Cognitive Final Sum PDF

As a child, H.M. suffered from epilepsy In 1953, Scoville removed Molaison's medial temporal lobes on both hemispheres After the surgery, his seizures improved but he could no longer form new explicit longterm memories Declarative memory system includes all memories that we can consciously recall No...

As a child, H.M. suffered from epilepsy In 1953, Scoville removed Molaison's medial temporal lobes on both hemispheres After the surgery, his seizures improved but he could no longer form new explicit longterm memories Declarative memory system includes all memories that we can consciously recall Nondeclarative/Implicit Memory System It includes memories that we do not have conscious access But the stored information influences our behavior  Declarative Memory system is further subdivided into: Episodic memory ▪ The portion of LTM that includes memories about personal experiences or episodes occurring in a given place and at a specific time. Includes information about the spatial and temporal context: where and when Semantic memory ▪ It is the portion of LTM that includes memories for facts and general knowledge about the world. Nondeclarative/Implicit Memory System ▪ Procedural Memory : Procedural memory refers to our often unexplainable knowledge of how to do things. Piano Playing Ride a bicycle ▪ Priming ▪ Classical Conditioning : A memory for the association between unconditioned and neutral stimulus leading to a response Initially(firstly) memory storage in LTM relies in the hippocampus. Over time, memories are stored elsewhere in the cortical areas of the brain, allowing for more permanent storage Consolidation ▪ A neuro-process of transforming memory representations into a state in which they are less resistant to disruption. ▪ Strengthening memories. ▪ Sleep is important in aiding consolidation. The Serial Position Effect Items at the beginning and end of the original list are much more likely to be remembered than items in the middle of the list This phenomenon is called the serial position effect because the probability of recalling an item tends to be related to its position among other items on a list ▪ The Serial Position Effect is broken down into: ▪ Primacy Effect The tendency to remember the early part of the list than the middle part. because the items in the beginning of the list received more attention, and were rehearsed more since no item before interfered with the encoding of them. ▪ Recency Effect We remember more items at the end of the list than in the middle because these items were recently placed in short-term memory. This makes them immediately available, but only temporarily. Two types of explicit memory tests ▪ Recall Test: Generate the information previously studied ▪ Recognition Test: Identify the information previously studied. For example: multiple-choice question Types of Recall Test Free Recall: No hint provided Cue Recall: A cue is present ▪ Psychologists use the following tests to induce priming and assess implicit memory: Word-fragment Word - stem completion Training Phase (participants are exposed to words but not told that their memory will be tested later on Encoding specificity principle ▪ Matching the circumstances of encoding and retrieval aids (helps with) memory retrieval. The location you are the mood you are When we learn something for the first time, we associate many aspects of the environment with our learning experience. These aspects of the environment serve as a cue for retrieving information In Cognitive Psychology, a cue is information that aids the retrieval for other information Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850 to 1909) He is a pioneer in memory research He conducted some of the most important early experiments in memory from 1880 to1885 He conducted many experiments using him as the primary subject He presented himself with a list of nonsense syllabus Nonsense syllables also called CVC trigrams Forgetting: It is the inability to retrieve information from memory memory, researchers suggested that memories simply decay over time If memories are not revisited, they become weaker and fade away Why do we forget? Interference proposal: forgetting happens because other information interferes with the retrieval of target information ▪ Interference may be broken down into two types: ▪ Retroactive Retroactive interference occurs when new information makes it difficult to recall previous (old) information. You cannot recall your old phone number because the new one interferes with it. ▪ Proactive Old information interferes with the recall of new information In summary, research suggests that both interference and consolidation failure contribute to forgetting Jill Price is one of the well-studied cases of hyperthymesia, can remember everything Jennifer Thompson’s Story: an example of a retrieval failure Daniel Schacter proposed seven types of malfunctions that lead to memory failure. He refers to these as the seven sins of memory. 1. Transience As time passes, some memories become less accessible (also known as forgetting). 2. Absentmindedness: lack of attention during encoding 3. Blocking: when you cannot access an information stored in memory because other information interferes with the recalling the target information 4. Suggestibility: refers to when our memories are altered by others’ suggestions and statements. So, we create false memories 5. Bias: when one's current feelings and worldview distort remembrance of past events for example: During the report he was angry because of a conflict with his boss and because of that he described the event as much worse than what it was 6. Source Misattribution: We mistakenly attribute the source of an event to a different source 7. Persistence: It involves experiencing unwanted memories over and over Ex: PTSD What is Thinking? It is a specific subset of mental activity that involves working with mental representations, planning and executing behaviors and the coordination of cognitive resources (attention). Dual-Process Theory 1. System 1 o Operates Faster o Is Intuitive o evolutionarily primitive brain structures o Is Present in non-human species o Faster - generate responses quick o Unconscious – not aware how responses were generated o It just come to your mind Independent of general intelligence or working memory (little differences between people) o Automatic o Operates via an associative mechanism o It is also described as o Evolutionary Primitive – structures and processes associated with System 1 are likely to be shared across many species(animals), not only humans. o is supported by lower cortical regions 2. System 2 o Slower – consider various outcomes and possibilities o Reason-based – apply rules o Conscious – aware of strategies used to solve the problem o Effortful – attention is required o Evolutionary recent brain structures – brain structures that are more developed in humans than in other animals o Present in humans o supported by prefrontal cortex areas