Lifespan Development Chapter 10 PDF

Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development 46) Jean Piaget is best known for his pioneering work in the area of ________ development. a. social b. cognitive c. psychosocial d. identity Correct: Jean Piaget is...

Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development 46) Jean Piaget is best known for his pioneering work in the area of ________ development. a. social b. cognitive c. psychosocial d. identity Correct: Jean Piaget is often credited with initiating the modern science of cognitive development—the study of changes in memory, thought, and reasoning processes that occur throughout the lifespan. 406 Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 406 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the terminology associated with infancy and childhood. 47) The study of changes in memory, thought, and reasoning processes that occur throughout the lifespan is called _____________. a. mind development b. biodevelopment c. child psychology d. cognitive development Correct: This is the textbook's definition of cognitive development. 406 Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 406 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the terminology associated with infancy and childhood. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 1 of 39  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development 48) In Piaget's theory, the process of absorbing new information into existing cognitive structures is called __________. a. operations b. assimilation c. conservation d. accommodation Correct: According to Piaget, knowledge accumulates and is modified by two processes— assimilation and accommodation. In the case of assimilation, children add new information, but interpret it based on what they already know. 406 Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 406 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the terminology associated with infancy and childhood. 49) In Piaget's theory, the process of modifying existing cognitive structures in response to experience and new information is called _______________. a. operations b. accommodation c. conservation d. assimilation Correct: According to Piaget, accommodation occurs when children modify their belief structures based on experience. In contrast, assimilation occurs when children add new information, but interpret it based on what they already know. 406 Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 406 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the terminology associated with infancy and childhood. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 2 of 39  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development 50) According to Piaget, knowledge accumulates and is modified by which two processes? a. sensation and motion b. egocentrism and theory of mind c. conservation and object permanence d. assimilation and accommodation Correct: According to Piaget, knowledge accumulates and is modified by two processes— assimilation and accommodation. 406 Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 406 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the terminology associated with infancy and childhood. 51) Janis sees a bat flying over the lake and says, "Birdie"! Her mother says, "That flies like a bird, Janis, but that is a bat." Janis begins pointing saying, "Bat! Bat! Bat!" Piaget would say that this is an example of ____________. a. accommodation b. preoperational thought c. assimilation d. egocentric thinking Correct: According to Piaget, accommodation occurs when children modify their belief structures based on experience. In contrast, assimilation occurs when children add new information, but interpret it based on what they already know. Because Janis appears to think that all flying animals are birds, she must modify this belief in order to include the information about bats. 406 Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 406 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the terminology associated with infancy and childhood. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 3 of 39  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development 52) Kisha understands her world by grasping, sucking, and physically handling objects in her path. Kisha is in Piaget's ________ stage of development. a. sensorimotor b. preoperational c. concrete operational d. formal operational Correct: During the sensorimotor stage, infants' thinking and exploration of the world are based on immediate sensory (e.g., seeing, touching) and motor (e.g., grasping, mouthing) experiences. 407 Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 407 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the terminology associated with infancy and childhood. 53) The major developmental milestone of the _______________ stage is the achievement of object permanence. a. preoperational b. sensorimotor c. concrete operational d. formal operational Correct: According to Piaget, the development of object permanence is the significant developmental milestone of the sensorimotor stage. 407 Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 407 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 4 of 39  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development 54) If an expectant mother wants to avoid her child being born with cognitive deficits, what should she avoid during pregnancy? a. taking thalidomide b. flying in an airplane c. consuming alcohol d. red meat Correct: Alcohol is a powerful teratogen that can cause mental and physical problems for an unborn fetus. 396–397 Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 396–397 Skill: Factual Objective: Apply your understanding to identify the best ways expectant parents can ensure the health of their developing fetus. 55) Object __________ is a cognitive skill that refers to the fact that an object continues to exist when it is no longer perceived (seen, heard, etc). a. solidity b. stability c. continuity d. permanence Correct: Object permanence is the ability to understand that objects exist even when they cannot be seen or touched. Piaget proposed that it is a major milestone of cognitive development. 407 Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 407 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 5 of 39  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development 56) When her older brother hides behind the sofa, Carmella looks behind the sofa to find him. Carmella has developed ______________. a. object permanence b. equilibration c. conservation d. assimilation Correct: Object permanence is the ability to understand that objects exist even when they cannot be seen or touched. Without object permanence, Carmella would not would not be able to comprehend the fact that her brother is still present, but hidden. 407 Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 407 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the terminology associated with infancy and childhood. 57) Which of the following is the correct order of stages in Piaget's theory of cognitive development? a. formal operational, concrete operational, preoperational, sensory motor b. preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor c. sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational d. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational Correct: Piaget's stages of cognitive development are sensorimotor (0–2 years), preoperational (2–7 years), concrete operational (7–11 years), and formal operational (11 years to adult). 406 Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 406 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the terminology associated with infancy and childhood. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 6 of 39  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development 58) Which stage of cognitive development is characterized by understanding of symbols, pretend play, and mastery of the concept of conservation? a. formal operational b. preoperational c. concrete operational d. sensorimotor Correct: The preoperational stage, which spans ages two through seven years, is characterized by understanding of symbols, pretend play, and mastery of the concept of conservation. During this stage, children can look at and think about physical objects, although they have not quite attained abstract thinking abilities. 407 Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 407 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the terminology associated with infancy and childhood. 59) Alice is sitting at the table with her son Nikko. She takes his tall glass of milk and pours exactly half of it into a shorter wider glass. Then she says, "Honey, which glass has more milk?" Nikko immediately points to the taller glass. Nikko has not yet mastered Piaget's skill of _____________. a. centration b. egocentrism c. object permanence d. conservation Correct: Conservation is the knowledge that the quantity or amount of an object is not related to the physical arrangement and appearance of that object. In this example, Nikko does not understand that pouring fluid into different containers does not change the actual amount of fluid. This is a classic example of conservation (or the lack thereof). 407 Answer: d Diff: 2 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 7 of 39  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development Type: MC Page Reference: 407 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the terminology associated with infancy and childhood. 60) Miss Johnson gave Mark and Tia equal-sized lumps of clay. Tia immediately rolled hers into a long shape. Mark cried and complained that Tia had received more clay. Mark's behaviour represents a. an inability to accommodate. b. an inability to conserve. c. difficulty with formal operational tasks. d. an inability to assimilate. Correct: Conservation is the knowledge that the quantity or amount of an object is not related to the physical arrangement and appearance of that object. In this example, Mark does not understand that the total amount of clay is conserved as it is reshaped. 407–408 Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 407–408 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the terminology associated with infancy and childhood. 61) According to Piaget, a child in the _____________ stage of cognitive development should be able to understand many mathematical concepts such as transitivity, but is likely to have difficulty understanding the more abstract ideas found in algebra. a. formal operational b. preoperational c. concrete operational d. sensorimotor Correct: In the concrete operational stage (roughly spanning ages 7 to 11 years), children develop skills in using and manipulating numbers as well as logical thinking. However, Piaget believed that true abstract thinking does not develop until the formal operational stage. 408 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 8 of 39  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 408 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the terminology associated with infancy and childhood. 62) During which of Piaget's stages does a child demonstrate the ability to reason about abstract ideas? a. sensorimotor b. preoperational c. concrete operational d. formal operational Correct: The formal operational stage is characterized by the capacity for abstract and hypothetical thinking. 408 Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 408 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood. 63) Asking students to predict how the course of history may have changed if the first U.S. president were a woman would likely motivate students in which of Piaget's stages to answer thoroughly? a. sensorimotor b. preoperational c. concrete operational d. formal operational Correct: The formal operational stage is characterized by the capacity for abstract and hypothetical thinking. Because the first U.S. president was not a woman, this is an example of purely hypothetical reasoning. 408 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 9 of 39  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 408 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the terminology associated with infancy and childhood. 64) In which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development do people begin to think logically about abstract concepts? a. the sensorimotor stage b. the formal operational stage c. the concrete operational stage d. the preoperational stage Correct: The formal operational stage is characterized by the capacity for abstract and hypothetical thinking. 408 Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 408 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood. 65) The core knowledge hypothesis suggests that a. infants have inborn abilities for understanding some key aspects of their environment. b. children do not develop true abstract thinking until after puberty. c. children must first develop an essential set of cognitive skills before they can develop abstract thinking. d. children learn through a process of accommodation and assimilation. Correct: The core knowledge hypothesis is a view on development proposing that infants have inborn abilities for understanding some key aspects of their environment, and therefore, that newborns know something about the world before they have even experienced it. 409 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 10 of 39  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 409 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood. 66) The first time Greta showed a toy panda to her infant son, he appeared very interested and stared at it for a long time. Over time, however, Greta has noticed that her son has become less interested in the toy and only looks at it briefly. This is an example of ___________. a. conservation b. object permanence c. dishabituation d. habituation Correct: Habituation refers to a decrease in responding with repeated exposure to an event, something infants are well known for doing. For example, if an infant views the same stimulus or event over and over, she will stop looking at it. In this case, the habituated response is time spent looking at the event. 409 Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 409 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood. 67) Although not all psychologists agree, research using habituation and dishabituation discussed in your textbook suggests that very young infants might a. understand the meaning of some simple words. b. demonstrate object permanence. c. recognize their parents. d. have a rudimentary appreciation for numbers. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 11 of 39  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development Correct: The infants in this study looked longer at shapes when the tone that accompanied them matched in number, compared to when they did not match. The researchers believe that this finding is evidence that even very young infants have a rudimentary appreciation for abstract numbers. 409–410 Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 409–410 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood. 68) The zone of __________ development refers to the difference between what a child can do alone and what a child can do together with a more competent person. a. proximal b. assistive c. supplemented d. distal Correct: According to Lev Vygotsky, the zone of proximal development is ideal when a child attempts skills and activities that are just beyond what he or she can do alone, but the child has guidance from adults who are attentive to his or her progress. 410 Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 410 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the terminology associated with infancy and childhood. 69) Whereas Piaget saw cognitive development as a result of individual discovery and a child's interaction with objects, Vygotsky attributed cognitive development to a. biological changes in the brain. b. unconscious factors. c. completing activities in isolation. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 12 of 39  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development d. interaction between a child and skilled people. Correct: Unlike Piaget, Lev Vygotsky focused on the interaction between children and those that provide just the right amount of help to encourage cognitive development. He believed that development is ideal when a child attempts skills and activities that are just beyond what he or she can do alone, but the child has guidance from adults who are attentive to his or her progress. 410–411 Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 410–411 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the terminology associated with infancy and childhood. 70) The emotional bond that a newborn baby shares with his or her caregiver(s) is called ____________. a. maternal love b. temperament c. affective link d. attachment Correct: Attachment is an enduring emotional bond formed between individuals. For infants, attachment is extremely important for survival and psychological health. 411 Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 411, Module 10.2 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the importance of attachment and the different styles of attachment. 71) What kind of animals did Harry Harlow and his colleagues use to discredit the most commonly accepted theory of attachment of the time? a. geese b. monkeys Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 13 of 39  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development c. pigeons d. rats Correct: Early psychologists speculated that infants form attachments to whoever satisfies their hunger and thirst. Harlow famously showed that infant monkeys formed attachments with surrogate "mothers" that provided comfort, not the ones that provided food. 412– 413 Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 412–413 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the importance of attachment and the different styles of attachment. 72) Harlow's study of infant rhesus monkeys showed that a. surrogate mothers who were cold to the touch but provided food and water produced the strongest attachment responses. b. surrogate mothers who were soft to the touch but did not provide food and water produced the strongest attachment responses. c. early imprinting led to the strongest attachments of monkeys to their surrogate mothers. d. surrogate mothers who were inconsistent in providing food and water produced the weakest attachment responses. Correct: Harlow famously showed that infant monkeys formed attachments with surrogate "mothers" covered in soft terrycloth, not the wireframe ones that provided food. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 412–413 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand the importance of attachment and the different styles of attachment. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 14 of 39  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development 73) In Harlow's studies with young monkeys, the monkeys were exposed to a wire mother with a bottle and a cloth mother without a bottle. The young monkeys spent their non-feeding time a. with the wire mother. b. with both mothers equally. c. with the cloth mother. d. away from both mothers. Correct: Harlow famously showed that infant monkeys deprived of maternal care clung compulsively to a piece of terrycloth wrapped around a cylinder of wire mesh that loosely resembled the body shape of an adult monkey. Infant monkeys spent much less time with an identical wire object that lacked the terrycloth, even though the infant's food was attached to it. 412–413 Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 412–413 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the importance of attachment and the different styles of attachment. 74) Which of the following theories of attachment was effectively discredited by the work of Harry Harlow? a. Babies become attached to adults who are pleasant to touch. b. Babies become attached to adults who provide them with nourishment. c. Babies become attached to adults who smile at them. d. Babies become attached to adults who talk in quiet voices. Correct: Early psychologists speculated that infants form attachments to whoever satisfies their hunger and thirst. Harlow famously showed that infant monkeys formed attachments with surrogate "mothers" that provided comfort, not the ones that provided food. 412– 413 Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 15 of 39  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development Page Reference: 412–413 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand the importance of attachment and the different styles of attachment. 75) Psychologist Mary Ainsworth developed the __________ test in order to assess the different types of attachment that might exist between a child and his or her primary caregiver. a. theory of mind b. separation c. strange situation d. attachment schema Correct: Studies of attachment by Mary Ainsworth involved a mother leaving her infant with a stranger. This "strange situation" protocol has been used to characterize the type of attachment infants have toward their mothers or caregivers. 413–414 Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 413–414 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand the importance of attachment and the different styles of attachment. 76) Young Pemba is being observed as he plays in a room with his mother. Pemba frequently plays with the toys in the room, but occasionally looks back at his mother to make sure she is there. After a quick smile is exchanged between mother and child, Pemba goes back to playing with the toys. When Pemba's mother leaves the room, he becomes moderately upset, but is easily soothed when she returns. Which type of attachment does Pemba seem to have with his mother? a. loving b. secure c. interdependent d. developmental Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 16 of 39  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development Correct: For children who have a secure style of attachment, their caregiver is a base that the child uses as he or she explores. In the strange situation, the child plays comfortably while the mother is in the room. The child may or may not cry when the mother leaves, and seeks contact with her upon returning. 413–414 Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 413–414 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand the importance of attachment and the different styles of attachment. 77) Which of the following children is most likely to be upset when her father leaves the room? a. Ilsa, who has an insecure-resistant attachment to her father b. Nola, who has a secure attachment to her father c. Denia, who has a disorganized attachment to her father d. Lakesha, who has an insecure-avoidant attachment to her father Correct: Children with an insecure-resistant attachment style are upset when their caregiver leaves, but are angry when he or she returns. 413–414 Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 413–414 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand the importance of attachment and the different styles of attachment. 78) Some children who were observed in the strange situation scenario did not demonstrate one consistent attachment style, but instead seemed unable to decide how they should react to their mother and to new circumstances. Researchers have labeled this the insecure-__________ attachment style. a. secure Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 17 of 39  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development b. disorganized c. resistant d. avoidant Correct: Disorganized is a subtype of insecure attachment. A child with insecure- disorganized attachment does not have a consistent pattern of behaviour either when the mother leaves or when she returns. The child might freeze for a moment, seemingly unsure of what to do next. 413–414 Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 413–414 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand the importance of attachment and the different styles of attachment. 79) According to Piaget, egocentrism and a lack of conservation ability are both qualities that are seen in the ________ stage of development. a. preconventional b. preoperational c. concrete operations d. formal operations Correct: Piaget believed that children were egocentric and lacked conservation until the end of the preoperational stage. 414–415 Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 414–415 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the terminology associated with infancy and childhood. 80) According to Piaget, egocentrism involves a. the perception that others view the world as you do. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 18 of 39  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development b. the perception that others view the world differently than you do. c. the perception that you might be incorrect in your judgments. d. the perception that you are better than others. Correct: Piaget concluded that children were egocentric through the preoperational phase, meaning that they perceive and interpret the world in terms of the self. This does not imply that children are selfish or inconsiderate. Instead, it means that young children assume everyone else shares their perspective. 414–415 Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 414–415 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood. 81) What is meant by the term "egocentrism"? a. A child lacks the ability to consider perspectives other than his or her own. b. A child is extremely arrogant and feels that he or she is better than others. c. A child is very selfish and refuses to share his or her possessions with others. d. A child lacks the motivation do things for him- or herself and expects them to be done by others. Correct: Piaget concluded that children were egocentric through the preoperational phase, meaning that they perceive and interpret the world in terms of the self. This does not imply that children are selfish or inconsiderate. Instead, it means that young children assume everyone else shares their perspective. 414–415 Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 414–415 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood. 82) Piaget mistakenly believed that Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 19 of 39  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development a. children begin to grasp the concept of object permanence during the sensorimotor stage. b. during the stage of concrete operations, children understand conservation. c. an understanding of self-awareness does not appear until the formal operational stage. d. preoperational children cannot take another person's point of view. Correct: Piaget believed that children were egocentric until the end of the preoperational stage. Modern research indicates that children take the perspective of others long before the preoperational phase is complete. 415 Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 415 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood. 83) A child's ability to understand that others' thoughts, beliefs, and expectations can differ from his or her own is called theory of ___________. a. schema b. disintegration c. mind d. egocentrism Correct: Theory of mind refers to the ability to recognize the thoughts, beliefs, and expectations of others, and to understand that these can be different from one's own. 415 Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 415 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood. 84) At five years old, Sammy is better able to understand his friends' feelings as compared to when he was three years old. Sammy is acquiring a ___________. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 20 of 39  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development a. theory of mind b. self-concept c. sense of identity d. sense of self-reflection Correct: Theory of mind refers to the ability to recognize the thoughts, beliefs, and expectations of others, and to understand that these can be different from one's own. The development of a theory of mind indicates a shift away from egocentrism. 415 Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 415 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood. 85) Theorist __________ believed that every stage of life has a conflict in need of resolution. a. Carl Jung b. Erik Erikson c. Lev Vygotsky d. Jean Piaget Correct: Erik Erikson believed that personality develops in eight separate stages, each of which involves a particular psychosocial crisis—that is, a struggle between two opposing beliefs about oneself. 435–437 Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 435–437 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key areas of growth experienced by emerging adults. 86) ___________ marks the transition from childhood to adolescence. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 21 of 39  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development a. Marriage b. Entering the formal operational stage c. Puberty d. Becoming 13 years old Correct: Puberty marks the physical transition from childhood to adolescence.421 Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 421 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology concerning adolescent development. 87) Which of the following is an example of a primary sex characteristic? a. changes in vocal tone b. growth of the breasts c. growth of the genitals d. growth of facial hair Correct: Primary sex traits refer to those sex traits directly associated with reproduction, including the genitals and gonads (testes or ovaries). In contrast, other sex traits are secondary to the reproductive process, including growth in breast size and the increased distribution of fat at the hips and buttocks in females, and growth of facial and body hair and a deepening of the voice in males. 421 Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 421 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology concerning adolescent development. 88) The body's reproductive organs are an example of ____________. a. adrenal glands Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 22 of 39  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development b. thyroid glands c. primary sex traits d. secondary sex traits Correct: Primary sex traits refer to those sex traits directly associated with reproduction, including the genitals and gonads (testes or ovaries). In contrast, other sex traits are secondary to the reproductive process, including growth in breast size and the increased distribution of fat at the hips and buttocks in females, and growth of facial and body hair and a deepening of the voice in males. 421 Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 421 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology concerning adolescent development. 89) Which is an example of a secondary sex trait? a. genitals b. ovaries c. voice change d. sperm Correct: Primary sex traits refer to those sex traits directly associated with reproduction, including the genitals and gonads (testes or ovaries). In contrast, other sex traits are secondary to the reproductive process, including growth in breast size and the increased distribution of fat at the hips and buttocks in females, and growth of facial and body hair and a deepening of the voice in males. 421 Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 421 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology concerning adolescent development. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 23 of 39  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development 90) Puberty is associated with the onset of __________. a. menopause b. menarche c. dementia d. generativity Correct: For girls, puberty is marked by menarche—the onset of menstruation—which typically occurs around age 12. Generativity versus stagnation is one of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, but is not associated with puberty. 421 Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 421 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology concerning adolescent development. 91) __________ is to girls as __________ is to boys. a. Menarche; spermarche b. Spermarche; menarche c. Puberty; adolescence d. Adolescence; puberty Correct: For girls, puberty is marked by the onset of menstruation, referred to as menarche. The corresponding developmental milestone for boys is spermarche, the first ejaculation of sperm. 421 Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 421 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology concerning adolescent development. 92) During menarche, adolescents experience Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 24 of 39  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development a. the onset of menstruation. b. the first ejaculation. c. voice changes. d. the end of menstruation. Correct: For girls, puberty is marked by the onset of menstruation, referred to as menarche. 421 Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 421 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology concerning adolescent development. 93) Excessive risk taking during adolescence is caused, at least in part, by the fact that the _____________ is not fully developed. a. prefrontal cortex b. amygdala c. hippocampus d. medial temporal lobe Correct: In recent years, psychologists and neuroscientists have implicated ongoing changes in the prefrontal cortex as the basis of some of the behavioural issues that are especially likely to occur during adolescence. 424–425 Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 424–425 Skill: Factual Objective: Analyze the relationship between brain development and adolescent judgment and risk taking. 94) According to Kohlberg, behaviour motivated by the avoidance of punishment represents ________ morality. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 25 of 39  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development a. preconventional b. conventional c. postconventional d. formal conventional Correct: Preconventional morality is characterized by self-interest in seeking reward or avoiding punishment. Preconventional morality is considered a very basic and egocentric form of moral reasoning. 426 Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 426 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand the functions of moral emotions. 95) Karla can speed on a certain stretch of the interstate without being ticketed, yet she decides not to speed because it is unlawful. Karla's reasoning reflects ________ reasoning. a. preconventional b. conventional c. postconventional d. formal conventional Correct: With conventional morality, social conventions and laws are used to determine whether a behaviour is right or wrong. People with a postconventional moral reasoning view laws as relative and determine right and wrong based on more abstract principles. Karla can speed without getting a ticket, so she appears not to be in the preconventional stage of moral development, which is characterized by avoiding punishment and seeking reward. 426 Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 426 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply your understanding of the categories of moral reasoning. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 26 of 39  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development 96) The highest level of moral reasoning, called __________ morality, is based on internal principles that transcend society. a. conventional b. postconventional c. preconventional d. retroconventional Correct: Kohlberg considered postconventional morality the highest level of moral reasoning. People with this type of moral orientation consider rules and laws as relative and view right and wrong as determined by more abstract principles of justice and rights. 426 Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 426 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the functions of moral emotions. 97) Young Jamal is asked whether it is right for a police officer to give a speeding ticket to a man who is driving his daughter to the hospital after a serious injury that left her with several broken bones. Which of the following answers would demonstrate the postconventional level of moral reasoning in Jamal? a. "He broke the rules. He should get a ticket, but should have to pay less than someone who was speeding for no good reason." b. "Everyone speeds and he has a good reason, so he shouldn't get a ticket." c. "Speeding is breaking the rules, and when you break the rules you deserve to be punished." d. "The man was trying to get his daughter to help, and he wasn't hurting anyone. As long as he doesn't normally speed, he should be let off with a warning." Correct: People with a postconventional moral orientation consider rules and laws as relative and view right and wrong as determined by more abstract principles of justice and rights. In this example, breaking a law is justified by the moral imperative to help someone who is injured and in urgent need of help. 426 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 27 of 39  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 426 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply your understanding of the categories of moral reasoning. 98) Jonathan Haidt and his colleagues suggest that _______________ is a "moral emotion" that guides our moral reasoning. a. love b. righteousness c. altruism d. disgust Correct: Disgust is a very primal emotion that often guides our moral reasoning and decision making. Psychologists Jonathan Haidt and his colleagues conceive of disgust as a "moral emotion." 426–427 Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 426–427 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology concerning adolescent development. 99) A major part of adolescence is the development of a self-image and a perception of one's unique and individual characteristics. This is referred to as one's ___________. a. popularity b. ego c. personality d. identity Correct: A major issue faced by adolescents is the formation of an identity, a self-image, and a perception of one's unique and individual characteristics. 428 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 28 of 39  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 428 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology concerning adolescent development. 100) Audrey and Sam are having an argument and Audrey has decided to use ‘the silent treatment’ as a tactic for showing her anger. Which of the four unproductive approaches to conflict resolution discussed in your text is Audrey displaying? a. criticism b. contempt c. defensiveness d. stonewalling Correct: Stonewalling occurs when one person refuses to communicate during conflict resolution. 438–439 Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 438–439 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply effective communication principles to the challenge of improving your own relationships. 101) You don’t like a supper your partner has prepared, but you decide to thank your partner for preparing it rather than stating your opinion. Which of the ”four horsemen of the relationship apocalypse” have you just avoided? a. criticism b. contempt c. defensiveness d. stonewalling Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 29 of 39  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development Correct: By not criticizing the food your partner prepared, you are helping promote a healthier communication style. 438–439 Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 438–439 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply effective communication principles to the challenge of improving your own relationships. 102) Your partner says he is hurt that you forgot your anniversary, and you reply, “Well, you forgot it last year!” Which one of the “four horseman of the relationship apocalypse” are you displaying?” a. criticism b. contempt c. defensiveness d. stonewalling Correct: Defensiveness is problematic. It is better to try problem solving. 438–439 Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 438–439 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply effective communication principles to the challenge of improving your own relationships. 103) According to your textbook, which of the following is true regarding adolescents and Internet use? a. While earlier studies indicated that Internet use was associated with becoming less socially connected, recent studies indicate it might be associated with feeling more socially connected. b. While earlier studies indicated that Internet use was associated with becoming more socially connected, recent studies indicate it might be associated with feeling less socially connected. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 30 of 39  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development c. Studies indicate that social connectedness is associated with cyberbullying. d. The majority of adolescents meet the criteria for pathological Internet use. Correct: Early studies showed that Internet use was associated with less social connectedness, while more recent studies have found the opposite effect. This may be because the increase in online social networking means that adolescents spend much of their time online interacting with their real-world friends. 420 Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 420 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the importance of relationships in adolescence. 104) Which of the following is true regarding same-sex sexual behaviour during adolescence? a. Females are more likely than males to describe adolescent same-sex experiences as just "experimentation." b. Sexual and emotional interest in members of the same sex generally appears during early childhood. c. A large percentage of adolescents who identify themselves as heterosexual have had at least one sexual experience with a same-sex person. d. The number of sexual experiences during adolescence with members of the same sex are probably over reported. Correct: As many as 60% of adolescents who identify themselves as being heterosexual have had at least one sexual encounter with a member of the same sex. Nearly half of all heterosexual adult males who reported same-sex activity during adolescence regarded the sex as a phase of experimentation. In contrast, most women who engaged in same-sex encounters during adolescence also did so during adulthood. 429 Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 429 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology concerning adolescent development. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 31 of 39  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development 105) __________ adulthood is a period during a person's early 20s in which they still depend on their parents for financial and emotional support. a. Early b. Emerging c. Transitional d. Adolescent Correct: In the United States and other countries, many children appear to be dependent on their parents well into their 20s. This has led some psychologists to propose a new stage in social development called emerging adulthood. 432 Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 432 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key areas of growth experienced by emerging adults. 106) Which of the following marks the biological beginning of adulthood according to psychologists? a. the loss of virginity b. turning 18 c. puberty d. The start of adulthood is usually defined by sociocultural norms and does not have a biological marker. Correct: Unlike adolescence, the beginning of adulthood is not marked by a specific event, biological or otherwise. 432 Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 432 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key areas of growth experienced by emerging adults. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 32 of 39  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development 107) The cessation of menstruation is called ___________. a. menopause b. endometriosis c. menarche d. the climacteric Correct: One major physical change affecting women at approximately age 50 is menopause, the termination of the menstrual cycle and reproductive ability. 432 Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 432 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key areas of growth experienced by emerging adults. 108) Which of the following is true of dementia? a. Dementia is a specific disease. b. Dementia is almost always caused by Alzheimer's disease. c. Dementia is a normal part of aging. d. Dementia is a set of symptoms that often result from neurodegenerative disorders. Correct: Dementia refers to a set of symptoms including mild to severe disruption of mental functioning, memory loss, disorientation, poor judgment, and decision making. Dementia is associated with neurodegenerative disorders including, but not limited to, Alzheimer's disease. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 432–433 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand age-related disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 33 of 39  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development 109) A theory discussed in your textbook states that the deterioration of cognitive abilities associated with Alzheimer's disease is caused by a. the depletion of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex. b. the buildup of proteins inside and outside of neurons that disrupt normal functioning. c. the creation of inappropriate synaptic connections between neurons. d. the inactivation of glutamate receptors. Correct: According to one theory, Alzheimer's disease is possibly due to amyloid plaques, proteins that clump together in the spaces between neurons, interrupting their normal activity. In addition, another type of protein (tau) builds up and forms tangles within nerve cells, which severely disrupts their structural integrity and functioning. 433 Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 433 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand age-related disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. 110) One's accumulated knowledge gained over time is called _______________. a. crystallized intelligence b. fluid intelligence c. emotional intelligence d. formal intelligence Correct: Crystallized intelligence is a type of intelligence based on accumulated experiences and skills. In contrast, fluid intelligence involves processes such as problem solving and reasoning that do not rely on previous experience. 434 Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 434 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand how cognitive abilities change with age. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 34 of 39  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development 111) As people move into old age, the speed of cognitive processing a. slows down. b. increases, but only for those who take vitamins. c. declines along with crystallized intelligence. d. does not change at all. Correct: Fluid intelligence, which includes the speed at which cognitive processing occurs, decreases as adults age. 434 Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 434 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand how cognitive abilities change with age. 112) In general, as older adults age, a. all cognitive abilities decline. b. no cognitive abilities decline in healthy adults. c. some cognitive abilities decline, while others are relatively stable. d. many cognitive abilities actually improve. Correct: Fluid intelligence reaches a peak during young adulthood and proceeds to decline, whereas crystallized intelligence is relatively stable in healthy adults. 434 Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 434 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand how cognitive abilities change with age. 113) Which of the following memories is an older adult most likely to have difficulty remembering? Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 35 of 39  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development a. how to type on a keyboard without looking b. the name of the telephone's inventor c. how to change the oil on a car d. the specific events that occurred last Thanksgiving Correct: Episodic and working memory tend to decline with age, while semantic and procedural memories remain fairly stable. Remembering a specific event requires episodic memory, while the other options require semantic (factual) or procedural (motor skills) memory. 434 Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 434 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand how cognitive abilities change with age. 114) In healthy adults, __________ memory tends to remain stable, while ___________ memory declines with age. a. semantic; working b. procedural; semantic c. episodic; working d. episodic; procedural. Correct: Episodic and working memory tend to decline with age, while semantic and procedural memories remain fairly stable. 434 Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 434 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how cognitive abilities change with age. 115) Compared to unmarried people, people who are married Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 36 of 39  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development a. are likely to have better mental health, but worse physical health. b. are likely to have better physical health, but worse mental health. c. are likely to have better mental and physical health. d. have similar mental and physical health. Correct: Overall, marriage appears to benefit physical and mental health. Married couples monitor their medical care more effectively, report greater sexual satisfaction and frequency, and are more financially secure than are unmarried people. 437 Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 437 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key areas of growth experienced by emerging adults. 116) The best way to reduce the impact of cohort effects is to use which type of research design? a. a longitudinal design b. a cross-sectional design c. a between-subjects design d. a correlational design Correct: Cohort effects reflect differences in people born at different times. If you are comparing people born in the 1980s to people born in the 2000s, some of the differences might not be because of age, but because of the time period they were born in. A longitudinal study uses people from a single cohort and thus reduces cohort effects. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 393, Module 10.1 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand the pros and cons to different research designs in developmental psychology. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 37 of 39  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development 117) Dr. Allen wants to conduct research comparing 3-, 6-, and 9-year-olds that will be completed in the next twelve months. Which type of research design should Dr. Allen use? a. a longitudinal design b. a correlational design c. a within-subjects design d. a cross-sectional design Correct: The main benefit of a cross-sectional design is that it can compare children of different ages simultaneously. 393 Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 393 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the pros and cons to different research designs in developmental psychology. 118) Suzy has just learned how to sound out each written letter in the alphabet. Her teacher, Mrs. Etherington, wants to use scaffolded learning. What would be a good ‘next step’ to teach Suzy to read? a. teaching Suzy how to print the letters she can now sound out b. teaching Suzy how to sound out simple words such as ‘cat’ and ‘bat’ c. teaching Suzy the difference between consonants and vowels d. teaching Suzy how to read a consonant and a letter put together such as ‘ba’ or ‘da’ Correct: The zone of proximal development/scaffolded teaching involves having children learn new skills that are just slightly beyond the skills they have already learned. 410– 411 Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 410–411 Skill: Factual Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 38 of 39  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 10: Lifespan Development Objective: Apply the concept of scaffolding and the zone of proximal development to understand how to best promote learning. 119) Compared to younger people, healthy older adults in North America are more likely to a. suffer from depression. b. be physically active. c. be optimistic. d. be pessimistic. Correct: Older people are more likely than their younger counterparts to see the glass as half full; in other words, they are generally more optimistic than young adults and adolescents. Healthy older adults are no more likely to become depressed than are younger people. 440 Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 440 Skill: Factual Objective: Analyze the stereotype that old age is a time of unhappiness. 120) Emotional well-being tends to ___________ as adults age. a. decrease slightly b. increase c. decrease precipitously d. remain fairly constant Correct: Emotional well-being tends to increase as people get older. 439–440 Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 439–440 Skill: Factual Objective: Analyze the stereotype that old age is a time of unhappiness. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 39 of 39