H.M. and Memory Systems

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What is the phenomenon called when items at the beginning and end of a list are more likely to be remembered than those in the middle?

Memory Consolidation

Serial Position Effect (correct)

Primacy Effect

Recency Bias

Why are items at the beginning of a list more likely to be remembered according to the text?

They were recently encoded

They received more attention and rehearsal (correct)

They were not studied before

They are in short-term memory

What is the term used to describe remembering the early part of a list better than the middle part?

Recall Superiority

List Positioning

Long-Term Bias

Primacy Effect (correct)

In which explicit memory test do individuals need to generate information previously studied?

Recall Test Signup and view all the answers

What does Recency Effect refer to in memory consolidation?

Immediate availability of recent information Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a list is remembered better due to receiving more attention and rehearsal?

Beginning of the list Signup and view all the answers

Which system is described as operating faster and being intuitive?

System 1 Signup and view all the answers

Which system is characterized by being slower and requiring effortful attention?

System 2 Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory involves experiencing unwanted memories over and over?

Persistent memory Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of thinking involves working with mental representations and planning behaviors?

Executive function Signup and view all the answers

In Dual-Process Theory, System 1 is described as operating mainly via which mechanism?

Automatic and associative Signup and view all the answers

Which brain regions support System 2 in the Dual-Process Theory?

Prefrontal cortex areas Signup and view all the answers

What type of recall test provides no hints for retrieving information?

Free Recall Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tests is used to assess implicit memory?

Word-fragment Completion Test Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the principle that suggests memory retrieval is aided by matching the circumstances of encoding and retrieval?

Encoding Specificity Principle Signup and view all the answers

Who is a pioneer in memory research?

Ebbinghaus Signup and view all the answers

What are nonsense syllables used in memory research often referred to as?

CVC Trigrams Signup and view all the answers

According to researchers, what happens to memories that are not revisited?

They decay over time Signup and view all the answers

H.M. suffered from which medical condition as a child?

Epilepsy Signup and view all the answers

What type of long-term memory includes memories about personal experiences occurring at a specific time and place?

Episodic memory Signup and view all the answers

How does the declarative memory system differ from the nondeclarative/implicit memory system?

Declarative memories are consciously recalled while nondeclarative/implicit memories are not Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves strengthening memories over time?

Consolidation Signup and view all the answers

Which structure initially stores memories before they are moved to other cortical areas for more permanent storage?

Hippocampus Signup and view all the answers

What improvement did H.M. experience as a result of his surgery?

Improved seizures Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory failure is characterized by the inability to recall an event due to the interference of new information?

Retroactive interference Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a memory failure that Daniel Schacter proposed?

Retrieval failure Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory failure occurs when the lack of attention during encoding affects recall?

Absentmindedness Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to when our memories are altered by others' suggestions and statements?

Suggestibility Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory failure occurs when one's current feelings and worldview distort remembrance of past events?

Bias Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory failure is best illustrated by the inability to recall an old phone number due to a new one interfering with it?

Retroactive interference Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between declarative and nondeclarative/implicit memory systems?

One is conscious, the other is unconscious Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which memories are transferred from the hippocampus to other cortical areas for long-term storage?

Consolidation Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is responsible for our knowledge of how to perform tasks, such as playing the piano or riding a bicycle?

Procedural memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the strengthening of memories over time?

Consolidation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the medial temporal lobes, including the hippocampus?

To form new explicit long-term memories Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory includes memories for facts and general knowledge about the world?

Semantic memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between retroactive and proactive interference?

Retroactive interference involves the interference of new information with old information, while proactive interference involves the interference of old information with new information Signup and view all the answers

Which of the seven sins of memory proposed by Daniel Schacter is related to the influence of current feelings and worldview on past events?

Bias Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the inability to recall an old phone number due to the interference of a new one?

Retroactive interference Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a retrieval failure?

Jennifer Thompson's Story Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the interference proposal of forgetting?

Forgetting occurs due to the interference of new information with old information Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the seven sins of memory proposed by Daniel Schacter and memory failure?

The seven sins are malfunctions that lead to memory failure Signup and view all the answers

Which principle suggests that memory retrieval is aided by matching the circumstances of encoding and retrieval?

Encoding specificity principle Signup and view all the answers

Which psychologist conducted important early experiments in memory from 1880 to 1885 and used himself as the primary subject?

Hermann Ebbinghaus Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase 'cue' refer to in Cognitive Psychology?

Information that aids the retrieval for other information Signup and view all the answers

What are 'nonsense syllables' also called in memory research?

CVC trigrams Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main tests used to induce priming and assess implicit memory?

Word-fragment completion and word-stem completion Signup and view all the answers

Which system operates mainly via automatic and unconscious processing?

System 1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying cognitive process that contributes to the stronger memory recall of items at the beginning of a list?

Primacy Effect Signup and view all the answers

Which memory phenomenon distinguishes between actively generating information previously studied and identifying previously studied information?

Recall Test Signup and view all the answers

How does the framework of the Dual-Process Theory describe the cognitive system responsible for more intuitive processing?

System 1 Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of memory retrieval is characterized by the ability to recall more items at the end of a list due to their recent placement in short-term memory?

Recency Effect Signup and view all the answers

Which explicit memory test requires individuals to actively generate information previously studied, making it more effortful and less accurate than recognition tests?

Recall Test Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the scientific principle that posits memory recall is aided by matching the circumstances of encoding and retrieval?

Encoding Specificity Principle Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of System 1 in the Dual-Process Theory is shared with non-human species?

Unconscious processing Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory failure is most closely related to the persistence of unwanted memories?

Misattribution Signup and view all the answers

How does the encoding specificity principle relate to memory retrieval?

It suggests memory retrieval is aided by matching the circumstances of encoding and retrieval Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region supports System 2 processes in the Dual-Process Theory?

Prefrontal cortex areas Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory involves memories about personal experiences occurring at a specific time and place?

Episodic memory Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism does System 1 primarily operate through in the Dual-Process Theory?

Associative mechanism Signup and view all the answers

H.M. and Memory Systems

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Questions and Answers

What is the phenomenon called when items at the beginning and end of a list are more likely to be remembered than those in the middle?

Why are items at the beginning of a list more likely to be remembered according to the text?

What is the term used to describe remembering the early part of a list better than the middle part?

In which explicit memory test do individuals need to generate information previously studied?

What does Recency Effect refer to in memory consolidation?

Which part of a list is remembered better due to receiving more attention and rehearsal?

Which system is described as operating faster and being intuitive?

Which system is characterized by being slower and requiring effortful attention?

What type of memory involves experiencing unwanted memories over and over?

Which aspect of thinking involves working with mental representations and planning behaviors?

In Dual-Process Theory, System 1 is described as operating mainly via which mechanism?

Which brain regions support System 2 in the Dual-Process Theory?

What type of recall test provides no hints for retrieving information?

Which of the following tests is used to assess implicit memory?

What is the name of the principle that suggests memory retrieval is aided by matching the circumstances of encoding and retrieval?

Who is a pioneer in memory research?

What are nonsense syllables used in memory research often referred to as?

According to researchers, what happens to memories that are not revisited?

H.M. suffered from which medical condition as a child?

What type of long-term memory includes memories about personal experiences occurring at a specific time and place?

How does the declarative memory system differ from the nondeclarative/implicit memory system?

Which process involves strengthening memories over time?

Which structure initially stores memories before they are moved to other cortical areas for more permanent storage?

What improvement did H.M. experience as a result of his surgery?

Which type of memory failure is characterized by the inability to recall an event due to the interference of new information?

What is an example of a memory failure that Daniel Schacter proposed?

Which type of memory failure occurs when the lack of attention during encoding affects recall?

Which term refers to when our memories are altered by others' suggestions and statements?

What type of memory failure occurs when one's current feelings and worldview distort remembrance of past events?

Which type of memory failure is best illustrated by the inability to recall an old phone number due to a new one interfering with it?

What is the primary difference between declarative and nondeclarative/implicit memory systems?

What is the process by which memories are transferred from the hippocampus to other cortical areas for long-term storage?

What type of memory is responsible for our knowledge of how to perform tasks, such as playing the piano or riding a bicycle?

What is the term for the strengthening of memories over time?

What is the primary function of the medial temporal lobes, including the hippocampus?

What type of memory includes memories for facts and general knowledge about the world?

What is the primary difference between retroactive and proactive interference?

Which of the seven sins of memory proposed by Daniel Schacter is related to the influence of current feelings and worldview on past events?

What is the term used to describe the inability to recall an old phone number due to the interference of a new one?

Which of the following is an example of a retrieval failure?

What is the main idea behind the interference proposal of forgetting?

What is the relationship between the seven sins of memory proposed by Daniel Schacter and memory failure?

Which principle suggests that memory retrieval is aided by matching the circumstances of encoding and retrieval?

Which psychologist conducted important early experiments in memory from 1880 to 1885 and used himself as the primary subject?

What does the phrase 'cue' refer to in Cognitive Psychology?

What are 'nonsense syllables' also called in memory research?

What are the two main tests used to induce priming and assess implicit memory?

Which system operates mainly via automatic and unconscious processing?

What is the underlying cognitive process that contributes to the stronger memory recall of items at the beginning of a list?

Which memory phenomenon distinguishes between actively generating information previously studied and identifying previously studied information?

How does the framework of the Dual-Process Theory describe the cognitive system responsible for more intuitive processing?

Which aspect of memory retrieval is characterized by the ability to recall more items at the end of a list due to their recent placement in short-term memory?

Which explicit memory test requires individuals to actively generate information previously studied, making it more effortful and less accurate than recognition tests?

What term is used to describe the scientific principle that posits memory recall is aided by matching the circumstances of encoding and retrieval?

Which characteristic of System 1 in the Dual-Process Theory is shared with non-human species?

What type of memory failure is most closely related to the persistence of unwanted memories?

How does the encoding specificity principle relate to memory retrieval?

Which brain region supports System 2 processes in the Dual-Process Theory?

What type of memory involves memories about personal experiences occurring at a specific time and place?

Which mechanism does System 1 primarily operate through in the Dual-Process Theory?

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