Recap Memory PDF

Recap memory @thady.nov Type of memory 1. Sensory Memory -If you pay attention to this information, it moves to short-term memory. -If you do not pay attention, the information is lost. 2. Working memory This pat is responsi...

Recap memory @thady.nov Type of memory 1. Sensory Memory -If you pay attention to this information, it moves to short-term memory. -If you do not pay attention, the information is lost. 2. Working memory This pat is responsible for : Making memory (processing) Remember → But it is short term memory. Maintenance Rehearsal: Repeating or rehearsing the information helps keep it in short-term memory. If you do not rehearse it, the information is lost. Encoding: Information can be transferred to long-term memory through a process called encoding. Recap memory 1  Retrieval: You can bring information back from long-term memory to short- term memory when you need to use it. 3. Long-Term Memory Information Loss: Over time, some information in long-term memory may be forgotten or lost. Summary of the Process 1. Sensory Memory: Briefly holds sensory input. Attention is needed to move information to the next stage. 2. Short-Term Memory(action thoughts/ memories/everything you think and remember for now) : Holds information in short time for processing. Rehearsal helps retain it, and encoding moves it to long-term memory. ( if u feel process in 90secs, it will be gone) 3. Long-Term Memory(aka storage memories that you are not thinking abt) : Stores information permanently. Some information may be forgotten over time, but it can be retrieved when needed. **Retrieval: remember, finding or bringing back sth** Working memory: Limited in amount of memories it can process Limited in how long you can remember the information  +- 60sec  +- 7 pieces information Frontal lobe not working well, as well as Working memory, so it will make it forget more Recap memory 2  —> If we can pack the input more efficiently, we can increase the amount of information maintained in this memory ⇒ Chunking: Grouping related items together to remember them more easily Primacy Effect : you only remember the first few pieces of information. Recency Effect : you remember most of the end part of the information. +++The recency effect: When you go for a movie, after watching the movie you only remember much about the ending of the movie. And what scene happened during the movie, you don't remember much. ⇒ Encoding describes the steps into making a memory 1. Active engagement: Actively participating in learning, like taking notes or discussing. 2. Processing: Thinking deeply about information, like connecting it to what you already know. 3. Encoding specificity: Remembering information better when you learn it in the same way you'll be tested on it. ⇒ Step1 : Paying attention is not enough to remember something. But it is based on how you engage with those information. Active engagement is about how you engage with the information will decide how you remember them. In the money recognize example, we only remember about it color, because we only engage actively with the money's color. Recap memory 3  ⇒ Step2: Processing the information into a memory -2ways: Intentional learning : trying to remember ( by force ) Incidental learning : not trying but you do remember ⇒ Step3 : Encoding specificity We connect information together into a memory ( the old and the new one you have ) - ( all kind of stimulus from the environment with this new memory ) Example: if you take the test with the song u were listened during you are memorizing- learning, it will increase your memory during the test. Encoding 1. Active Engagement Active engagement refers to the involvement and attention a person dedicates to an experience or information. When you are actively engaged, you are more likely to pay close attention, interact with the material, and form stronger memories. Examples: Studying for an exam by taking notes and summarizing information instead of passively reading. Participating in a conversation, asking questions, and contributing ideas rather than just listening. Actively practicing a skill, such as playing an instrument, instead of just watching someone else do it. Why It Matters: Active engagement helps in creating more vivid and detailed memories because it involves deeper cognitive processing. When you are fully involved in an activity, your brain is more likely to encode the details of that experience into long-term memory. 2. Processing 1. Intentional Learning Recap memory 4  Intentional learning involves a deliberate effort to remember information. This is when you consciously focus on and engage with the material with the purpose of retaining it in your memory. It's an active process where you use various strategies to encode the information. Examples: Studying for a test by using flashcards, summarizing notes, or creating mind maps. Memorizing a phone number by repeating it several times. Learning a new language by practicing vocabulary and grammar rules regularly. Why It Matters: Intentional learning is often more effective for complex or detailed information because it involves active engagement and various cognitive strategies to ensure the information is encoded into long-term memory. 2. Incidental Learning Incidental learning occurs without the conscious intention to remember. This is when you absorb information naturally as a byproduct of engaging in an activity or being exposed to certain stimuli. You don't set out to memorize the information, but you end up retaining it anyway. Examples: Learning the lyrics to a song by hearing it repeatedly on the radio. Picking up new vocabulary by watching TV shows or movies in a foreign language. Remembering details of a conversation you overheard while not actively listening. Why It Matters: Incidental learning plays a significant role in everyday life, allowing us to acquire knowledge and skills without formal study. It highlights the importance of context and natural engagement in the learning process. 3. Encoding Specificity Encoding specificity is the principle that memory retrieval is most effective when the conditions at the time of encoding are similar to the conditions at the time of retrieval. This means that the context, cues, and environment present Recap memory 5  during encoding play a significant role in how well the memory can be recalled later. Contextual Cues: These are specific details or surroundings present during the encoding of a memory. For example, if you study in a quiet room, you may recall the information better in a similar quiet setting. State-Dependent Memory: Your emotional or physiological state during encoding can also act as a cue. For example, if you learn something while feeling happy, you might recall it better when you are in a similar emotional state. Why It Matters: Encoding specificity highlights the importance of context in memory formation and retrieval. It explains why people often remember information better when they are in the same environment or emotional state as when they first learned it. Summary Active Engagement: Being actively involved and attentive enhances memory formation. Processing: Cognitive activities that transform sensory input into meaningful memories; deeper processing leads to stronger memories. Encoding Specificity: Memory retrieval is most effective when the conditions during encoding and retrieval are similar, emphasizing the importance of context and cues. → Technique to memorize thing ( information to memory ) Maintenance Rehearsal : Repetition without thinking about its meaning --> Memory will quickly disappear. Shallow Processing : Involves focus on the characteristics of the stimulus Deep Processing : Involves focus on the meaning of the stimulus( try to understand the meaning and focus strongly). nm +++ Deep processing Intentional learning is the effectively leaning method. Note : incidental or Intentional leaning has no effect on memorizing. Storage Consolidation Recap memory 6  → A memory traces are the physical changes in the brain that are linked with the memory Memory traces are created through forms of neuroplasticity: After encoding the brain starts the process of making the memory traces linked with that memory This process is called : Memory Consolidation Memory consolidation takes time -Memory Traces: Physical changes in the brain. -Neuroplasticity: Enables creation of memory traces. -Memory Consolidation: Process of stabilizing these traces over time. → 3 brain parts involve in making memory traces Frontal lobe linked 100% with working memory - Encoding the memory Amygdala - giving emotional color to the memory Hippocampus - consolidation of memory traces +The hippocampus "Rewinds" your memories during sleep The more often it rewinds, the stronger the memory traces Every time the memory is used the memory traces will be strengthened. -More your hippocampus rewinds about ur memory, the stronger memory you have. Memory changing every time when you think about it. Every time the memory is used it gets "unstable/labil" Meaning that the memory can be changed or updated ⇒ Retrieval :Drawing information from the storage Recall : Retrieval that requires you to produce an item from memory in response to a question-- Free search until u find the memory Recognition : Retrieval that requires you to judge whether you have encountered a stimulus before-- try to recognize what is Infront of you Forgetting can be caused by problem in Retrieval. The information is stored correctly but for different reasons it is hard to retrieve. Recap memory 7  Example: Tip-of-the-tongue effect You know that you know a word or a piece of information, but you can't recall it. It feels the word is almost there. Forgetting Effect of time There can be multiple reasons for the effect of time on forgetting things 1. Memories simple decay over time. Because our memory traces are getting erased slowly. 2. We forget over time because new information we learn Disrupts the old information in our memory → The most influence on forgetting comes from new information → Only If the old memory and new information is from the same category (This only happens when the new memory is about the same) →the more new thing is the diff it gets. ⇒ the new info disrupt the old info ⇒ new memories within the same category , old memories will be forgetting ⇒ Disrupt Theory: forgetting comes from the new information we learn. Only if the old memory and new information is from the same category ⇒ Decay Theory: Memory Traces can fade away. Especially when not rehearsed → if the same thing happens everyday, then brain will erase 100% of the memories. Memory intrusions ⇒ memory intrusions: intrusive memories are unwanted, repetitive thoughts that pop into your mind. They can be disturbing and difficult to control. ⇒ Intrusion errors: memory mistakes in which elements that were not part of the original info get mixed into (“ intrude” into= enter a place or situation where you are not wanted or expected) Recap memory 8  ⇒ Memory Intrusions can have serious consequences: -False eye witness testimonies: wrong convictions -Distorted self views: seeing yourself differently from how you actually are -Social injustice from stereotypes and biases: unfair treatment -Biases in performance evaluations: biased evaluations SUMMARY Studying technique Maintenance rehearsal : repeating information over and over without thinking about it meaning Example : You use one-night policy to study, it isn't enough time for you to study, so you just repeat your study material over and over again to memorize it without go into its meaning. You might forget it quickly after the exam. Shallow processing : You just focus about it surface detail or superficial characteristic, remember how it looks, sounds. You will easily forget this type of learning technique. Example : you want to remember the word "cat", you only know that the word is short and start with "C". Deep Processing : You focus on its meaning, and connecting it with other information for deeply understand about those information. It will make your memory long-term, because you actively engage with it. Example : You want to remember the word "cat", you start to link it with your own cat, why you like cat and the memory with your cat. Primacy and Recency effect : Primacy effect : you remember the first few information better than others. Example: you watching a movie and after the movie, you only remember the first few scene about the movie. Recency effect : you remember the last information better. Example: you learning a list of new words, you only remember the last few in the list than middle and first part of the list Recap memory 9  Processing of Encoding : Active engagement : How you engage with the information decide how you remember them. Because only paying attention is not enough. Processing : 2ways of it: Intentional leaning : trying to remember Incidental learning : not trying Encoding specificity : You connect the old and new information together Stimulus from the environment with the new memory Retrieval Recall : retrieval that requires you to produce an item from memory in response to a question Example: Open ended question, you have to do a free search of you memory until you find it. Recognition : Retrieval that requires you to judge whether you encountered stimulus before. Example : MCQ, you try to recognize what is in front of you. Type of memory Sensory memory input from senses for 0.5S and attention is needed to move the information to the next stage Working memory Short term Processing Retrieval retain the information and encoding move it to the next stage Long term memory Storage Storage Recap memory 10  Consolidation : the process of stabilize the memory, transfer it to the long term memory Reconsolidation : the process of recall the long term memory back, and have a update on those information and stored it back Forgetting Can cause by retrieval Recap memory 11