and parts of the digestive tracts BASEMENT MEMBRANE – separated body wall from internal organs INSECT BODY WALL: CUTICLE Epicuticle – outermost thin layer which contains cuticulin, wax and cement Exocuticle – middle part which gies the cuticle its characteristics strength and resilience; it is formed of chitin Endocuticle – innermost thick layer of cuticle CHITIN – a resistant substance insoluble to water, alcohol, alkali and dilute acids MAIN BODY REGIONS HEAD THORAX ABDOMEN MAIN BODY REGIONS: HEAD HEAD - bears the mouthparts, eyes and antennae – the structures for ingestion and sensation MAIN BODY REGIONS: THORAX THORAX - bears the legs and wings – the organs for locomotion MAIN BODY REGIONS: ABDOMEN ABDOMEN - composed of a varying number of legless segments, houses most of the visceral organs, including components of the digestive, excretory and reproductive systems – center for metabolic processes and reproduction Body regions of a male grasshopper, Melicodes tenebrosa (Orthoptera: Acrididae) (Adapted from Baltazar and Salazar, 1979) HEAD is the anterior region, consists of a hardened capsule for the protection of the delicate coordinating centers inside provides rigid attachment surface for the strong musculature of mouth parts a pair of compound eyes, 3 ocelli and a pair of antennae are located Cranium - head capsule, minus the appendages Tentorium - an internal, sclerotized structure in the cranium HEAD: THE EYES Compound eyes – are easily recognized as large paired organs located dorsolaterally on the cranium surface of the eye is covered with minute facets, each of which are ommatidium Ommatidium - represents the lens of an individual eye unit Situated between the compound eyes on the face are as many as three ocelli Ocelli – simple eyes; located between compound eyes on the front of the head Stemata – simple eye that is usually found in an immature insect HEAD: THE ANTENNAE are paired, segmented appendages located on the head, usually between or below the compound eyes PARTS OF THE ANTENNAE SCAPE - the basal or first segment, generally larger than the other segments PARTS OF THE ANTENNAE PEDICEL - is the second segment which contains the Johnston organ, which responds to movement of the distal part of the antenna PARTS OF THE ANTENNAE FLAGELLUM - consists of the remaining segments, often filamentous and multi- segmented but may be reduced or variously modified TYPES OF ANTENNAE FILIFORM, threadlike as in grasshopper; SETACEOUS, bristlelike as in dragonfly; MONILIFORM, beadlike as in termite; CLAVATE, clublike or thickening gradually at the tip as in lady bird beetle; CAPITATE, distinctly clubbed as in sap beetle; SERRATE, sawlike as in female click beetle; TYPES OF ANTENNAE GENICULATE, elbowlike as in ant; LAMELLATE, leaflike as in June beetle; FLABELLATE, fan-like as in cedar beetle; STYLATE, spinelike as in snipe fly; PECTINATE, comblike as in male click beetle; PLUMOSE, featherlike as in mosquito and ARISTATE, aristalike with enlarged third segment bearing a bristle as in syrphid fly. HEAD: THE MOUTHPARTS enclose the preoral cavity, within which are the true mouth and the opening of the salivary glands Classifications of functional mouthparts: – Entognathous mouthparts – Ectognathous mouthparts HEAD: THE MOUTHPARTS Entognathous Mouthparts – the mandibles and maxillae are recessed and largely hidden from view by lateral folds of the head – Examples include those in the Protura, Diplura and Collembola Ectognathous Mouthparts – mandibles and maxillae are visible or secondarily recessed, but lateral folds of the head are absent – Examples are all members of the Class Insecta POSITIONS OF HEAD ACCORDING TO THE LOCATION OF MOUTHPARTS: Hypognathous type – when the mouth parts are directed downward as in orthopteroid insects like the grasshoppers Prognathous type – when the mouth parts are directed forward as in some beetles like the ground beetle Opisthognathous type – when the mouth parts are directed postero- ventrally as in homopterans like the cicada Position of mouthparts relative to the head capsule: a. hypognathous, b. prognathous, c. opisthognathous ( Romoser and Stoffolano, 1998) HEAD: THE MOUTHPARTS TYPES OF INSECT MOUTHPARTS – Mandibulate type (Chewing) – Sponging type – Chewing-Lapping type – Piercing-Sucking type – Siphoning type – Rasping-Sucking type HEAD: THE MOUTHPARTS Mandibulate (Chewing) – the basic type from which the specialized types have been derived. Insect mouthparts typically consist of a labrum, a pair each of the mandibles and maxillae, a labium and a hypopharynx HEAD: THE MOUTHPARTS: MANDIBULATE TYPE LABRUM (or upper lip) - is a movable flaplike, broad-flat structure covering the top of the mouth like an upper lip which is attached to the ventral border of the clypeus MANDIBLES (upper jaws) - are paired, unsegmented, broadly based and heavily sclerotized structures which horizontally move back and forth of the mouth immediately behind the labrum HEAD: THE MOUTHPARTS: MANDIBULATE TYPE MAXILLAE (lower jaws) are paired, segmented structures lying behind the mandibles LABIUM (or lower lip) – consists of a proximal postmentum and distal prementum HYPOPHARYNX - an unsegmented fleshy lobe that arises from the membranous floor of the cranium Mouthparts and preoral cavity: a, diagram preoral cavity and lateral view of hypopharynx; b, labrum of Romalea microptera (Acrididae), c, mandible of same, d, maxilla of same, e, labium of same (Daly, et al., 1998) HEAD: THE MOUTHPARTS: PIERCING-SUCKING MOUTHPARTS include one or more appendages that are sharp at the apex and suited for piercing the surface of the plant or animal bodies and suck juices from them saliva is usually injected while feeding HEAD: THE MOUTHPARTS: SIPHONING MOUTHPARTS specifically on Order Lepidoptera the adult moths and butterflies take water, nectar, or honeydew with a long proboscis that is coiled beneath the head when not in use the proboscis represents the galeae, greatly elongated and tightly interlocked to form a tube HEAD: THE MOUTHPARTS: SPONGING MOUTHPARTS The mandibles and maxilae are non- functional and the remaining parts form a proboscis with a sponge-like apex called labella HEAD: THE MOUTHPARTS: CHEWING-LAPPING MOUTHPARTS The mandibles and labrum are of chewing type and are used for grasping prey, molding wax or nest materials HEAD: THE MOUTHPARTS: RASPING-SUCKING MOUTHPARTS Has a cone-shaped beak formed from clypeus, labrum, parts of the maxillae and labium THE THORAX this region comprises three segments, the pro-, meso- and metathorax in most insects the latter two segments bear wings and together form the pterothorax Prothorax – bears the first pair of legs (prothoracic legs) Mesothorax - bears the second pair of legs (mesothoracic legs) and the first pair of wings (forewings) Metathorax - bears the third pair of legs (metathoracic legs) and the second pair of wings (hindwings) Body regions of a male grasshopper, Melicodes tenebrosa (Orthoptera: Acrididae) (Adapted from Baltazar and Salazar, 1979) THE THORAX: HARDENED PLATES Notum – upper plate Sternum – lower plate Pleuron – side/lateral plate THE THORAX: INSECT WINGS are outgrowths of the body wall located dorsolaterally in the mesothorax (forewings) and metathorax (hindwings) typical insect wings are membranous, strengthened by a series of sclerotized veins, and function for flight Types: – ELYTRA – HEMELYTRA – FRINGED TYPE – MEMBRANOUS TYPE – HALTERES – TEGMINA ELYTRA (sing. ELYTRON) Forewing of Order Coleoptera Are thick and hard with uniform texture which is used to protect the soft abdomen HEMELYTRA (sing. HEMELYTRON) Forewing of true bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) Are a combination of thick and soft, flexible and almost transparent apex or posterior part FRINGED TYPE Wings of thrips (Thysanoptera) Are hair-like along the margins of the central using structure MEMBRANOUS TYPE Wings of caddisflies (Trichoptera), dragonflies (Odonata), lacewings (Neuroptera), etc. Are soft, flexible, translucent or transparent with prominent wing veins HALTERES Hindwings of flies and mosquitoes (Diptera) Are small knob-like structures which are used for balancing instead of flight TEGMINA (sing. TEGMEN) Forewing of grasshopper (Orthoptera), cockroaches (Blattodea), earwigs (Dermaptera) Are leathery frontwings which serves to protect the membranous hindwings and soft abdomen Variations in wing structure: a, wings of wasp with reduced venation, b, wings of dragonfly with an elaborate network of veins, c, ladybird beetle with left elytron (forewing) and hindwing extended, d, hemelytron (forewing of a true bug), e, lateral view of the thorax of a true fly (Romoser and Stoffolano, 1998) INSECT LEGS are sclerotized and subdivided into a number of segments There are typically six segments: – Coxa (coxae, pl.), the basal segment; – Trochanter, a small segment following the coxa; – Femur (femora, pl.), usually the first long segment of the leg; – Tibia (tibiae, pl.), the second long segment; – Tarsus (tarsi, pl.), usually a series of small subdivisions beyond the tibia; – Pretarsus, consisting of claws and various padlike or setalike structures at the apex of the tarsus Figure 8. Foreleg of Romalea microptera (Acrididae) (Daly et al., 1998) MODIFICATIONS OF INSECT LEGS Cursorial (running) foreleg of cockroach MODIFICATIONS OF INSECT LEGS Fossorial (digging) foreleg of a mole cricket MODIFICATIONS OF INSECT LEGS Raptorial (grasping) foreleg of a praying mantis MODIFICATIONS OF INSECT LEGS Saltatorial (Jumping) hindleg of a grasshopper MODIFICATIONS OF INSECT LEGS Natatorial (swimming) leg of a water beetle Modifications of insect legs (Romoser and Stoffolano, 1988) THE ABDOMEN differs from the head and thorax by its simplicity of structure and general lack of segmented appendages serves as the container of the principal viscera like most of the alimentary canal and dorsal circulatory vessel, as well as the Malpighian tubules, fat body, and reproductive organs biologically, it plays an important role in respiration, reproduction, digestion, excretion and intermediate metabolism THE ABDOMEN made up of a maximum of 10 or 11 segments first 8 segments - pair of spiracles and internally a ganglion of the ventral nerve cord the spiracles, typically are located in the pleuron each segment typically has a dorsal sclerite, the tergum a ventral sclerite, the sternum membranous laterals, the pleura (sing. pleuron). Terga and sterna may be subdivided: these parts are referred to as tergites and sternites. Sclerites in the pleural wall are called pleurites OTHER IMPORTANT PARTS OF THE ABDOMEN Spiracles – external openings of the respiratory system found along the side of the thorax and the abdomen Tympanum – main auditory organ of insects; located on the first abdominal tergite in grasshoppers but may be found elsewhere in the body of other insects Cerci – slender, pointed structures found on the eleventh segment of the abdomen Body regions of a male grasshopper, Melicodes tenebrosa (Orthoptera: Acrididae) (Adapted from Baltazar and Salazar, 1979) Abdomen and external genitalia: a, lateral view of Romalia microptera (Acrididae); b,same of male abdomen and genitalia; c, diagram showing general structure of female genitalia; d, same of male genitalia. (Daly et al., 1998) INSECT METAMORPHOSIS METAMORPHOSIS – the change in form during the development period after the embryonic development ECDYSIS/MOLTING – process by which an insect shed off old skin (cuticle) to provide enough space to grow EXUVIAE –old skin (cuticle) left after molting STADIUM – total period between any two molts INSTAR – actual insect during a stadium TYPES OF METAMORPHOSIS Ametabolous Development (no metamorphosis) Paurometabolous Development (gradual metamorphosis) Hemimetabolous Development (incomplete metamorphosis) Holometabolous Development (complete metamorphosis) AMETABOLOUS DEVELOPMENT (Direct/No Metamorphosis) When the insect undergo little or no metamorphosis The young emerge from the eggs resemble the adults in all aspects except in size and sexual structures Observed in apterygotan insects PAUROMETABOLOUS DEVELOPMENT (Gradual Metamorphosis) The young undergoes slow but steady change in each molt and attains the adult form Seen in less primitive forms like cockroaches, grasshoppers and mantis The newly young which comes out of egg closely resembles to the adult (body form, habits, habitat) but the wings and reproductive organs are underdeveloped HEMIMETABOLOUS DEVELOPMENT (Incomplete metamorphosis) Insects which attain adult forms by gradual morphological change with successive molts It resemble to paurometabolous development except the nymphs are called naiads which are aquatic and respire by external gills but the adults are terrestrial HOLOMETABOLOUS DEVELOPMENT (Complete Metamorphosis) A kind of rapid morphological change during post embryonic transformation in some forms of insects where larva has no similarity with the adult and there is a pupal stage Terms of Larva: – Lepidoptera: CATERPILLAR – Diptera: MAGGOT – Coleoptera: GRUB STAGES IN METAMORPHOSIS EGGS LARVA NYMPHS NAIAD PUPA ADULT EGGS All insects produces from eggs, which consists of the following: – Yolk (supplies nourishment to the developing egg) – Vitelline Membrane (sheath that covers the yolk) – Chorion or Shell (gives protection to the egg) – Micropyle (consists of one or more very minute openings thru which the male sperm enters and fertilization takes place) – Operculum (a lid or cap thru which the young escape) LARVA The young proceeding from the egg Characterized as the growing feeding and developing stage that usually cover the longest period in the life cycle The most damaging stage to the crop Types: – ERUCIFORM – SCARABEIFORM – CAMPODEIFORM – ELATERIFORM – VERMIFORM LARVA: ERUCIFORM Caterpillar-like Body cylindrical, the head well developed but with very short antennae With thoracic legs and abdominal prolegs Example: – Lepidoptera LARVA: SCARABEIFORM Grub-like Usually curved, the head well developed With thoracic legs but no abdominal prolegs Relatively sluggish and inactive Example: – Coleoptera: Scarabeidae LARVA: CAMPODEIFORM Resembling bristle tails in the genus Campodea Body elongated and somewhat flatteres Cerci and antennae usually well developed Thoracic legs well developed Larvae usually active and predaceous Examples: – Neuroptera – Coleoptera: Coccinelidae LARVA: ELATERIFORM Wireworm-like Body elongated, cylindrical and hard shelled The legs are short and the body bristles reduced Example: – Coleoptera: Elateridae LARVA: VERMIFORM Maggot-like Body elongated and wormlike, legless With or without well developed head Example: – Diptera – Siphonaptera – Most Hymenoptera – Some Coleoptera NYMPHS The active developing stage in paurometabolous insects NAIAD Aquatic nymph of Orders Odonata, Plecoptera and Ephemeroptera PUPA The resting (inactive/quiescent) or reorganization stage of holometabolous insects Types: – OBTECT – EXARATE – COARCTATE PUPA: OBTECT With the appendages more or less glued to the body The pupa in many Lepidoptera is covered by a silken cocoon formed by the larva before it molts to the pupal stage Example: – Lepidoptera – Some Diptera PUPA: EXARATE With the appendages free and not glued to the body Such pupa looks much like a pale, mummified adult, and is usually not covered by a cocoon Occurs in most insects except Lepidoptera and some Diptera PUPA: COARCTATE Essentially like an exarate pupa, but remaining covered by the hardened exuviae of the next to the last larval instar, which is called a puparium Occurs in Diptera ADULT OR IMAGO The final instar in the development of an insect All of the external characteristics are well defined The internal systems fully matured or complete INSECT REPRODUCTION Oviparous – eggs are lain and left unattended to hatch Viviparous – insects that produce live youngs Ways: – BISEXUAL REPRODUCTION – PARTHENOGENESIS – PAEDOGENESIS INSECT REPRODUCTION: BISEXUAL REPRODUCTION Both males and females are required Eggs will develop if fertilized by sperm Most insects reproduce this way INSECT REPRODUCTION: PARTHENOGENESIS Only females are required to reproduce the young The eggs will develop without fertilization (example: aphids in the tropics) In temperate areas, aphids undergo bisexual reproduction sometime in the year and parthenogenesis during summer months INSECT REPRODUCTION: PAEDOGENESIS A special type or an exceptional type of reproduction where the larvae of some hymenopterans are capable of reproducing  CLASSIFICATION, IDENTIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE OF INSECTS DEFINITION OF TERMS: CLASSIFICATION – ordering of an organism into a hierarchy of categories NOMENCLATURE – naming of organisms (“nomen” – name, “calare” – to call) IDENTIFICATION – major application of classification TAXONOMY – involves the theoretical basis for classification and the study of classification schemes INSECT NOMENCLATURE is involved with the naming of organisms and groups of organisms and the rules and procedures to be followed in such naming Types of names: COMMON NAMES - has been extensive and has the advantage of easy communication especially when applied to agricultural and medical pests SCIENTIFIC NAMES - are used throughout the world in which the organism is known by two Latin names, the genus and the specific epithet TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species The prescribe endings are: -oidea for superfamily -idea for family -inae for subfamily -ini for tribe COCONUT LEAFMINER (Promecotheca cumingi) Kingdom: ANIMALIA Phylum: ARTHROPODA Subphylum: ATELOCERATA Superclass: HEXAPODA Class: INSECTA Subclass: PTERYGOTA Division: ENDOPTERYGOTA Infraclass: NEOPTERA Order: COLEOPTERA Suborder: POLYPHAGA Superfamily: CHRYSOMELOIDEA Family: CHRYSOMELIDAE Subfamily: HISPINAE Tribe: HISPINI Genus: Promecotheca Species: cumingi INSECT ORDERS Main criteria: – Wings: a) presence or absence b) forms c) venation d) structure – Mouthparts: a) chewing b) sucking c) other modification – Metamorphosis: a) lacking b) gradual c) incomplete d) complete – Special characteristics or peculiarities CLASSIFICATION OF HEXAPODOUS ARTHROPODA Superclass HEXAPODA Entognathous HEXAPODA Ectognathous HEXAPODA CLASSIFICATION OF HEXAPODOUS ARTHROPODA Entognathous HEXAPODA – Class & Order PROTURA (proturans) – Class & Order COLLEMBOLA (springtails) – Class & Order DIPLURA (diplurans) CLASSIFICATION OF HEXAPODOUS ARTHROPODA Ectognathous HEXAPODA Class INSECTA – Subclass APTERYGOTA – Subclass PTERYGOTA CLASSIFICATION OF HEXAPODOUS ARTHROPODA Subclass APTERYGOTA (primitively wingless insects) – Order ARCHAEOGNATHA (primitive silverfish, jumping bristletails) – Order THYSANURA (silverfish) CLASSIFICATION OF HEXAPODOUS ARTHROPODA Subclass PTERYGOTA (winged insects, including secondarily wingless) – Infraclass PALEOPTERA (primitively winged insects) – Infraclass NEOPTERA (modern winged insects) CLASSIFICATION OF HEXAPODOUS ARTHROPODA Infraclass Paleoptera (primitively winged insects) – Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies) – Order Odonata (dragonflies, damselflies) CLASSIFICATION OF HEXAPODOUS ARTHROPODA Infraclass NEOPTERA (modern winged insects) – Division EXOPTERYGOTA (insects with simple and slight metamorphosis) – Division ENDOPTERYGOTA (insects with complete metamorphosis) CLASSIFICATION OF HEXAPODOUS ARTHROPODA Division EXOPTERYGOTA – Order PLECOPTERA (stoneflies) – Order ISOPTERA (termites) – Order BLATTODEA (cockroaches) – Order MANTODEA (mantids) – *Order GRYLLOBLATTODEA (rock crawlers) – *Order MANTOPHASMATODEA (heel walkers) – Order PHASMATODEA (walking sticks, leaf insects) – Order EMBIOPTERA (web spinners) CLASSIFICATION OF HEXAPODOUS ARTHROPODA Division EXOPTERYGOTA – Order ORTHOPTERA (grasshopper, cricket) – Order DERMAPTERA (earwigs) – Order ZORAPTERA (zorapterans, angel insects) – Order PSOCOPTERA (book lice) – Order PHTHIRAPTERA (biting lice, sucking lice) – Order THYSANOPTERA (thrips) – Order HEMIPTERA (true bugs, hoppers, aphids, whiteflies) CLASSIFICATION OF HEXAPODOUS ARTHROPODA Division ENDOPTERYGOTA – Order NEUROPTERA (lacewing, ant lions) – *Order MEGALOPTERA (alderflies, dobsonflies) – *Order RAPHIDIOPTERA (snakeflies) – Order COLEOPTERA (beetles, weevils) – Order STREPSIPTERA (twisted-wing parasites) – Order DIPTERA (flies, mosquitoes) CLASSIFICATION OF HEXAPODOUS ARTHROPODA Division ENDOPTERYGOTA – *Order MECOPTERA (scorpionflies, hangingflies) – Order SIPHONAPTERA (fleas) – Order TRICHOPTERA (caddisflies) – Order LEPIDOPTERA (butterflies, moths) – Order HYMENOPTERA (bees, wasps, ants) MAJOR INSECT ORDERS IN AGRICULTURE AND PUBLIC HEALTH Order ODONATA Order ORTHOPTERA Order BLATTODEA Order PHASMATODEA Order MANTODEA Order ISOPTERA Order DERMAPTERA Order HEMIPTERA Order THYSANOPTERA Order LEPIDOPTERA Order COLEOPTERA Order HYMENOPTERA Order DIPTERA Order NEUROPTERA INSECT ORDERS: ORDER ODONATA “Odon” - tooth Development: HEMIMETABOLOUS Antenna: SETACEOUS Mouthparts – Adult: CHEWING – Naiad: CHEWING Wings – Forewing: MEMBRANOUS with Nodus and Stigma – Hindwing: MEMBRANOUS with Nodus and Stigma Other Distinguishing Characteristics: – Long, slender abdomen – Compound eyes large, occupying most of the head Examples: – DRAGONFLY (Suborder Anisoptera) & DAMSELFLY (Suborder Zygoptera) INSECT ORDERS: ORDER ORTHOPTERA “Ortho” – straight; “Ptera” – with wings Development: PAUROMETABOLOUS Antenna: FILIFORM Mouthparts – Adult: CHEWING – Nymph: CHEWING Wings – Forewing: TEGMEN – Hindwing: MEMBRANOUS Other Distinguishing Characteristics: – Moderate to large insect (over 1ft long) – Many with well-developed cerci & ovipositor – Jumping hind legs or digging forelegs Examples: – GRASSHOPPER, CRICKET, MOLE CRICKET INSECT ORDERS: ORDER BLATTODEA “blatta” – cockroach; “eiodos” – form Development: PAUROMETABOLOUS Antenna: FILIFORM Mouthparts – Adult: CHEWING – Nymph: CHEWING Wings – Forewing: TEGMEN – Hindwing: MEMBRANOUS Other Distinguishing Characteristics: – Body dorso-ventrally flattened – Pronotum shield-like – Walking/running legs Examples: – COCKROACH INSECT ORDERS: ORDER PHASMATODEA “phasm” - phantom Development: PAUROMETABOLOUS Antenna: FILIFORM or MONILIFORM Mouthparts – Adult: CHEWING – Nymph: CHEWING Wings – Forewing: TEGMEN – Hindwing: MEMBRANOUS Other Distinguishing Characteristics: – Body twig-like or leaf-like Examples: – WALKING STICK, LEAF INSECT INSECT ORDERS: ORDER MANTODEA “mantis” – prophet; “eiodos” - form Development: PAUROMETABOLOUS Antenna: FILIFORM Mouthparts – Adult: CHEWING – Nymph: CHEWING Wings – Forewing: TEGMEN – Hindwing: MEMBRANOUS Other Distinguishing Characteristics: – Grasping forelegs Examples: – PRAYING MANTIS INSECT ORDERS: ORDER ISOPTERA “Iso” – equal; “Ptera” – wings Development: PAUROMETABOLOUS Antenna: MONILIFORM Mouthparts – Adult: CHEWING – Nymph: CHEWING Wings – Forewing: MEMBRANOUS – Hindwing: MEMBRANOUS Other Distinguishing Characteristics: – Also known as white ants – Soft-bodied, small to medium sized with winged and wingless form – Two pairs of similar wings Examples: – TERMITES INSECT ORDERS: ORDER DERMAPTERA “derma” – skin; “ptera” – with wings Development: PAUROMETABOLOUS Antenna: FILIFORM Mouthparts – Adult: CHEWING – Nymph: CHEWING Wings – Forewing: TEGMEN – Hindwing: MEMBRANOUS Other Distinguishing Characteristics: – With a pair of forcep-like cerci – Short wings Examples: – EARWIGS INSECT ORDERS: ORDER HEMIPTERA “hemi” – half; “ptera” – with wings Development: PAUROMETABOLOUS Antenna: FILIFORM or SETACEOUS Mouthparts – Adult: PIERCING-SUCKING – Nymph: PIERCING-SUCKING Wings – Forewing: HEMELYTRON (true bugs) or MEMBRANOUS – Hindwing: MEMBRANOUS Examples: – TRUE BUGS, CICADA, LEAFHOPPERS, APHIDS, MEALY BUG, WHITEFLIES, SCALE INSECTS INSECT ORDERS: ORDER THYSANOPTERA “thysano” – fringe; “ptera” – with wings Development: PAUROMETABOLOUS with 2 or 3 pupa-like instars Antenna: FILIFORM Mouthparts – Adult: RASPING-SUCKING – Nymph: RASPING-SUCKING Wings – Forewing: FRINGE – Hindwing: FRINGE Other Distinguishing Characteristics: – Minute, slender-bodied Examples: – THRIPS INSECT ORDERS: ORDER LEPIDOPTERA “lepido” – scale; “ptera” – with wings Development: HOLOMETABOLOUS Antenna: BIPECTINATE or CLAVATE Mouthparts – Adult: SIPHONING – Larva: CHEWING Wings – Forewing: SCALY – Hindwing: SCALY Examples: – BUTTERFLIES, MOTHS, CATERPILLARS INSECT ORDERS: ORDER COLEOPTERA “coleo” – sheath; “ptera” – with wings Biggest insect order with 117 families Development: HOLOMETABOLOUS Antenna: LAMELLATE or variable Mouthparts – Adult: CHEWING – Larva: CHEWING Wings – Forewing: ELYTRON – Hindwing: MEMBRANOUS Examples: – BEETLES, WEEVILS, GRUBS INSECT ORDERS: ORDER HYMENOPTERA “hymen” – membrane; “ptera” – with wings Development: HOLOMETABOLOUS Antenna: GENICULATE or FILIFORM Mouthparts – Adult: CHEWING or CHEWING-LAPPING – Larva: CHEWING Wings – Forewing: MEMBRANOUS – Hindwing: MEMBRANOUS with HAMULI Other Distinguishing Characteristics: – Some with ovipositor, modified into a sting Examples: – BEES, WASPS, ANTS INSECT ORDERS: ORDER DIPTERA “di” – two; “ptera” – with wings Development: HOLOMETABOLOUS Antenna: ARISTATE or variable Mouthparts – Adult: SPONGING (flies), PIERCING- SUCKING (mosquitoes) – Nymph: PAIR OF MOUTH HOOKS Wings – Forewing: MEMBRANOUS – Hindwing: HALTERE Examples: – HOUSE FLIES, MOSQUITOES, MAGGOTS INSECT ORDERS: ORDER NEUROPTERA “neuro” – nerve; “ptera” – with wings Development: HOLOMETABOLOUS Antenna: FILIFORM or MONILIFORM Mouthparts – Adult: CHEWING – Nymph: CHEWING Wings – Forewing: MEMBRANOUS – Hindwing: MEMBRANOUS Other Distinguishing Characteristics: – Wings with many cross-veins Examples: – ANT LIONS, LACEWINGS TAXONOMIC CHANGES ON HEMIPTERA Previously: – Order Hemiptera (True Bugs) was a separate order from Order Homoptera (aphids, mealybugs, etc.) Recently: – Order Hemiptera covers both true bugs, aphids, mealybugs, etc. with two suborders: Suborder Heteroptera (true bugs) Suborder Homoptera (aphids TAXONOMIC CHANGES TAXONOMIC CHANGES ON HEMIPTERA Most Current: – 3 suborders of Hemiptera based on location of mouthparts: Suborder Heteroptera – rostum arises from front to head (true bugs) Suborder Auchenorrhyncha – rostum arises from rear to head (leafhopper, cicada) Suborder Sternorrhyncha – rostum arises nearly between front legs (aphids, scale insects) TAXONOMIC CHANGES ON ISOPTERA & BLATTODEA Termites which belong to Order Isoptera are now under the Order Blattodea (as Termitoidea) Classification of Blattodea 3 Superfamilies Superfamily 1 Superfamily 2 Superfamily Blattoidea Epifamily Blattoidae 3 Families Epifamily Cryptoceroidae 1 Family Epifamily Termitoidae Family Termitidae + 8 others THANK YOU & GOD BLESS