Crop Protection 01: Principles of Entomology PDF

Division of Entomology Department of Crop Protection College of Agriculture University of Southern Mindanao CROP PROTECTION 01 PRINCIPLES OF ENTOMOLOGY What is Entomology? ž Entomology is a branch of zoology which deals with the study of insects and other related arthropods....

Division of Entomology Department of Crop Protection College of Agriculture University of Southern Mindanao CROP PROTECTION 01 PRINCIPLES OF ENTOMOLOGY What is Entomology? ž Entomology is a branch of zoology which deals with the study of insects and other related arthropods. ž Arthropods: includes ž Crustaceans:Crabs, Shrimps ž Arachnids: Spiders, ticks and mites ž Entognathous Hexapods: Springtails ž Insects: beetles, dragonfly Other arthropods includes millipede (Diplopoda) and centipede (Chilopoda) Arthropods  Metazoan animals with bilateral symmetry Body segmentation generally distinct Sclerotized cuticle (exoskeleton) articulate between segments and molted periodically CLASSES OF ARTHROPODA Are spiders insects? NO! Class Arachnida Not Insecta 2 body segments - cephalothorax and abdomen 4 pairs of legs Includes mites and ticks No wings CEPHALOTHORAX ADBDOMEN Facts: Insects are the most numerous animals on earth. Not all insects are pest - (only < 3%). Not all pests are insects. Taxonomic Hierarchy of Classification Kingdom – Animalia Phylum – Arthropoda (insects, spider) Class – Insecta or Hexapoda Order – Coleoptera (beetles) Family – Curculionidae Genus – Cosmopolites Species – C. sordidus What is an INSECT ? Typical characteristics of insects : three body regions three pair of legs one pair of antennae May have 1 or 2 pairs of wings or none. FYI: Insects are the only invertebrates that fly. Why insects are the most successful animal? ž Hard, impervious body cover or exoskeleton ž Ability to fly ž Size ž High reproductive potential ž Varied stages of development and habitat ž Highly varied habits and behavior ž Protective retreats-burrows, bags and nests Why insects are the most successful animal? ž Adaptability a. Defense mechanism-intimidating warning coloration, release of poison and body shapes. b. Protective coloration- blending with the background host, becoming motionless c. Protective mimicry-mimic distasteful organisms. “SPOT THE INSECT CHALLENGE” LEAF-MIMIC GRASSHOPPER Benefits of insects to man Predator Parasitoids/Parasites Pollinators Soil churners and decomposers Medicinal benefits (Cantharidine, Allantoin, Bee venom, maggot therapy) Production of useful products Food Source Scientific investigation Harmful effects of insects to man ž As crop pests ž As source of annoyance or injury ž As vectors of disease-causing pathogens to man, livestock and plant ž Source of entomophobia  Growth and Development MOLTING – insects must shed their skin and produce larger one inorder to grow Period between molts is referred to as an “INSTAR” Most insect life cycles have between 4 & 8 instars before the adult stage Insects can drastically change in shape and form during growth and development which is called METAMORPHOSIS Exuvia (plural: exuviae)-Refers to the old skin after molting Growth- the process of increasing in physical size Development – the series of changes by which an individual insect passes from a lower to a higher state of being  The lifecycle of an insect can vary from species to species. Life cycles and development can be influenced by temperature, food availability, etc.  Higher temperatures promote more active growth and development, whereas lower temperatures slow or hinder development. The majority of insects have either univoltine or multivoltine life cycles.  Voltinism Indicate the number of broods or generations of an organism in a year Univoltine Multivoltine One generation per year Multiple generations per year Don’t develop continuosly Generally develop quite rapidly throughout the year Some species only live for a Enter into diapause (period matter of days Example -fruit of suspended development, flies overwinter) due to drought, temps high or low Example -Weevils Metamorphosis: the change that occurs as an insect develops from an immature to an adult  Ametabolous development continue to molt as sexually mature adults and there is no real metamorphosis Few primitive insects They never develop wings hence, “Flightless” Look much like the adult only very little anatomical changes every after molts Ex. Silverfish (Thysanura) Hemimetabolous (incomplete) development - immatures lack wings and genitalia oImmature have different habitat with the adults oAdults and immatures look entirely different oImmatures are termed as naiad Paurometabolous/gradual (incomplete) development- No distinct stages o Egg, Nymph, Adult o Immatures are termed as nymphs o Nymph often appears as small version of adult o Adults and immatures share the same habitat and food source o Adult often characterized by wings Holometabolous (complete) development - a sometimes very radical change in form and ecological habits between immatures and adults (endopterygotes) Insects are covered with a hard outer skeleton called the exoskeleton. The exoskeleton has many functions including: Protective coating for the insect Serves as a place for muscle attachment Water barrier Sensory interface with the environment  3 Phases in molting Apolysis Ecdysis Sclerotization The General Structure of an Insect The body of an insect is divisible into 3 main regions: Head – includes mouthparts, the eyes, and antennae (structures used for ingestion and sensation) Thorax- bears the organ of locomotion and part of the respiratory openings Abdomen- comprises vital organs: reproduction, excretion, nervous, and respiratory system  The Insect Head Orientation of the Insect Head Hypognathous – if the gnathal appendages are directed downward and the cranium corresponds in position to the body segment  The Insect Head Orientation of the Insect Head Prognathous – the cranium is turned upward on the neck so that the mouthparts are directed forward  The Insect Head Orientation of the Insect Head Opisthognathous – deflection of the facial region, giving the mouthparts a posterior ventral position as in certain Homoptera The Insect Eye 2 kinds of eyes in insects: compound eyes and ocelli  The Insect Eye The compound eyes, the main organ of vision, are made up of a large number of separate receptor units or OMMATIDIA The simple eyes or ocelli are present on the head of most insects, usually three or fewer  The Antennae - appendages which are sensory structures located between or just below the compound eyes. In various insects they are known to perceive odors and other chemicals such as pheromones, humidity changes, vibrations, wind velocity and wind direction. The antenna is made up of 3 main parts: 1.SCAPE – basal segment 2.PEDICEL – 2nd segment contains the Johnstons Organ with proprioceptor function 3.FLAGELLUM OR CLAVOLA– 3rd up to last segment Forms of Insect Antennae 1.Setaceous – bristle-like, the segments becoming more slender distally e.g. dragonfly, damselfly leafhoppers 2. Filiform – thread-like, the segments nearly uniform in size and usually cylindrical e.g. ground beetle, grasshopper Forms of Insect Antennae 3. Moniliform – like a string of beads, the segments more or less similar in size and more or less spherical in shape e.g. wrinkled bark beetle 4. Serrate – saw-like, the segments particularly those in the distal half or two thirds of the antenna, more or less triangular e.g. click beetle 5. Pectinate – comb-like, most segment with long slender, lateral processes e.g. fire-colored beetle 6. Clubbed – the segments increasing in diameter distally 6a. Clavate – if the increase is gradual 6b. Capitate – if the terminal segments are rather suddenly enlarged 6c. Lamellate – if the terminal segments are expanded laterally to form rounded or oval plate- like lobes 6d. Flabellate – the terminal segments have long, parallel-sided sheet-like or tongue-like lobes 7. Geniculate – elbowed, with the 1st segment long and the following segments small and going off at an angle to the 1st e.g. ants, chalcids 8. Plumose – feathery, most segments with whorls of long hairs e.g male mosquito 9. Aristate – the last segment usually enlarged and bearing a conspicuous dorsal bristle, the arista e.g. housefly, syrphid fly 10. Stylate – the last segment bearing an elongate terminal stylelike or fingerlike process, the style e.g. robber fly, snipe fly The Insect Mouthpart It is composed of: 1.THE LABRUM – single structure 2.THE MANDIBLES – paired structure, jaw 3.THE MAXILLAE – paired structure, with palps 4.THE LABIUM – single structure, with palps 5.THE HYPOPHARYNX - single structure, tongue- like Modifications of Insect Mouthparts General Types: 1.Mandibulate Type – Beetles, Grasshoppers 2. Haustellate Type Ø Piercing-sucking type –found in bloodsucking and plant sucking insects. Tubular, usually jointed beak or proboscis enclosing several needle-like stylets Ø Sponging Type– mouthparts of common housefly which utilizes liquid or semi-solid food but incapable of piercing tissues Ø Chewing-lapping Type – mouthparts of bees constitute a kind of combination type in which the labrum and mandibles are of the same structure as in the chewing type, but the maxillae and labium are elongated, forming a sort of lapping tongue ØThe Siphoning-tube Type - in all adult moths and butterflies composed of a coiled proboscis The Insect Thorax Prothorax – 1st pair of legs or prolegs Mesothorax – 2nd pair of legs of mesolegs/middle legs - 1st pair of wings or forewings Meta thorax – 3rd pair of legs or metalegs,hind legs - 2nd pair of wings or hind wings  The Insect Leg Parts: 1.Coxa – the segment which articulates with the thorax 2. Trochanter or the hinge- a small segment freely movable by a horizontal hinge to the coxa but fixed to the base of the 3rd segment 3. Femur – or thigh – usually the longest and stoutest part of the leg, although it varies in size in different groups of insects or stages of development 4. Tibia – or shin, a slender segment, usually shorter than thefemur, there usually are spines and on its apex are movable spine-like processes called spurs 5. Tarsus – consisting of two to five segments, or sometimes called tarsomeres, the basal tarsomere is called thebasitarsus. The number of tarsal segments is animportant diagnostic character in some groups of insects 6. Pretarsus- the terminal segment generally possessing a pair of claws and a median adhesive pad or arolium (empodium in Diptera) which enables the insect to walk upside down on ceilings and on smooth surfaces Modifications of the Insect Leg 1. Jumping/Saltatorial – hindleg of grashopper 2. Digging/Fossorial – front leg of mole cricket 3. Walking/Ambulatory – legs of cockroaches 4. Grasping/Raptorial – preying mantis 5. Swimming/Natatorial- diving/aquatic beetles 6. Stridulating/Sound producing – hind femur of locusts robbed against their forewings at high speed 7. Skating 8. Perching 9. Corbiculate 10.Scansorial  The Insect Wings Flies and Mosquitoes – membranous wings Wings veins – cross veins and longitudinal veins Wings Cells – Halteres or Balancers - diptera Elytra- beetles Hemelytra - bugs Tegmina –leathery front wings of grasshoppers and cockroaches Wing coupling mechanisms in insects Variations in wing structures The Insect Abdomen Composed of 11 segments or less, the last three of which are modified genital structures called external genitalia or terminalia. These are the genital claspers or copulatory organs of the male and ovipositors or egg-laying structures of the female The dorsolateral plate of each abdominal segment is called tergum or tergite The ventral plate is likewise called the sternum or sternite  Phylum Arthropoda “Insects & their Relatives” PHYLUM ARTHROPODA TRILOBITA CHELICERATA CRUSTACEA LABIATA MYRIAPODA HEXAPODA TRILOBITA XIPHOSURA, CRUSTACAEA PYCNOGONIDA, INSECTA, PENTASTOMIDA, DIPLURA, TARDIGRADA PAUROPODA, PROTURA, ARACHNIDA CHILOPODA, COLLEMBO DIPLOPODA, SYMPHYLA LA  SUPERCLASS HEXAPODA HEXAPODA ENTOGNATHOUS ECTOGNATHOUS INSECTA PROTURA DIPLURA COLLEMBOLA APTERYGOTA PTERYGOTA 1 Proturans Diplurans Springtails Paleoptera Neoptera Order 2 Exopterygota Endopterygota Order Orthopteroid- Hemipteroid Orders- 4 10 Orders Blattoid Orders- 10 HEXAPOD ORDERS ENTOGNATHOUS HEXAPODS Class & Order: Collembola (Spring tails) Glue (coll) + Wedge (embol) ▪ Small, soft, elongate or globular bodies ▪ Well developed antennae, no compound eyes ▪ Abdomen 6 segments: ▪ Collophore (Abd 1); Tenaculum (Abd 3), Furcula (Abd 4) ▪ Furcula= manubrium + dens ▪ No cerci ▪ Habitat: moist substrate like soil and leaf litter  Class & Order: Protura First (proto) + Tail (ura) ▪ Minute, whitish ▪ Cone shape head ▪ No eyes & antennae ▪ Forelegs sensory and extended forward ▪ Abdomen 12 segments, no cerci ▪ Anamorphic ▪ Habitat: moist substrates like soil, moss, leaf mold, rotten logs  Class & Order: Diplura Double (diplo) + Tail (ura) Small, elongate body No eyes Antennae moniliform and long Abdomen 10 segments with Lateral styliform appendages (Abd 1-7), Cerci long or forcep-like Habitat: moist substrate like soil, leaf litter, bark, rotten logs ECTOGNATHOUS HEXAPODS- CLASS INSECTA  SUBCLASS APTERYGOTA: ORDER THYSANURA (Silverfish-Zygentoma, Bristletails-Archeognatha) Thysano (fringed) + Ura (tail) 2-3 elongate tail-like appendage: cercus + median caudal filament Ametabolous Negatively phototactic: hides under bark, stones, ground litter, other objects under domestic situations Silverfish vs Bristletails  SUBCLASS PTERYGOTA: INFRACLASS PALEOPTERA ORDERS EPHEMEROPTERA AND ODONATA Wings cannot be folded back against the body when not in use Retention of the anterior median wing vein Netlike arrangement of wing veins (many crossveins) Aquatic juvenile stage Considerable change from juvenile to adult  Order: Ephemeroptera (Mayflies) ❑Antennae short ❑Compound eyes well- ❑Antennae short and bristle-like eveloped ❑Front legs long and often ❑Biting mouthparts held out in front of body ❑Abdomen usually with ❑Compound eyes large, long cerci and a median usually covering most of the head caudal filament, and four to ❑Wings: four membranous seven pairs of segmental wings with many veins and tracheal gills. crossveins front wings large, triangular hind wings smaller, fans haped Cosmopolitan ❑Abdomen slender, Larvae are important food bearing two (or sometimes of fishes. three) long terminal filaments Mayflies are delicate soft- bodied insect with poorly scletorized body wings. They have large eyes and minute antennae, Metamorphosis is gradual Order: Odonata Both adults and naiads are general predator of insects. (Dragonflies, Damselflies) Odonata is a very ancient order with Suborder: Anisoptera fossils dating from the Suborder: Zygoptera upper carboniferous. ❑Adults: ❑Naiads: Wings of dragonflies ▪Antennae short and bristle-like ▪Labial "mask" adapted for are spread out ▪Compound eyes large, often catching prey perpendicular to the covering most of the head body, while ▪Three leaf-like gills at rear of damselflies bring their ▪One distinctively pigmented cell abdomen wings together loosely (stigma) on leading edge of wing ▪Body usually long and slender over the back of their abdomen. SUBCLASS PTERYGOTA: INFRACLASS NEOPTERA:EXOPTERYGOTA SUBCLASS PTERYGOTA: INFRACLASS NEOPTERA: EXOPTERYGOTA: BLATTOID- ORTHOPTEROID ORDERS Orders: Orthoptera, Blattodea (Isoptera,), Mantodea, Phasmatodea, Grylloblattodea, Zoraptera, Dermaptera, Plecoptera, Embioptera 1.Generalized biting mouthparts 2.Wing venation usually well developed with numerous crossveins (less netlike than that of Paleoptera) 3.Cerci present 4.Terminalia of male may be asymmetrical & reduced Order: Orthoptera (Grasshoppers, Katydids, Crickets) ▪Medium-sized to large,winged, ▪Fore wings usually brachypterous or apterous forming thickened tegmina insects ▪ Females usually well ▪Mandibulate mouthparts; developed exposed ▪Well-developed compound eyes ovipositor, males with ▪Either long or relatively short concealed copulatory antennae structures ▪Prothorax large ▪Cerci short to moderately long and unsegmented ▪hindlegs in almost all species enlarged for jumping; coxae ▪Auditory and stridulatory small and widely spaced; tarsi organs very often present. usually three- or four-segmented  Order: Blattodea (Cockroaches, Termites) ▪Small to very large terrestrial insects of varied form; ▪Head hypognathous with filiform, multisegmented antennae, mandibulate mouthparts and well developed compound eyes, ocelli usually absent; ▪Pronotum large and disc-like ▪Legs with five-segmented tarsi, ▪Fore wings modified as tegmina, brachyptery, and aptery common; ▪Ovipositor reduced and hidden, male genitalia complex and concealed, ▪Cerci fairly short but multisegmented. Termites-Former Order Isoptera) ▪Polymorphic social insects ▪Head with moniliform antennae and mandibulate mouthparts, compound eyes present but frequently degenerate, ocelli often absent ▪Wings when present almost identical (except Mastotermes) and membranous, lying horizontally over abdomen at rest, capable of being shed by a predetermined basal fracture ▪Legs identical and with a large coxa, tarsi almost always four- segmented (five-segmented in Mastotermes); ▪Cerci short and with few segments, ▪External genitalia lacking in both sexes of most species.  Order: Mantodea (Mantids, Preying or Praying mantis) manthis = seer, phophet Distribution: Cosmopolitan, predominantly tropical and subtropical Manthis are were known for their stance with upraised forelegs which resembles praying, or for the raptorial spines used to impale prey. All species are “sit and wait” predatory carnivores, usually feeding on other insects. You are a perfect food…… ahhh Hi, Want to be partner for me my Partner? Mantis VS Mantisfly VS Order: Phasmatodea (Stick- and Leaf- Insects) ▪Moderate-sized to very large insects, usually of elongate cylindrical form, occasionally leaflike; ▪Head with well developed compound eyes and mandibulate mouthparts, ocelli often absent; ▪Prothorax short, mesothorax and metathorax long, with or without wings, ▪All legs very similar with small widely separated coxae and 3- to 5- segmented tarsi; ▪Ovipositor small and concealed, male genitalia asymmetrical and hidden, ▪Cerci unsegmented; ▪Specialized auditory and stridulatory structures absent in most species.  Order: Grylloblattodea (Ice crawlers; Ice bugs) ▪ Rare; found only in high elevations in Japan, China, Siberia and North America (near frozen soils/ glaciers) ▪Antennae slender, filiform , 23- 45 segments ▪Mouthparts mandibulate, hypognathous ▪Body cylindrical ▪Tarsi 5-segmented ▪Secondarily wingless ▪Cerci long, 8-segmented ▪Detritus feeders  Order: Zoraptera (Angel insects) ▪Antennae 9-segmented moniliform ▪Mouthparts mandibulate, hypognathous ▪Soft-bodied, small (usually less than 3 mm) ▪Wings often absent, with reduced venation when present ▪Tarsi 2-segmented ▪Cerci one-segmented ▪Ovipositor absent, male genitalia specialized and frequently asymmetrical ▪Gregarious ▪Structurally similar to adults Order: Dermaptera (Earwigs) ▪Antennae slender, moniliform ▪Mouthparts mandibulate, prognathous ▪Tarsi 3-segmented ▪Front wings short and leathery ▪Hind wings semicircular and pleated ▪Cerci forcep-like Order: Plecoptera (Stoneflies) Immatures Adults ❑Antennae long, filiform ❑Antennae long, filiform ❑Body flattened, legs widely ❑Vestigial mouthparts separated ❑Forewings long and ❑Each segment of thorax is narrow covered ❑Cerci long, multi- segmented by a large dorsal sclerite ❑Cerci long, multi-segmented Order: Embioptera (Webspinners) ❑4-7 mm ❑Antennae slender, filiform ❑Mouthparts mandibulate, prognathous ❑Basal segment of front tarsi enlarged, bearing silk glands ❑Hind femur enlarged, adapted for running backward ❑Adult and nymphs look similar ❑Wings present only in adult males, highly flexible and folded over the head when the insect runs backward through its tunnels ❑Cerci 1-2 segmented; asymmetrical in males ❑ Live gregariously within silken nests (under bark), feeding on grass, dead leaves, moss, lichens, or bark SUBCLASS PTERYGOTA: INFRACLASS NEOPTERA: EXOPTERYGOTA HEMIPTEROID ORDERS ORDERS: Psocoptera, Pthiraptera, Hemiptera,& Thysanoptera Specialized, usually sucking mouthparts Wing venation reduced Cerci absent Order Psocodea (Barklice, Booklice, True Lice) (Yoshizawa and Lienhard 2010) Order Psocodea: Psocoptera (Barklice and Booklice) Order Psocodea: Phthiraptera (Biting and Sucking Lice)  Order Psocodea: Psocoptera (Barklice and Booklice) Barklice Booklice ❑Head prominent, with thread- ❑Head prominent, with like antennae thread-like antennae ❑Narrow "neck" between head ❑Narrow neck between head and thorax ❑Two pairs of wings; some and thorax species are wingless ❑Always wingless ❑Front wings larger than hind ❑Under 2 mm in length wings; venation reduced ❑Body pale, often ❑Wings held tent-like over unpigmented  Order Psocodea: Phthiraptera (Biting and Sucking Lice) ❑Minute to small, apterous, dorsoventrally flattened ectoparasites of birds or mammals ❑Head prognathous or hypognathous ❑Compound eyes reduced or absent, ocelli absent ❑Antennae 3-to 5-segmented ❑Mouthparts of chewing or piercing- sucking type with maxillae & labium palps reduced or absent ❑Prothorax free or fused with pterothorax ❑Unsegmented or 2-segmented tarsi, more or less modified for clinging to hair or feathers, one, two, or no tarsal claws ❑Abdomen 7- to 10-segmented, cerci absent Suborder: Anoplura – Suborder: Mallophaga – sucking louse biting louse ❑ conical head; sucking mouthparts ❑ flat broad head; chewing mouthparts ❑Antennae short, 3- to 5-segmented ❑Antennae short; 3-5 segmented ❑Eyes reduced or absent ❑Eyes reduced or ❑ Tarsi usually 1- absent segmented with a ❑Tarsi 1- or 2- single segmented, most species large claw have two small claws A. Shaft louse, Menopon gallinae (Menoponidae); B. Large turkey louse, Chelopistes meleagridis (Goniodidae); C. Red cattle louse, Damalinia bovis (Trichodectidae); D. Longnosed cattle louse, Linognathus vituli (Linognathidae); E. Short-nosed cattle louse,Haematopinus eurysternus (Haematopinidae); F. Human body louse, Pediculus humanus (Pediculidae); G. Crab louse, Phthirus pubis (Phthiridae).  Order: Hemiptera (True Bugs, Leaf & Tree-hoppers, Aphids, Whiteflies, Mealybugs, Scale Insects) Suborders: Heteroptera – true bugs (Pentatomidae, Aradidae) Coleorryncha- Not present in the Philippines Auchenorryncha – leaf-, plant-, tree- hoppers Fulgoromorpha – Delphacidae (Planthoppers), Fulgoridae (Lanternflies) Cicadomorpha – Cercopidae Former (Froghoppers/Spittlebugs), Cicadellidae, Homoptera (Leafhoppers) Sternorryncha – Aphididae (aphids), Aleyrodidae (whiteflies), Pseudococcidae (mealybugs), Diaspididae (scale insects)  Hemiptera Suborder: Heteroptera Prognathous, almost always with a gula; the pronotum well developed; fore wings when present are in the form of hemelytra Wings held flat over the body when at rest. Hemiptera Suborder: Auchenorrhyncha (Fulgoromorpha and Cicadomorpha) Labium originates from the posterior head region no gula hind legs are spined and modified for jumping except for those of Cicadoidea complex tympanal organs antennae with flagellum aristoid (hairlike) AUCHENORRYNCHA- FULGOROMORPHA AUCHENORRYNCHA- CICADOMORPHA  Hemiptera Suborder: Sternorryncha Position of the base of the proboscis (between or posterior to the fore coxae) Opisthognathous head No gula Small pronotum Fore wings (when present) with a uniform texture and held rooflike over the body at rest 2-segmented tarsi No vannus and vannal fold in the hind wing Multisegmented, filiform antennae  Aphids -Transmit Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV) Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV) - caused by Pentalonia nigronervosa Banana aphids  Order: Thysanoptera (Thrips) ❑Antennae short, 6-10 segments ❑Head narrow anteriorly forming a conical mouth opening ❑ No right mandible ❑Body cylindrical or spindle- shaped ❑Front and hind wings slender, rod-like, with a dense fringe of long hairs. Many species are secondarily wingless. ❑Tarsi 1-2 segmented, with eversible adhesive pads between claws ❑ Last nymphal instar is quiescent in a silken case hence, “pupal like” SUBCLASS PTERYGOTA: INFRACLASS NEOPTERA:ENDOPTERYGOTA Neuropteroid and Hymenopteroid Orders Order: Neuroptera (Lacewings, Antlions) Adults ❑Antennae multisegmented ❑Chewing mouthparts ❑Front & hind wing membranous, similar in size Immatures ❑Head well-developed with ocelli, antennae, and chewing or pinching mouthparts ❑Three pairs of thoracic legs; tarsi 1- segmented; claws paired  Order: Megaloptera (Dobsonflies and Alderflies) Adults ❑Enlarged and fan folded anal area of their hindwing ❑Large clumsy wings Immatures ❑Elongate, moderately flattened, prognathous ❑Aquatic ❑Predatory Male has Longer Mandible compared to Female  Order: Coleoptera (Beetles, Weevils) Immatures: ❑Head well-developed with ocelli and chewing mouthparts. ❑ No abdominal prolegs ❑Body form: Campodeiform -- Slender, active crawlers Scarabaeiform -- Grub-like, fleshy, c-shaped body Colorado Potato Beetle Elateriform -- Wireworms; elongate, cylindrical, with a hard exoskeleton and tiny legs  Order: Strepsiptera (Stylopids) Adults ❑Females remain larviform, “Strepsi ” = twisted legless and wingless, partially Twisted look of resting projecting from host's position of the male's abdomen. large hind wings ❑Males emerge with adult- Immatures like body ❑First instar (triungulin) has ▪ Large fan-shaped hind wings; legs, small club-like frontwings high mobility ▪ Reduced mandibulate ❑Successive instars are mouthparts legless and ▪ Antennae 4- to 7- grub-like with reduced segmented; often with lateral mouthparts branching Male Female - neotenic Order: Diptera (Flies, Mosquitoes, Midges) SUBORDERS: ❑Nematocera (multisegmented antennae) ❑Brachycera (stylate antennae) ▪Cyclorrhapha (aristate antennae) IMMATURES: Culiciform Legless; Head capsule present Chewing mouthparts Vermiform (maggots) Legless; Without distinct head capsule HALTERE  Order: Siphonaptera (Flea) Immatures ❑Body vermiform, sparsely covered with hairs ❑Head reduced, eyeless, mouthparts mandibulate Adults ❑Body bilaterally flattened ❑Mouthparts sucking ❑Large bristles (ctenidia) on head or thorax (genal and pronotal combs) ❑Hind femur enlarged, adapted for jumping Order: Mecoptera Adults (Scorpionflies) ❑Head elongate with Immatures slender mandibulate ❑Body eruciform or mouthparts scarabaeiform mouthparts ❑Front and hind wings ❑Head capsule well- narrow, elongate, and developed, with mandibulate similar in size; crossveins mouthparts numerous. Some species ❑Abdomen usually has 8 are secondarily wingless. pairs of prolegs ❑Tarsi 5-segmented ❑Males of some species ❑Larvae are saprophagous, carnivorous, or mossfeeders. have enlarged external genitalia held recurved ❑Pupates in an earthen cell over the abdomen Male Panorpa Female Panorpa Order: Lepidoptera (Butterflies & Moths) Immatures ❑Eruciform ❑Head capsule well-developed, with chewing mouthparts ❑Abdomen with up to 5 pairs of prolegs Adults ❑Mouthparts form a coiled tube (proboscis) ❑Antennal type: Butterflies: knobbed or hooked at tip Moths: thread-like, spindle- shaped, or comb-like Tomato Fruitworm  Order: Trichoptera (Caddisflies) Immatures ❑Eruciform body; Adults abdomen usually ❑Filiform antennae enclosed in a case made of stones, ❑Mouthparts leaves, twigs, or other natural reduced or vestigial materials. ❑Two pairs of wings ❑Head capsule well- developed with clothed with long chewing mouthparts hairs ❑Thread-like abdominal gills usually ❑Wings held tent-like present in case- makers over the abdomen  Order: Hymenoptera (Sawflies, Ants, Bees & Wasps) “Hymeno” = Greek word for membrane SUBORDERS: ❑Symphyta (sawflies and horntails) broad junction between thorax and abdomen Symphyta ❑Apocrita (ants, bees, and wasps) narrow junction between the thorax and abdomen IMMATURES: Sawflies: Eruciform well developed head capsule; chewing mouthparts; fleshy abdominal prolegs Birch sawfly Apocrita Bees and wasps: Grub-like; well developed head; chewing mouthparts; legless and eyeless Parasitic wasps: Body form highly reduced; lacking head, eyes or appendages Symphyta Birch sawfly Apocrita HAMULI Pest Control Measures 1. Cultural Control- purposeful manipulation of the environment to make it less favorable for the pest in terms of feeding, habitat and oviposition. Sanitation Tillage and Cultivation Crop Rotation Land and Crop Management Other practices Thinning/Detopping Trap Cropping Deleafing and Pruning Pest Control Measures 2. Host Plant Resistance- farmers’ first line of defense - Control of pests by planting resistant plant varieties True Resistance oAntixenosis oAntibiosis oTolerance False Resistance o Host Evasion o Escape Form o Induced Resistance Pest Control Measures 3. Mechanical Control- use of mechanical force or manual labor either for destruction or exclusion of pests a. Mechanical destruction 1. Manual labor 2. Mechanical force b. Mechanical Exclusion Pest Control Measures 4. Physical Control- modification of the physical factors of the environment to minimize or prevent pest problems. Example: temperature, light, moistures, electromagnetic and sound energy manipulation Pest Control Measures 5. Genetic Control- use of sterile male insect technique Pest Control Measures 6. Biological Control- the use of living organism for the control of pest. - Use of predators, parasites, parasitoids and microorganisms (Pathogens)  Strategies Classical/Introduction of exotic species Augmentation § Inundative § Inoculative Conservation  Pest Control Measures 7. Chemical Control- Use of chemicals to control insect pests Classification based Classification based on mode of entry: on mode of action: Contact Nerve Poison Stomach Molting inhibitor Fumigant Protoplasmic Poison Systemic Respiratory poison Physical Poison Metabolic Inhibitors Spectrum of Activity Broad Narrow Specific Pesticide Category based on color codes Category I- Red Category II- Yellow Category III- Blue Category IV- Green Pesticide Formulation Solid Liquid Gas Kinds Organochlorines Organophosphates Carbamates Synthetic Pyrethroids Botanical Insecticides Honor first Before Excellence