Communication Theory Models PDF

# Models of Communication ## Linear Communication Model - Lasswell’s Model - Aristotle’s Model - Berlo’s SMCR Model - **Diagram:** A speaker with a megaphone speaks to a listener. The diagram is labeled “Sender”, “Channel”, “Message”, and “Receiver”. ### Key Features - One way communication - Use...

# Models of Communication ## Linear Communication Model - Lasswell’s Model - Aristotle’s Model - Berlo’s SMCR Model - **Diagram:** A speaker with a megaphone speaks to a listener. The diagram is labeled “Sender”, “Channel”, “Message”, and “Receiver”. ### Key Features - One way communication - Used for mass communication - Senders send a message and receivers only receive - No feedback - The concept of noise ### Pros - Good at audience persuasion and propaganda setting - Intentional results ### Cons - Communication is not continuous as no concept of feedback - No way to know if communication was effective ## Transactional Model - Barlund’s Model - Shannon & Weaver Model ### Key Features - Used for interpersonal communication - Senders and receivers interchange roles - Simultaneous feedback - The context of environment and noise - Feedback is taken as a new message ### Pros - Simultanous and instant feedback - No discrimination between sender and receiver ### Cons - Encourages non-verbal communication - More noise due to communicators talking at the same time ## Interactive Model - Schramm’s Model - White’s Model ### Key Features - Used for new communications like the internet - Slower feedbacks in turns - Concept of field of experience - Known as convergence model - Communication becomes linear if the receiver does not respond ### Pros - Feedback even in mass communication - New communication channels ### Cons - Feedback can take a very long time - Sender and receiver might not know who the other person is **Diagram:** A speaker with a megaphone speaks to a listener. The diagram is labeled “Sender”, “Channel”, “Message”, and “Receiver”. The arrow for the receiver has a direction pointing back to the sender with a label for “Channel”, “Message/Feedback”. ## Components of Linear Communication - **Sender:** The person who sends a message after encoding. - **Encoding:** The process of converting the message into a code format that is compatible with the channel and understandable for the receiver. - **Decoding:** The process of changing the encoded message into understandable language by the receiver. - **Message:** The information sent by the sender to the receiver - **Channel:** The medium through which the message is sent. - **Receiver:** The person who gets the message after decoding. - **Noise:** The disruptions that are caused in the communication process, in the channel or in the understandability of the message. ## Lasswell’s Model - Developed by communication theorist, Harold D. Lasswell (1902-1978) in 1948. - “Action model”, “linear model”, “one way model of communication.” - Considered one of the most influential communication models. ### Components of Lasswell’s Model - **Who (Sender):** - **Says What (Message):** - **Channel (Medium):** - **To Whom (Receiver):** - **With What Effect (Feedback):** ## Aristotle’s Model - The first and earliest linear model. - Aristotle was a teacher of rhetoric and even put up an academy to produce good speakers. **Diagram:** A box labeled “Speaker”, then an arrow to a box labeled “Speech”, then another arrow to a box labeled “Audience”, then an arrow to a box labeled “Effect” and a box below all this labeled “Occasion”. ### Criticisms of Aristotle’s Model - There is no concept of feedback, it is one way from the speaker to the audience. - There is no concept of communication failure like noise and barriers. - This model can only be used in public speaking. ## Berlo’s (SMCR) Model - David Berlo postulated the “Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver” model of communication from the Shannon Weaver Model of Communication (1949). - He described factors affecting the individual components in communication to make communication more efficient. - This model also focuses on encoding and decoding, which happens before the sender sends the message and before the receiver receives the message, respectively. **Diagram:** A box labeled “Source” and another box labeled “Message” connected by an arrow containing the word “Encodes”. The message box is then connected to a box labeled “Channel” with an arrow. The channel box is connected to a box labeled “Receiver” with an arrow labeled “Decodes”. The source box has several boxes inside with these labels: communication skill, attitude, knowledge, social system, and culture. The message box has several boxes inside with these labels: content elements, treatment, structure, and code. The channel box has several boxes inside with these labels: hearing, seeing, touching, smelling, and tasting. The receiver box has several boxes inside with these labels: communication skill, attitude, knowledge, social system, and culture. ### Criticisms of Berlo’s SMCR Model - There is no concept of feedback, so the effect is not considered. - There is no concept of noise or any kind of barriers in communication. - It is a linear model of communication, there is no two way communication. - Both of the people must be similar, according to all the factors mentioned above. ## Barlund’s Transactional Model - Dean Barnlund proposed a transactional model of communication in 1970 for basic interpersonal communication. - This model proposes that sending and receiving messages happens simultaneously between people. - It is popularly known as Barlund’s Transactional Model of Communication. - It has been further adapted and reformed by other theorists as the General Transactional Model. - This model shifted from the trend of linear models to a dynamic and two way communication model. **Diagram:** Two circles labeled “Sender” and “Receiver”. The arrows point to each other and are labeled: “Channel (s)”, “Behaves”, “Message”, “Decodes”, “Feedback”, “Decodes”, “Message”, “Behaves”, “Channel (s)”. The top and bottom of each circle have a wavy line labeled “Noise” pointing upward and downward. ### Advantages of Barlund’s Transactional Model - The model shows shared field experience of the sender and receiver. - The transactional model talks about simultaneous message sending, noise, and feedback. - Barlund’s model is taken by critics as the most systematic model of communication. ### Disadvantages of Barlund’s Model - Barlund’s model is very complex. - Both the sender and receiver must understand the codes sent by the other. So, they must each possess a similar “code book.” (The concept of the code book is not mentioned but is understood by the model). ## Shannon & Weaver Model - The second model is that of Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver (1948). - This model gave us the concept of **Noise**. - It is often called the “Telephone Model” because it is based on the experience of having a message interfered with by “noise” from a telephone switchboard back in the 1940s. **Diagram:** A box labeled “Information Source”, then an arrow to a box labeled “Transmitter”, an arrow to a box labeled “Signal”, an arrow to a box labeled “Received Signal”, an arrow to a box labeled “Receiver”, then an arrow to a box labeled “Message”, then an arrow to a box labeled “Destination” and a box below all this labeled “ Noise Source”. ### Advantages of Shannon-Weaver Model - The concept of noise helps make communication more effective by removing the noise or the problem causing noise. - This model takes communication as a two way process. It makes the model applicable in general communication. - Communication is taken as quantifiable in the Shannon Weaver Model. ### Criticisms of Shannon-Weaver Model - It can be applied more for interpersonal communication than group communication and mass communication. - The receiver plays the passive part in the communication process as the sender plays the primary role that sends messages. - Feedback is taken as less important in comparison to the messages sent by the sender. - The model is taken by some critics as a “misleading misrepresentation of the nature of human communication” as human communication is not mathematical in nature. ### Example of Shannon-Weaver Model Communication Process - A businessman sends a message via phone text to his worker about a meeting about their brand promotion. - The worker does not receive the full message because of noise. It goes like this: > Businessman: “We have a meeting at the office (‘at 8am’ goes missing due to phone network disruption or noise).” > Worker (feedback): “At what time?” - **Sender:** Businessman - **Encoder:** Telephone network company - **Channel:** Mobile network - **Noise:** Distraction in voice (workplace noises) - **Decoder:** Mobile phone - **Receiver:** Worker ## Schramm’s Model - Wilbur Schramm is considered the Father of Mass Communication. - He came up with five models, but the Schramm Model in (1995) we are concerned with is the concept that explains why communication breakdown occurs. - Schramm asserts that communication can take place if and only if there is an overlap between the Field of Experience of the Speaker and the Field of Experience of the Listener. **Diagram:** Two circles that overlap slightly and are labeled: “Field of experience”. In between the circles, there is a smaller circle labeled “signal”. Outside the circles are two boxes labeled: “source” and “destination”. Between the boxes and the circles are two arrows labeled: “encoder” and “decoder”. ### What is Field of Experience? - The things that influence the understanding and interpretation of messages, like culture, social background, beliefs, experiences, values, and rules. - **Examples:** - A person who always eats with a spoon is informed that they have to eat with their hands in that place. The person will get offended because they will think it is impolite to eat that way. - The teacher must deliver his/her lecture in either English or Filipino because that is the language that students know and use. ### Advantages of Schramm’s Model - Circular communication gives both parties the opportunity to give their opinion. - As it is dynamic and ever changing, it is helpful in general practice. - The sender and receiver interchange roles and both are equally active. - Semantic noise is included as a concept to help understand problems that can occur during the interpretation of messages. - Feedback makes it easier to know if the message is interpreted by the receiver as intended. - The concept of interpretation makes communication effective. - The field of experience (psychological effect) helps understand the communication process in many other ways than the traditional ones. - The concept of context makes the environmental factor into communication to help interpret the message and bring change to it. ### Disadvantages of Schramm’s Model - This model cannot deal with multiple levels of communication and complex communication processes. - There can only be two sources communicating, many sources complicate the process and the model cannot be implemented. - Message sent and received may be interpreted differently than intended. ## Eugene White’s Model - [https://prezi.com/rfcgo_zdlscc/eugene-whites/](https://prezi.com/rfcgo_zdlscc/eugene-whites/) - **Diagram:** A block diagram with these blocks: “Message->Encoding->Medium->Decoding by receiver”, “Sender”, “Decoding by the sender (now receiver)->Medium->Encoding->Message”, “Receiver (now sender)”, “Noise”. ## The Communication Process **Transmission Phase:** - *Message* - *Encoding* - *Medium* - *Decoding by receiver* **Feedback Phase:** - *Sender* - *Decoding by sender (now receiver)* - *Medium* - *Encoding* - *Message* - *Receiver (now sender )* - *Noise*