UCS-POL PDF - Introduction to Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science

UCS-POL Antropology 🦖🦖 Reviewer by: Kyle - A holistic study of humans - Derived from two Greek words ‘Antropos’ (human) and ‘logos’(study). - The study of people – their origins, t...

UCS-POL Antropology 🦖🦖 Reviewer by: Kyle - A holistic study of humans - Derived from two Greek words ‘Antropos’ (human) and ‘logos’(study). - The study of people – their origins, their development and contemporary variations - Five Subdisciplines of Anthropology Archaeology - Examines the remains of ancient and historical humans. Cultural Anthropology - Study of a society’s culture through its belief systems, practices and possessions Linguistic Anthropology - Examines the language of a group of people Physical Anthropology - Looks into their biological development of humans and their contemporary variation Applied Anthropology - Attempts to solve contemporary problems through the application of theories and approaches of the discipline. Sociology - Came from Latin word ‘socius’ (companion) and Greek Word ‘logos’ (study) - Systematic study of human relationships along with human society and interaction. Society - Defined as a product of human interaction as humans subscribe to the rules of their culture. Social Interaction - Compilation of ways and means by which humans interact with each other within the confines of society. Political Science - Derived from the Greek word ‘polis’ which means city-state and Science came from the Latin word ‘scire’ which means to know. - A discipline in social science concerned primarily in the state, government, and politics. Anthropology Sociology Political Science Study of human’s past and Study of society and social Study of the state and present. interactions government ————————————————————————————————————— Perspectives on Culture - Culture is a generic term yet very difficult to define. Culture is everything. It is what a person has, does and thinks as a part of society. Material Culture - Includes all the tangible parts of culture. Clothes, foods and shelters. Nonmaterial Culture - All intangible parts of culture. Values, Ideas and knowledge. Culture is Learned. Set of beliefs, attitudes and practices that an individual learns through his or her family, school, church, and other social institutions. Enculturation - The process of learning your own culture. Acculturation - Due to constant interaction between societies, culture can be modified to accommodate desirable traits from other cultures. Deculturation - The culture has been lost or in the process of being forgotten. Happens when culture of older people conflicts with the needs of younger generation Culture is Shared. The set of behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs that a person possesses is part of a greater collection of values and ideas that are communally owned and practiced by members of society. Culture affects Biology. They alter their bodies to fit in the physiological norms the culture has set. Culture is Adaptive. A culture is a tool humans use in response to the pressures of the environment. Culture is Maladaptive. Culture can also cause problems to those who follow it. ELEMENTS OF CULTURE 1. Norms - Standard expected behavior within a society. Divided into two: Formal Norms Mores - These are norms that have firm control over moral and ethical behavior. Laws - These are ordinances enacted to protect people from bad effects of outdated mores. Informal Norms Folkways or Customs - These are behaviors less important yet still influence our behavior. 2. Symbol(s) - Anything that carries a meaning recognized by people who share a culture. 3. Values - Culturally defined standards by which people assess desirability, goodness, and beauty and that serve as broad guidelines for social living. 4. Beliefs - Specific statements that people hold to be true. 5. Language - A form of communication using words either spoken or gestured with the hands and structured with grammar, often with a writing system. Theoretical Perspectives on Society - The term society also makes an impact on several experts in the field of social science. It made them understand that society is a system of usages and procedures, of authority and mutual aid, of many groupings and divisions, of controls of human behavior and liberties. Auguste Comte - Coined the word sociology and said that society is a social organism possessing harmony, structure and function. “Father of Sociology” Herbert Spencer - Describe emerging societies as societies of survival primarily based on the concept of natural law. Karl Marx - He postulated that societies developed through class conflicts. The only way to end this conflict is through social revolution. Social Institutions - American sociologists Paul Horton and Chester Hunt (1964) defined an institution as an organized system of social relationships that represent a society’s common values and procedures. AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION Family - The first source through which they commence their social communication Peer Group - A group of people of approximately the same age, sharing similar interests and helps a person experience things beyond what his/her family allows. School - In this institution, an average person spends most of his/her young life. Religion - One of the most powerful agents of socialization which is linked with concepts and values people identify themselves with. Government/State - An indirect agent of socialization. We do not come in contact with, but do have an impact on our social life and well-being. ————————————————————————————————————— Culture & Tradition Tradition - A group’s beliefs and behaviors that are passed down from one generation to another Culture - Shared characteristics of the entire group, which has been amassed throughout its history. Cultural Identity - An individual refers to the identity or feeling of belonging to a group. Cultural Awareness - The ability of a person to recognize the different beliefs, values and customs that someone has based on the individual’s origins. Cultural Background - Essentially consists of the ethnic, religious, racial, gender, linguistic or other socioeconomic factors and values that shape an individual’s upbringing. Gender & Sexuality Gender - The personal traits and social roles of the male and female members of society. Sexuality - The state of being either masculine or feminine. Role & Status Status - A position in society. Role - Is the behavior expected of a status. Socio-Economic Status - Level of an individual’s social standing and financial position in the society. Totality of a person’s social position and wealth combined. Socio-Economic Class - Status of every individual from the sociological and economic points of view. Social Status - A person’s standing or rank in the social leader of stratification based on prestige, power, popularity, etc. Economic Status - A person’s place in the society’s economic stratification based on wealth, property and total assets. Ethnicity - A condition in which a social group belongs to a common national or cultural tradition. A large group of people who have certain racial, cultural, religious or other traits in common. Ethnocentrism - a feeling of superiority towards one’s own group over other groups. Cultural Relativism - A relatively neutral cultural perspective. ————————————————————————————————————— Paleolithic Period - It was coined by John Lubbock in 1865. Derived from the Greek word ‘palaios’ which means “old” and ‘lithic’, “stone”. Happened 2.5 million years ago - Known as “Old Stone Age” or Ice Age due to the climate being cold and lowered ocean levels. - People are nomads and use simple tools and weapons made of unpolished stone. Caves are their shelter - They discovered fire through the use of stone for their protection against cold temperature. Neolithic Period - Also called the First Agricultural Revolution. Coined with the Greek Word ‘neo’ which means “New” and lithic “Stone”. Cultural era where people employed polished stone tools as replacements for rough stones. - Transition from hunting to agriculture and settlement kind of society. Developed boats as means of transportation and for fishing as well. - From being nomads during the early stage, humans began to develop a sedentary type of society in which they built up villages and towns. Age of Metals - The use of metals such as bronze, iron, and copper - There were three stages distinguished within this age due to different types of metals used: Copper Age - Was the first known metal and has a low hardness and it was used in making ornaments Bronze Age - An alloy of copper and tin and it is harder and stronger than copper Iron Age - - During this age, agricultural tools were developed. Created military weapons. - Tribes, Empires, States were recognized at this point. Rise of Nation-State - The nation-state developed fairly recently. Prior to the 1500s, in Europe, the nation-state as we know did not exist. - Most people back then did not consider themselves part of a nation and likely identified themselves with their region or local lord. Democratization - A concept that encapsulates the expansion of a set of related political ideals with different intellectual vintages that gained public prominence during the emergence of capitalist modernity. - A process by which democracy expands, within a state or across the world. TYPES OF SOCIETIES A. Pre-Industrial Societies - Main economic activity is food production carried out through the utilization of human and animal labor. - Subdivided according to their level of technology and their method of producing food. Hunting and Gathering Society - Humans gather and hunt around for food. Pastoral Society - Domesticated herd of animals to meet their need for food.  Horticultural Society - Raise fruits and vegetables grown in garden plots. Slash-and-Burn method or kaingin system to raise crops Agrarian Society - Extensive cultivation of crops and raising of farm animals Feudal Society - Wealthy people acquire lands and declare them as their own domain. They exploited humans into providing foods, crops, crafts, homage, and other services to the landowners B. Industrial Societies - New economic System that emerged between the 15th and 16th centuries - Replaced Feudalism by Capitalism - Capitalism, characterized by free competition, free market and the right to acquire private property emerged C. Post-Industrial Societies - More advanced societies dominated by information, services, and high technology, surfaced. D. Modern Society - Characterized by mass production of all essential products such that the subsistence level of food production is now a thing in the past.