Module 2 Introducing Social Sciences PDF

Quarter 1: Module 2/Week 2 1 Semester st EMERGENCE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES: INTRODUCING THE DISCIPLINES WITHIN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES Content Standard : The learners demonstrate an understanding of the emergence of the...

Quarter 1: Module 2/Week 2 1 Semester st EMERGENCE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES: INTRODUCING THE DISCIPLINES WITHIN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES Content Standard : The learners demonstrate an understanding of the emergence of the Social Sciences and the different disciplines. Performance Standard : The learners shall be able to connect the disciplines with their historical and social foundations. Learning Competency/ies : Compare and contrast the various Social Science disciplines and their fields, main areas of inquiry, and methods. (HUMSS_DIS11- IIIb-d-3) SOCIAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINES Social Sciences explore how people interact, behave, and influence society. They differ from natural sciences as they focus on human societies and cultures rather than the physical world. 1. Anthropology Origin: From Greek "anthropos" (human) and "logos" (study of). The science of humanity, studying humans from various aspects including biology and culture. Focus: Provides a holistic view of human existence, including biological evolution and cultural practices. Sub-disciplines: 1. Cultural Anthropology: Studies contemporary human cultures and their social practices. 2. Archaeology: Examines past human societies through material remains. 3. Physical Anthropology: Focuses on human biological and physiological characteristics. 4. Linguistic Anthropology: Studies the role of language in cultures. 2. Economics Origin: From Greek "oikonomia" (household management). The study of how resources are allocated to satisfy needs and wants. Focus: Efficient allocation of scarce resources and understanding economic behavior. Sub-disciplines: 1. Microeconomics: Analyzes individual and business decision-making. 2. Macroeconomics: Studies national and global economic systems and policies. 3. Development Economics: Focuses on economic growth and development in low- income countries. 4. Behavioral Economics: Examines psychological factors influencing economic decisions. 3. Geography Origin: From Greek "geo" (Earth) and "graphein" (description). The study of places and relationships between people and their environments. Focus: Understanding physical landscapes and human societies' interactions with the environment. Sub-disciplines: 1. Physical Geography: Studies natural features and processes of the Earth. 2. Human Geography: Examines human societies and their spatial interactions. 3. Geographic Information Systems (GIS): Uses technology to analyze spatial data. 4. Environmental Geography: Focuses on the interactions between humans and the environment. 4. History Origin: From Greek "historia" (inquiry or knowledge). The study of past events as recorded in written documents. Focus: Examines historical events and their impacts on the present and future. Sub-disciplines: 1. Ancient History: Focuses on early civilizations and ancient societies. 2. Medieval History: Studies the Middle Ages from the fall of Rome to the Renaissance. 3. Modern History: Covers recent events from the Renaissance to the present. 4. Historiography: Analyzes how history is written and interpreted. 5. Linguistics Origin: From Latin "lingua" (tongue, language). The scientific study of language, including its structure and meaning. Focus: Analyzes language form, meaning, and usage in context. Sub-disciplines: 1. Phonetics: Studies the physical sounds of human speech. 2. Syntax: Examines sentence structure and grammatical rules. 3. Semantics: Focuses on meaning in language. 4. Pragmatics: Studies language use in context and its effects. 6. Political Science Origin: From Greek "politika" (affairs of the cities) and "polis" (city). The study of government systems, political activities, and political behavior. Focus: Analyzes political systems, policies, and power distribution. 7. Sociology Origin: From Latin "socius" (companion) and Greek "logos" (study of). The study of human social relationships and institutions. Focus: Examines various aspects of society, from institutions to social change. Sub-disciplines: 1. Social Stratification: Studies social class and inequality. 2. Family Sociology: Examines family structures and dynamics. 3. Urban Sociology: Focuses on life in urban areas and related social issues. 4. Sociological Theory: Analyzes theories explaining social behavior and institutions. 8. Psychology Origin: From Greek "psyche" (mind) and "logos" (study of). The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Focus: Understands individual and group behavior through research and theory. 9. Demography Origin: From Greek "demos" (people) and "graphein" (description). The study of human populations, including births, deaths, and migration. Focus: Analyzes population statistics to understand changes and trends. Sub-disciplines: 1. Population Dynamics: Studies the changes in population size and structure. 2. Fertility Studies: Examines birth rates and reproductive behavior. 3. Mortality Studies: Analyzes death rates and causes of death. 4. Migration Studies: Focuses on patterns and effects of human migration. DISCIPLINES OF NATURAL SCIENCE A. Life Science: Focuses on living organisms and their interactions with each other and their environments. It covers aspects like growth, reproduction, and evolution. Disciplines: Biology: Studies all living things, including plants, animals, and microorganisms. It looks at how these organisms function, grow, and interact. Example: Studying how different species of frogs reproduce and their role in their ecosystems. Botany: Focuses specifically on plants, studying their structure, growth, and benefits to the environment. Example: Researching how different types of plants adapt to drought conditions. Zoology: Examines animals, including their behavior, physiology, and adaptation to environments. Example: Observing how lions' hunting strategies vary in different habitats. Genetics: Explores how traits are inherited through genes and how genetic variation affects organisms. Example: Investigating how genetic mutations cause certain hereditary diseases. Microbiology: Studies microscopic organisms like bacteria and viruses, focusing on their roles in health, disease, and ecosystems. Example: Examining how bacteria in the gut influence digestion and overall health. B. Physical Science: Deals with non-living systems and the fundamental principles of the physical world, including matter, energy, and their interactions. Disciplines: Physics: Investigates fundamental principles of matter and energy, including forces, motion, and the laws governing the physical universe. Example: Studying how gravity affects the trajectory of a satellite orbiting Earth. Chemistry: Examines the properties and reactions of substances, focusing on how they combine and transform. Example: Investigating how chemical reactions occur during the process of photosynthesis in plants. Astronomy: Studies celestial objects and phenomena beyond Earth, such as stars, planets, and galaxies, to understand the universe's structure and origins. Example: Observing the lifecycle of stars from birth to supernova and their role in the formation of new galaxies. Geology: Looks at Earth's materials, like rocks and minerals, and processes such as earthquakes and volcanoes, to understand Earth's history and structure. Example: Analyzing rock formations to determine the history of volcanic activity in a region. Meteorology: Focuses on weather and climate, studying atmospheric conditions to predict weather patterns and understand climate change. Example: Using satellite data to track and predict the path of a hurricane. UNDERSTANDING HUMANITIES AND ITS DISCIPLINES HUMANITIES is a field of study that explores human culture, experiences, and values. It helps us understand the ways people express themselves, their beliefs, and their historical experiences. Explores Human Culture: Humanities study the cultural practices, traditions, and artifacts of different societies. This includes the arts, rituals, and everyday life that characterize a group of people. Example: Examining the traditional festivals and rituals of different cultures, such as the Japanese tea ceremony or the Bodong Ceremony of Kalinga Community, helps us understand the cultural values and social practices of those societies. Explores Human Experiences: Humanities look at individual and collective experiences, including personal stories, historical events, and social interactions. This helps us understand how people live, think, and feel.  Example: Reading personal diaries from historical figures or exploring autobiographies provides insight into how people experienced and reacted to major events, like wars or social movements. Explores Human Values: Humanities investigate the principles and beliefs that guide behavior and decision-making in different societies. This includes examining moral codes, societal norms, and cultural values. Example: Studying philosophical texts or religious scriptures reveals how different cultures define concepts like justice, duty, and virtue. Helps Us Understand Self-Expression: Humanities explore how people express themselves through various forms, such as art, literature, music, and performance. This expression reflects their emotions, beliefs, and identity. Example: Analyzing the works of modern music lyrics can show how individuals and societies express their emotions, concerns, and identities. Examines Beliefs: Humanities investigate the beliefs and ideologies that shape individuals' and societies' worldviews. This includes religious beliefs, philosophical ideas, and cultural narratives. Example: Studying different world religions or philosophical schools of thought helps us understand how various beliefs influence behavior, traditions, and societal structures. Analyzes Historical Experiences: Humanities examine historical events and their impact on societies. This includes looking at how past events shape present realities and future possibilities. Example: Researching the impact of the People Power Revolution (Edsa 1) on modern democracy helps us understand how historical events influence current political systems and societal norms. HUMANITIES help us understand what it means to be human. Examining traditional cordillera weaving patterns can show how these patterns symbolize social status and community identity. By looking at historical events and personal stories, humanities help us understand how people have lived through and responded to different situations. For instance, studying the oral histories of Cordillera elders provides insights into their experiences of colonialism and resistance. Cordillera’s communal practices and rituals, reflect our values of community support and respect for traditions. PRODUCTS OF HUMAN EXPERIENCE 1. Religion - Religion provides understanding of life's purpose, morality, and the nature of existence. It offers a sense of community and belonging, addresses existential questions, and influences cultural practices and rituals. Examples: o Cordilleran Indigenous Beliefs: The Cordilleran peoples have traditional animistic beliefs where they honor spirits of nature, ancestors, and deities through rituals and ceremonies. o Roman Catholicism: Brought by Spanish colonization, it has deeply influenced Filipino culture through festivals which blend indigenous practices with Christian teachings. 2. Art - Art captures and reflects human emotions, ideas, and experiences. It provides a means for personal expression and cultural storytelling, allowing us to explore and communicate our inner worlds. Examples: o Cordilleran Art: Traditional art includes weaving patterns on textiles like “Inabel” and woodcarving which are integral to cultural heritage and rituals.  o Philippine Contemporary Art: Artists like BenCab have used traditional motifs and themes to reflect contemporary Filipino identity and issues. 3. Music - Music is a powerful medium that evokes emotions and connects people across different cultures. It can express joy, sorrow, or transcendence, and often serves as a backdrop to significant life events and personal experiences. Examples: o Traditional Music: In Cordillera, the “gangsa” (a type of gong) is used in community gatherings and ceremonies, reflecting the communal and celebratory aspects of their culture. o Philippine Folk Songs: Songs like “Lupang Hinirang” (the national anthem) and “Ang Bayan Ko” (a patriotic song) express national identity and pride. 4. Drama - Drama, whether in theater or written plays, focuses on the conflicts and resolutions that define human existence. Through characters and dialogue, drama explores moral dilemmas, social tensions, and personal struggles. Example: o Traditional Theater: Lampitok is a type of Cordilleran performance art that involves storytelling through dialogue and song, often centered around local legends, historical events, or moral lessons. Lampitok performances typically feature live actors and are characterized by their dramatic and often humorous portrayal of community life and values. 5. Film - Film combines visual, auditory, and narrative elements to create a powerful medium for storytelling. It captures and magnifies human experiences, often using advanced technology to bring stories to life in ways that resonate with a wide audience. Examples: o Documentaries: Films like “The Philippines: The Land of the Lost” capture the diverse cultures and issues of the country, including the Cordilleran heritage. o Popular Films: Movies like “Heneral Luna” and “Die Beautiful” address historical and social themes, offering insights into Filipino identity and experiences. KEY CONCEPTS The power of why you do what you do. In your psyche lies the potential to overcome odds, and obstacles big and small. It is the internal force driving actions and reactions, often described as the “mind over matter”, “If you think you can you will. If you Human Psyche think you can’t, you won’t.” principle. Examples: 1. A person may use their psyche to overcome a fear of public speaking, driven by deep-seated confidence and mental fortitude. 2. Athletes often push beyond physical limits by harnessing mental strength and belief in their abilities. The basic makeup of a human. “I was born this way” principle. Human Nature Human nature is the set of psychological characteristics, including ways of thinking and acting that all normal human beings have in common. Behaviors influenced by societal norms and cultural practices. Actions influenced by feelings and personal attitudes. Examples: Human Behavior 1. Traditional dances or rituals performed in different cultures, reflecting cultural values. 2. How people express emotions, such as crying during a sad movie or celebrating during a joyous event.  The human condition refers to the state of human existence and the challenges faced due to the gap between our current state and our potential or ideal state. It disconnect between what we are and what we can be. Human Condition Examples: 1. Feelings of disillusionment and questioning one's purpose in life. 2. Struggles with inequality and injustice that highlight disparities between current realities and ideal societal conditions. Refers to the challenges and difficulties people face as they navigate their lives, societies, and histories. o Struggle for Survival Human Struggle o Struggle to find the meaning of existence o Struggle to have questions answered o Struggle for Rights o Historical and Cultural Struggle METHODS TYPICALLY USED IN EACH CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE: Case Studies: In-depth analysis of an individual, group, event, or situation to understand complex social phenomena. Example: A case study of a community's response to a natural disaster to identify effective social support mechanisms. Historical Method: The Historical Method involves studying past events, processes, and patterns to understand how they have shaped the present and might influence the future. Researchers analyze historical records, documents, and artifacts. Social Sciences Example: A historian might examine records of the industrial revolution to understand its impact on modern economic systems and labor practices. Comparative and Cross-Cultural Method: This method involves comparing different cultures, societies, or groups to identify similarities and differences. It helps researchers understand cultural norms, values, and practices and their influence on behavior. Example: Comparing family structures in Western and Eastern societies to explore differences in family roles and dynamics, and how these differences impact social behavior and cultural practices. Experimental Method: Conducting controlled experiments to test hypotheses and observe outcomes. Example: A biologist conducting a lab experiment to study the effects of a new drug on cell growth. Observational Study: Systematically observing and recording natural phenomena without interference. Natural Sciences Example: An astronomer observing the behavior of distant stars to understand their life cycles. Quantitative Analysis: Using mathematical models and statistical techniques to analyze data and make predictions. Example: A physicist using equations to predict the trajectory of a spacecraft based on gravitational forces. Analytical: Breaking down texts, artworks, or philosophical arguments to understand their deeper meaning. Humanities Example: Literary analysis of a novel to explore themes like identity, power, or morality.  Critical: Evaluating and interpreting cultural works, often questioning assumptions and exploring multiple perspectives. Example: A critical essay on the impact of Renaissance art on modern culture, discussing the artists' intentions and societal influences. Speculative: Engaging in philosophical reasoning or theoretical reflection to explore human ideas and concepts. Example: Speculative philosophy about the nature of reality or the existence of free will. STEPS IN THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD The scientific method is a systematic approach used to investigate phenomena, acquire new knowledge, or correct and integrate previous knowledge. It involves a series of steps designed to ensure that research is conducted in a structured and objective manner. EXAMPLE DEFINITION/ STEPS KEY QUESTIONS (Student Learning EXPLANATION Preferences) How do different What is the issue or Identify what you want learning styles affect 1. Defining the Problem question we are trying to study or solve. student performance in to answer? math? What does previous Look at existing What have other research say about 2. Reviewing the research and researchers found visual vs. auditory Literature information on the topic. about this topic? learning styles in education? Students who use Propose a possible What do you think will visual aids will perform answer or explanation happen or be true 3. Forming Hypothesis better in math based on what you based on your compared to those who know. understanding? don't. Gather information How can we collect Survey students on 4. Collecting and through experiments or data to test our their learning styles and Analyzing Data observations and hypothesis? How will compare math test analyze it. we analyze it? scores. Visual learners scored Interpret the data to see What do the results tell higher on the math test, 5. Drawing Conclusions if it supports your us about our supporting the hypothesis. hypothesis? hypothesis. The scientific method helps in systematically investigating questions, like how different learning styles affect student performance. By defining the problem, reviewing existing research, forming a hypothesis, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions, you can gain a clear understanding of the impact of learning preferences on academic outcomes.