Bachelor of Technology and Livelihood Education (Home Economics) PDF

**BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD EDUCATION** **Major in Home Economics** **Exploring the Concept of Human Development:** **A Comprehensive Review** Submitted to: **Mr. Michael N. Buligan, LPT, MAED Cand., TM1, NTTC** Professor, TLEHE CAD Submitted by: **Eve Shania A. Data** 2024- 202...

**BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD EDUCATION** **Major in Home Economics** **Exploring the Concept of Human Development:** **A Comprehensive Review** Submitted to: **Mr. Michael N. Buligan, LPT, MAED Cand., TM1, NTTC** Professor, TLEHE CAD Submitted by: **Eve Shania A. Data** 2024- 2025, First Semester I. **Human Development** **Meaning of Human Development** Human development refers to the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development of humans throughout the lifespan. What types of development are involved in each of these three domains, or areas, of life? Physical development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness. Cognitive development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity. Psychosocial development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships. Developmental psychology has evolved to encompass all stages of life, from infancy to old age, refuting the previous belief that development is completed by age 25. This field is now focusing more on adulthood, recognizing it as a dynamic period of continued cognitive, social, and psychological growth. Key questions investigated by developmental psychologists include whether children are fundamentally different from adults, how development occurs, and the role of social context. This discipline informs various applied fields such as educational psychology and developmental psychopathology, and draws from diverse scientific fields including biology and sociology. **Concepts of Human Development** Human development refers to the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development of humans throughout the lifespan**.** 1. **Physical Domain-** Physical development also includes puberty, sexual health, fertility, menopause, changes in our senses, and primary versus secondary aging. Healthy habits with nutrition and exercise are also important at every age and stage across the lifespan. 2. **Cognitive Domain-** Cognitive development includes mental processes, thinking, learning, and understanding, and it doesn't stop in childhood. 3. **Psychosocial Domain-** Psychosocial development continues across adulthood with similar (and some different) developmental issues of family, friends, parenting, romance, divorce, remarriage, blended families, caregiving for elders, becoming grandparents and great grandparents, retirement, new careers, coping with losses, and death and dying. **Approaches on Human Development** Human development is a complex and multifaceted concept that can be approached from various perspectives. Here are some key approaches to understanding and promoting human development: 1. **Income Approach**- One of the oldest and most traditional ways of assessing human development. In this approach, the level of human development is directly linked to income levels. The underlying idea is that higher income leads to greater freedom and opportunities for individuals. 2. **Welfare Approach**- Views human beings as passive recipients of development initiatives rather than active participants. It emphasizes the role of the government in providing essential services and amenities, such as education, healthcare, and social security. 3. **Basic Needs Approach**- Initially proposed by the International Labor Organization (ILO), the basic needs approach identifies six fundamental requirements for human development: health, education, food, water supply, sanitation, and housing. 4. **Capability Approach**- associated with Nobel laureate Amartya Sen, focuses on building human capabilities as the primary driver of human development. Rather than solely emphasizing income or material well-being, this approach highlights the importance of enabling individuals to lead lives they value. II. **Stages of Human Development and Developmental Tasks** Human development is a branch of psychology with the goal of understanding people --- how they develop, grow, and change throughout their lives. This discipline, which can help individuals better understand themselves and their relationships, is broad. As such, it can be used in various professional settings and career paths. 1. **Infancy (Trust vs. Mistrust)** \- In the first stage of human development, infants learn to trust based on how well their caregivers meet their basic needs and respond when they cry. If an infant cries out to be fed, the parent can either meet this need by feeding and comforting the infant or not meet this need by ignoring the infant. When their needs are met, infants learn that relying on others is safe; when their needs go unmet, infants grow up to be less trusting. 2. **Toddler (Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt)** \- Like in the first stage, toddlers go through this stage responding to their caregivers. If caregivers encourage them to be independent and explore the world on their own, toddlers will grow up with a sense of self-efficacy. If the caregivers hover excessively or encourage dependence, these toddlers grow up with less confidence in their abilities. 3. **Preschool Years (Initiative vs. Guilt)** **-** During the preschool years, children learn to assert themselves and speak up when they need something. Some children may state that they're sad because a friend stole their toy. If this assertiveness is greeted with a positive reaction, they learn that taking initiative is helpful behavior. However, if they're made to feel guilty or ashamed for their assertiveness, they may grow up to be timid and less likely to take the lead. 4. **Early School Years (Industry vs. Inferiority)** 5. **Adolescence (Identity vs. Role Confusion)** **-** The adolescent stage is where the term "identity crisis" originated, and for good reason. Adolescence is all about developing a sense of self. Adolescents who can clearly identify who they are grow up with stronger goals and self-knowledge than teenagers who struggle to break free of their parents' or friends' influences. Adolescents who still deeply depend on their parents for social interaction and guidance may experience more role confusion than teenagers who pursue their own interests. **Concepts of Human Development** Human development refers to the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development of humans throughout the lifespan. What types of development are involved in each of these three domains, or areas, of life? Physical development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness. Cognitive development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity. Psychosocial development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships.  1. **Physical Domain-** It involves brain development, motor skills, coordination, puberty, sexual health, fertility, menopause, changes in senses, and aging. 2. **Cognitive Domain-** It encompasses mental processes, learning, and understanding, logical thinking about the concrete world differs from that of adolescents. 3. **Psychosocial Domain-** development in this domain involves what's going on both psychologically and socially. It involves emotions, personality, and social relationships. III. **Issues on Human Development** Throughout the history of psychology, a number of important issues have been debated regarding human development. These issues include Nature vs. Nurture The debate over the relative contributions of inheritance versus environment in development, usually referred to as the [nature versus nurture debate](https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-nature-versus-nurture-2795392), is one of the oldest issues in both philosophy and psychology. Philosophers such as Plato and Descartes supported the idea that some ideas are inborn. However, thinkers such as John Locke argued for the concept of *tabula rasa---*a belief that the mind is a blank slate at birth, with experience determining our knowledge. Today, most psychologists believe an interaction between both of these forces creates development. Some aspects of development are distinctly biological, such as puberty. However, the onset of puberty can be affected by environmental factors such as diet and nutrition. A second important consideration in developmental psychology involves the relative importance of early experiences versus those that occur later in life. Are we more affected by events that occur in early childhood, or do later events play an equally important role? Psychoanalytic theorists tend to focus on events that occur in early childhood. According to Freud, much of a child\'s personality is completely established by the age of five. If this is indeed the case, those who have experienced deprived or abusive childhoods might never adjust or develop normally. In contrast to this view, researchers have found that the influence of childhood events does not necessarily have a dominating effect over behavior throughout life, however there is evidence that childhood adversity may correlate to greater levels of stress in adulthood. Many people with less-than-perfect childhoods go on to develop normally into well-adjusted adults. A third major issue in developmental psychology is that of continuity. Does change occur smoothly over time, or through a series of predetermined steps? Some theories of development argue changes are simply a matter of quantity; children display *more* of certain skills as they grow older. Other theories outline a series of sequential stages, with certain skills emerging at certain developmental stages. IV. **Child and Adolescence Development** Child and Adolescent Development is the study of the biological, physical, socio-emotional, and cognitive growth and development of the child from conception through emerging adulthood. Using theory, empirical research, and practice, this rigorous academic program prepares students to work as agents of social change with diverse populations of children, adolescents, emerging adults, and families in a variety of areas, including education, advocacy, research, policy, counseling, and/or other settings. **References** Indirapriya D.A, Palanikumar B. (2023), Human Growth and Development Class 12 Geography Notes, (2024), Approaches to Human Development Kendra Cherry, MSEd, (2023), Issues in Developmental Psychology Lumen Learning, Module 1 Lifespan Development Maryville University, Stages of Human Development