CORSOC REVIEWER PDF

CORSOC REVIEWER (BY POGI ROBERT) LESSON 1 Anthropology -The study of people everywhere today, yesterday, and long ago. -Anthropos + Logia (Human) (Study) -considered as the father/grandfather of all social and behavioural sciences -the study of what makes us human PIONEERS OF ANTHROPOLOGY 1....

CORSOC REVIEWER (BY POGI ROBERT) LESSON 1 Anthropology -The study of people everywhere today, yesterday, and long ago. -Anthropos + Logia (Human) (Study) -considered as the father/grandfather of all social and behavioural sciences -the study of what makes us human PIONEERS OF ANTHROPOLOGY 1. Franz Boas -Father of Modern Anthropology / American Anthropology -The first to apply the scientific method to anthropology -Theory of cultural relativism 2. H. Otley Beyer -Anthropology in the Philippines -UP Department of Anthropology -Wave Migration Theory 3. Ugnayang Pang-Agham Tao -formal organization of anthropologists -to create a more appropriate anthropology attuned to the conditions, needs, and visions of Philippine society WHY STUDY ANTHROPOLOGY? 1. broadens your horizon and change your perspective 2. improves your knowledge on the varied cultures and encourages development of world-view 3. teaches respect for other ways of life SOCIOLOGY -diverse topics (crime, religion, family, the divisions of race and social class, the shared beliefs of cultures) - systematic study of groups and societies that people build and how these affect their behaviour -focuses on various social connections,institutions, organizations, structures, and processes THINKERS: 1. Auguste Comte -Father of Sociology -Theory of Positivity -THREE STAGES: theological stage, the metaphysical stage, and the positive stage 2. Emile Durkheim - “Individuals are more of products rather than creator of society” - known for his book Suicide 3. Max Weber - (disenchantment) - Theory of Bureaucracy proposes that all business tasks must be divided among the employees 4. Philippine Sociological Society - mission is to represent, promote, and advance the intellectual and sociological interests of its members. - aims to promote sociology as a social science discipline in the Philippines WHY STUDY SOCIOLOGY? - Broadens your experience as you learn to discard your prejudices and become more understanding of the customs of other people POLITICAL SCIENCE - polis (city-state) - refers to the study of governments, public policies and political behavior - study of the complex behavior of various political actors - study of political and government institutions and processes - studies how even the most private and personal decisions of individuals are influenced by collective decisions of a community. THINKERS: 1. Aristotle - Father of Political Science -the politician and lawgiver is wholly occupied with the city-state, and the constitution is a certain way of organizing those who inhabit the city-state -”Man is by nature a social animal” 2. Niccolo Machiavelli -best known for his political treatise The Prince - first political thinker to differentiate politics from morality - for a ruler, it was better to be widely feared than to be greatly loved 3. Miriam Defensor-Santiago - first Filipina and the first Asian from a developing country to be elected a judge of the International Criminal Court - legal brilliance and courageous example in fighting corruption WHY STUDY POLITICAL SCIENCE? - to deepen knowledge and understanding of one of the most powerful forces operating on people, communities, and corporations today - to understand society and to help change it for the better - essential in many careers today LESSON 2 SOCIETY -A large group that shares the same geographical territory, common culture, and social structure, and is expected to abide by the laws. -People who share a common culture in a particular location PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIETY 1. AUGUSTE COMTE - Society is a social organism possessing a harmony of structure and function. 2. GEORGE MEAD - Society is an exchange of gestures that involves the use of symbols. 3. TALCOTT - Society is a total complex of human relationships in so far as they grow out of the action in terms of means-end relationship. 4. EMILE DURKHEIM - Society is a reality in its own right. Collective consciousness is of key importance to society. CONCEPT OF SOCIETY -CULTURE -SOCIAL STRUCTURE TYPES OF SOCIETY 1. PRE-INDUSTRIAL HUNTING & GATHERING - simplest kind of society among all kinds of society. - simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation is the feature of this society. HORTICULTURAL & PASTORAL - Discovered the use of hand tools to cultivate crops - Due to changes in adaptations and conditions, some societies realized they could tame and breed animals to their benefit and survival AGRARIAN - The discovery of agriculture in which large scale cultivation using plows harnessed to animals or more powerful energy sources - Farming became possible and profitable - Dawn of Civilization FEUDAL - emerged in the 9th century and was characterized by power systems surrounding land ownership 2. INDUSTRIAL - Societies began to change faster - Draw people away from home to factories - Occupation specialization - Division of labor 3. POST-INDUSTRIAL - Information Society or Digital Society - Rooted in information and service provision CONCEPT OF CULTURE CULTURE - “to cultivate” - It includes codes of manners, dress, language, religion, rituals, norms of behavior such as law and morality, and systems of belief PERSPECTIVES ON CULTURE 1. EDWARD TYLOR - Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. 2. BRONISLAW MALINOWSKI - Culture is an integrated functional whole and that every part of culture has a function. 3. ALFRED RADCLIFFE-BROWN - Culture as cultivation is the process of transmitting and acquiring traditions as a result of which society is perpetuated. CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE CULTURE -MATERIAL -NON-MATERIAL ELEMENTS OF CULTURE 1. SYMBOL - carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share the culture - illustration used to represent, express, and/or stand for an event, situation, person, or idea 2. LANGUAGE - System of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another - essential tool in teaching and transferring knowledge from one generation to another 3. VALUES - Culturally defined standards which serve as a broad guideline of social living - Direct people on what should or should not be done, what is good or bad, and what, why and how to choose 4. BELIEFS - Specific statements that people hold to be true - Represents man’s conviction about the reality of things and are shared ideas about how the world operates 5. NORMS - Societal expectations that guides the behavior of its members - Define how people “ought” to behave under particular circumstances in particular society - PROSCRIPTIVE (SHOULD DO) - PRESCRIPTIVE (SHOULDN’T DO) 6. LAWS - formulated by governing body - A mechanism of regulation in a society with diverse behaviors, beliefs, and folkways LESSON 3 ETHNOCENTRISM - We judge the behavior of other groups by the standards of our own culture. - A high level of appreciation for one’s own culture; a shared sense of community pride STRENGTHS: 1. STABILITY IS PROMOTED 2. ALLOW A SOCIETY TO REMEMBER ITS PAST TRADITIONS 3. ENHANCE SOLIDARITY IN SOCIETIES WEAKNESSES: 1. PREVENTS CHANGE FOR THE BETTER 2. REINFORCES THE IN-GROUP/OUT-GROUP MENTALITY 3. PREJUDICE/RACISM CULTURAL RELATIVISM - Examining other society by their behavior in the light of their values, beliefs, and motives - Understanding the behavior of a people from the perspective of their own culture LESSON 4 SYMBOL - Refers to an object, word, or action that stands for something else, without natural relationship, that is culturally defined - Helps people understand the world and provide clues to understanding experiences SYMBOLISM - “LAYERS OF MEANING” - It is important for learners to consider their own cultural background when looking at symbolism in a different culture. TYPES OF SYMBOLS 1. CULTURAL SYMBOLS 2. SOCIAL SYMBOLS 3. POLITICAL SYMBOLS LESSON 5 SOCIALIZATION - A cultural process of learning to participate in group life; an individual is oriented and taught by his/her society’s norms. ENCULTURATION - the process of being socialized into a certain culture. AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION 1. FAMILY 2. SCHOOL 3. PEER GROUP 4. RELIGION 5. GOVERNMENT 6. MASS MEDIA LESSON 6 AGGREGATE - A number of persons who cluster together without interacting witheach other. They are in close proximity or they have a common physical location in space. GROUP - Composed of two or more persons interacting with each other and is guided by a set of norms. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION -Type of collectivity established for the pursuit of specific aims or goals. FORMS AND FUNCTIONS 1. UTILITARIAN - provide an income or some other personal benefit 2. NORMATIVE - voluntary organizations/associations 3. COERCIVE - seek to control all phases of their members’ lives SOCIAL GROUPS - Collection of people where members interact on a regular basis, guided by structure and agreements, defined by roles and responsibilities. TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS 1. PRIMARY - the initial group a person joins and provides him/her experiences in social relations 2. SECONDARY - a person comes in contact with them in later life 3. GEMEINSCHAFT - a community of intimate, private, and exclusive living and familism 4. GESELLSCHAFT - the large secondary group where there is division of labor, specialization, functional interdependence, solidarity or cohesion is achieved 5. IN-GROUP - WE mentality; the group with which the individual identifies and which gives him a sense of belonging, camaraderie, and protective attitude toward the other members 6. OUT-GROUP - THEY mentality; commonly viewed as the outsiders; one usually has feelings of strangeness, indifference, dislike, avoidance, or hatred toward the out-group 7. FORMAL - deliberately formed and their purposes and objectives are explicitly defined 8. INFORMAL - arises spontaneously out of the interactions of two or more persons; does not have specific objectives to be attained MAX WEBER: BUREAUCRACY - emphasized that modern societies increasingly depend on formal organizations to accomplish key tasks. MICHELS’S IRON LAW OF OLIGARCHY - leaders do their best to stay in their positions of power which becomes more important than helping the organization achieve its objectives and serving the interests of the workers further down the organizational pyramid