60 Questions
What is the phenomenon called when items at the beginning and end of a list are more likely to be remembered than those in the middle?
Serial Position Effect
Why are items at the beginning of a list more likely to be remembered according to the text?
They received more attention and rehearsal
What is the term used to describe remembering the early part of a list better than the middle part?
Primacy Effect
In which explicit memory test do individuals need to generate information previously studied?
Recall Test
What does Recency Effect refer to in memory consolidation?
Immediate availability of recent information
Which part of a list is remembered better due to receiving more attention and rehearsal?
Beginning of the list
Which system is described as operating faster and being intuitive?
System 1
Which system is characterized by being slower and requiring effortful attention?
System 2
What type of memory involves experiencing unwanted memories over and over?
Persistent memory
Which aspect of thinking involves working with mental representations and planning behaviors?
Executive function
In Dual-Process Theory, System 1 is described as operating mainly via which mechanism?
Automatic and associative
Which brain regions support System 2 in the Dual-Process Theory?
Prefrontal cortex areas
What type of recall test provides no hints for retrieving information?
Free Recall
Which of the following tests is used to assess implicit memory?
Word-fragment Completion Test
What is the name of the principle that suggests memory retrieval is aided by matching the circumstances of encoding and retrieval?
Encoding Specificity Principle
Who is a pioneer in memory research?
Ebbinghaus
What are nonsense syllables used in memory research often referred to as?
CVC Trigrams
According to researchers, what happens to memories that are not revisited?
They decay over time
H.M. suffered from which medical condition as a child?
Epilepsy
What type of long-term memory includes memories about personal experiences occurring at a specific time and place?
Episodic memory
How does the declarative memory system differ from the nondeclarative/implicit memory system?
Declarative memories are consciously recalled while nondeclarative/implicit memories are not
Which process involves strengthening memories over time?
Consolidation
Which structure initially stores memories before they are moved to other cortical areas for more permanent storage?
Hippocampus
What improvement did H.M. experience as a result of his surgery?
Improved seizures
Which type of memory failure is characterized by the inability to recall an event due to the interference of new information?
Retroactive interference
What is an example of a memory failure that Daniel Schacter proposed?
Retrieval failure
Which type of memory failure occurs when the lack of attention during encoding affects recall?
Absentmindedness
Which term refers to when our memories are altered by others' suggestions and statements?
Suggestibility
What type of memory failure occurs when one's current feelings and worldview distort remembrance of past events?
Bias
Which type of memory failure is best illustrated by the inability to recall an old phone number due to a new one interfering with it?
Retroactive interference
What is the primary difference between declarative and nondeclarative/implicit memory systems?
One is conscious, the other is unconscious
What is the process by which memories are transferred from the hippocampus to other cortical areas for long-term storage?
Consolidation
What type of memory is responsible for our knowledge of how to perform tasks, such as playing the piano or riding a bicycle?
Procedural memory
What is the term for the strengthening of memories over time?
Consolidation
What is the primary function of the medial temporal lobes, including the hippocampus?
To form new explicit long-term memories
What type of memory includes memories for facts and general knowledge about the world?
Semantic memory
What is the primary difference between retroactive and proactive interference?
Retroactive interference involves the interference of new information with old information, while proactive interference involves the interference of old information with new information
Which of the seven sins of memory proposed by Daniel Schacter is related to the influence of current feelings and worldview on past events?
Bias
What is the term used to describe the inability to recall an old phone number due to the interference of a new one?
Retroactive interference
Which of the following is an example of a retrieval failure?
Jennifer Thompson's Story
What is the main idea behind the interference proposal of forgetting?
Forgetting occurs due to the interference of new information with old information
What is the relationship between the seven sins of memory proposed by Daniel Schacter and memory failure?
The seven sins are malfunctions that lead to memory failure
Which principle suggests that memory retrieval is aided by matching the circumstances of encoding and retrieval?
Encoding specificity principle
Which psychologist conducted important early experiments in memory from 1880 to 1885 and used himself as the primary subject?
Hermann Ebbinghaus
What does the phrase 'cue' refer to in Cognitive Psychology?
Information that aids the retrieval for other information
What are 'nonsense syllables' also called in memory research?
CVC trigrams
What are the two main tests used to induce priming and assess implicit memory?
Word-fragment completion and word-stem completion
Which system operates mainly via automatic and unconscious processing?
System 1
What is the underlying cognitive process that contributes to the stronger memory recall of items at the beginning of a list?
Primacy Effect
Which memory phenomenon distinguishes between actively generating information previously studied and identifying previously studied information?
Recall Test
How does the framework of the Dual-Process Theory describe the cognitive system responsible for more intuitive processing?
System 1
Which aspect of memory retrieval is characterized by the ability to recall more items at the end of a list due to their recent placement in short-term memory?
Recency Effect
Which explicit memory test requires individuals to actively generate information previously studied, making it more effortful and less accurate than recognition tests?
Recall Test
What term is used to describe the scientific principle that posits memory recall is aided by matching the circumstances of encoding and retrieval?
Encoding Specificity Principle
Which characteristic of System 1 in the Dual-Process Theory is shared with non-human species?
Unconscious processing
What type of memory failure is most closely related to the persistence of unwanted memories?
Misattribution
How does the encoding specificity principle relate to memory retrieval?
It suggests memory retrieval is aided by matching the circumstances of encoding and retrieval
Which brain region supports System 2 processes in the Dual-Process Theory?
Prefrontal cortex areas
What type of memory involves memories about personal experiences occurring at a specific time and place?
Episodic memory
Which mechanism does System 1 primarily operate through in the Dual-Process Theory?
Associative mechanism
Explore the case of H.M. who suffered from epilepsy and underwent a surgery that affected his ability to form new explicit long-term memories. Learn about the Declarative and Nondeclarative memory systems and their subdivisions.
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