Anatomy Study Guide Exam 1.pdf

Anatomy Study Guide: Feel free to edit and add information so we can collectively make a study guide! I kept the main prompts in black font, but feel free to change the color of anything you add! Exam 1 Blueprint Anatomy Date of Exam: 9/30/24 The exam...

Anatomy Study Guide: Feel free to edit and add information so we can collectively make a study guide! I kept the main prompts in black font, but feel free to change the color of anything you add! Exam 1 Blueprint Anatomy Date of Exam: 9/30/24 The exam is split into 50 questions. Mostly multiple choice with a few true and false and one select all that apply. You will have 75 minutes to complete the exam. Some of the questions will reference attached photos. There is a couple scenario questions that are a part of the test. These are used to help connect anatomy to real life scenarios. Review of anatomical terms Regional anatomy: body’s organization by layers - Skin, subcutaneous tissue, deep fascia, muscles, skeleton, cavities containing viscera (organs) Surface anatomy: - Structures that are visible and palpable below the skin (anatomical landmarks) Anatomical position: - Head, eyes, and toes directed anteriorly, palms facing anteriorly, lower limbs close together with feet parallel - Superior, cranial vs inferior, caudal: - Superior: nearest to cranium - Cranium: towards the head - Inferior: nearest to foot - Caudal: towards the feet https://docs.google.com/document/d/11M2k6Z-_qp7Jfy-bQzXMGvTSW_HRY4dGYlpxLrE0PQ8/mobilebasic 9/28/24, 8 08 PM Page 1 of 16 :  Anterior (ventral/rostral) vs posterior (dorsal): - anterior/ventral : front of body - Rostral: front (terms of brain) - posterior/dorsal: back of body Medial vs lateral: - Medial: near median plane of body - Lateral: farther away from median plane of body Dorsal surface vs Palmar surface vs Plantar surface - Dorsal surface: posterior hand and superior foot surface - Palmar surface: anterior hand - Plantar surface: inferior foot surface Superficial vs Intermediate vs Deep - Superficial: towards surface of body - Deep: away from surface of body Proximal vs Distal - Proximal: nearer to the attachment of a limb to the body - Distal: farther away from the attachment of a limb to the body https://docs.google.com/document/d/11M2k6Z-_qp7Jfy-bQzXMGvTSW_HRY4dGYlpxLrE0PQ8/mobilebasic 9/28/24, 8 08 PM Page 2 of 16 :  Review of anatomical planes Median (sagittal): look at left and right sides Frontal (coronal): look at front and back Transverse (axial): chop in half Review the structure and purpose of bones, cartilage Bones: - Function: - Provide support for the body and its vital cavities - Protection - Mechanical basis for movement - Storage for salts (calcium) - Continuous supply of new blood cells (produced in bone marrow) - Types of Bone: Spongy and Compact - Compact: provide strength for weight bearing and stores calcium, more dense - Spongy: some have medullary cavity (marrow) with yellow (fatty) marrow and red (blood cell and platelet forming) marrow, less dense Basic parts of the bone (Diaphysis, Epiphysis, Metaphysis, Articular Surface, periosteum) - Diaphysis (shaft) - Long central portion of bone - Epiphysis (proximal and distal): - Enlargement of bone that caps the diaphysis (on both ends) - Metaphysis (proximal and distal): - Locations within long bones where growth plates are found https://docs.google.com/document/d/11M2k6Z-_qp7Jfy-bQzXMGvTSW_HRY4dGYlpxLrE0PQ8/mobilebasic 9/28/24, 8 08 PM Page 3 of 16 :  - Articular surface - Ends of epiphysis on both ends that are lined by hyaline cartilage - Periosteum: fibrous sheath that covers bones, contains blood vessels and nerves that provide nourishment and sensation - Perichondrium: fibrous connective tissue that surrounds articular cartilage Different types of cartilage and the areas they are located. Cartilage: semi-rigid form of connective tissue, forms parts of skeleton where flexibility is needed, avascular, proportion of bone:cartilage changes as a person ages - Hyaline cartilage: flexible cartilage - Costal cartilage (where ribs meet sternum) - protects anterior aspect of thoracic walls, lines end of bones of articulating surfaces, end of nose, larynx and trachea, precursor for bone - Elastic cartilage - more flexible and most limited throughout the body - Articular cartilage in ears, epiglottis - Fibrocartilage - more dense, less flexible than hyaline, structural/supportive role - Intervertebral discs, ligaments, public symphysis, joint capsules, cartilaginous - pads between bones of knees Review of terms for movements - Flexion vs extension - Flexion: bending or decreasing angle - Joints above knee: flexion is movement in anterior direction - Extension: straightening or increasing angle - Typically in posterior direction - Hyperextension: extension of a limb beyond normal limit - Ex: whiplash - Protraction vs retraction - Protraction: shoulder moves anteriorly - Retraction: shoulder moves posteriorly https://docs.google.com/document/d/11M2k6Z-_qp7Jfy-bQzXMGvTSW_HRY4dGYlpxLrE0PQ8/mobilebasic 9/28/24, 8 08 PM Page 4 of 16 :  - Supination vs pronation - Supination: rotates radius laterally returning pronated forearm to anatomical position (think carrying soup, palms up) - Pronation: rotates radius medially so palm face down, and dorsum of hands face up - *** this happens at the ELBOW - plantar flexion vs dorsiflexion - Plantar flexion: bends foot and toes towards the ground (think stepping on plants) - Dorsiflexion: lift toes off ground - ** this happens at ANKLE JOINT - Internal vs external rotation - Internal (medial) rotation: brings anterior surface of a limb closer to the medial plane External (lateral) rotation: brings anterior surface away from the medial plane - Abduction vs Adduction - Abduction: moving away from the median plane - Ex: moving upper limb laterally away from the side of the body - Ex: spreading fingers apart is ABduction of digits - Adduction: moving towards the median plane - Ex: moving upper limb medially towards the side of the body - Ex: bringing fingers together is ADDuction of digits - https://docs.google.com/document/d/11M2k6Z-_qp7Jfy-bQzXMGvTSW_HRY4dGYlpxLrE0PQ8/mobilebasic 9/28/24, 8 08 PM Page 5 of 16 :  Types of Joints - Synovial Joints - Surrounded by fibrous layer, filled with synovial fluid, provides fluidity - Most common joint - Provide free movement between the bones they join - Joints of locomotion - Ex: teeth - Reinforced by accessory ligaments (bone-bone) - Articulating bones joined by a joint capsule - Joint capsule has fibrocartilage lined by serous synovial membrane that lines the joint cavity - Joint cavity is a space that contains synovial fluid to lubricate joint - Inside capsule are articulating surfaces covered by articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) - Plane - gliding/sliding , ex: acromioclavicular joint - Opposed surfaces are flat or nearly flat - Movement by tight joint capsules - Hinge - flexion/extension only ex: elbow - Movements occur in one plan (sagittal) around a single transverse axis - Bones joined by strong, laterally placed collateral ligaments - Saddle - abduction, adduction, flexion, extension - movement of 2 plans, ex: carpometacarpal joint at base of thumb - Biaxial joints (movement of 2 planes) - Circumduction is possible - Opposing articular surfaces shaped like a saddle - Condyloid - flexion/extension/abduction/adduction - movement in two plants but one movement tends to be greater ex: knuckle joints - Also biaxial joints - Circumduction is more restricted than saddle joints - Ball and socket joint - movement in all axes and planes ex: hip - Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation, and circumduction - multiaxial - Pivot - rotation around axis ex: Atlas C1 and Dens C2 - Rotation around central axis - Fibrous joints - United by fibrous tissue - Amount of movement dependent on length of fibers and uniting bones - Articulating bones held close together (sutures of the cranium) - Syndesmosis: - Unites bones with sheet of fibrous tissue - Allows for partial movement - Ex: interosseous membrane between radius and ulna - Dento-alveolar syndesmosis - Joint which a peg like process fits into a socket https://docs.google.com/document/d/11M2k6Z-_qp7Jfy-bQzXMGvTSW_HRY4dGYlpxLrE0PQ8/mobilebasic 9/28/24, 8 08 PM Page 6 of 16 :  - Ex: root of tooth in alveolar process of jaw - Cartilaginous joints - Articulating bones united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage - Primary cartilaginous joints (synchondroses): - Bones united by hyaline - Allows slight bending early in life - Allows growth in length of the bone - When fully grown: epiphyseal plate converts to bone and the epiphyses fuse with the diaphysis - Secondary cartilaginous joints (symphyses): - Strong, slightly movement joints united by fibrocartilage - Ex: intervertebral discs between vertebrae - Provide strength, shock absorption, flexibility Review role of Lymphatics - Purpose: - Keeps body fluid levels in balance and defends the body against infections - Vessels, tissues, organs, and glands work together to drain a watery fluid called lymph from throughout the body - acts as an overflow system that provides for: - the drainage of surplus tissue fluid and leaked plasma proteins to the bloodstream - the removal of debris from cellular decomposition and infection - Lymphatic plexuses: lies within capillary network to drain excess fluid/waste in extracellular space - Right lymphatic ducts: drains from body’s right upper quadrant and right upper limb. Drains into right internal jugular and right subclavian veins - Left lymphatic duct: derains remainder of the body. Drains into left internal jugular and left subclavian veins - Clinical correlations - Radical Lymphadectomy in the upper extremity will have what type of precautions? - Dissection of axillary lymph nodes helps tell progression of cancer spread. After dissection, patient may have lymphedema (swelling) due to impeded lymphatic drainage from removal of nodes - Radical lymphadenectomy: take lymph nodes in the tumor area (most or all lymph nodes in tumor area are removed) - Precautions: avoid strenuous activity (biking, jogging), avoid bending or squeezing, wear loose clothing Bones of the upper extremity **increase mobility = decrease stability - Humerus, radius, ulna, scapula, clavicle - Humerus: - Medial/lateral epicondyles: sites of muscle attachment - Lesser tubercle: anterior https://docs.google.com/document/d/11M2k6Z-_qp7Jfy-bQzXMGvTSW_HRY4dGYlpxLrE0PQ8/mobilebasic 9/28/24, 8 08 PM Page 7 of 16 :  - Greater tubercle: better seen in posterior, lateral margin, provides attachment to scapulohumeral muscles - Largest bone of upper limb - Articulates with scapula at glenohumeral joint - Articulates with radius and ulna at the elbow joint - Trochlea: articular surface for articulation with proximal end of ulna - Capitulum: articular surface for articulation with head of the radius - Coronoid fossa: receives coronoid process of ulna during flexion - Olecranon fossa: receives olecranon of ulna during extension of elbow - Radial fossa: receives edge of head of radius when forearm flexed - Radius: lateral, shorter bone of two bones - Short head: articulates with capitulum of humerus during flexion/extension - Styloid process of radius: styloid process of radius - Important point to palpate to assess fractures - Larger than ulnar styloid process and extends further distally - Ulna: stabilizing bone of forearm, longer, medial, articulates with humerus, allows for flexion/extension - Olecranon: articulates with humerus, lever for extension of elbow - Forms point of the elbow - Coronoid process: articulates with humerus, projects anteriorly - Ulnar styloid process: shorter than radial styloid process, visible/palpable through skin - Radial notch: smooth, rounded concavity on lateral side of coronoid process - receives head of radius - Scapula (shoulder blade): - Overlines 2nd -7th ribs - Spine of scapula - can palpate - Acromion - articulates with acromial end of clavicle - forming acromioclavicular joint - Coracoid process - beak like anterior project, provides stability to shoulder, superior to glenoid cavity, provides attachment for coracoclavicular ligament (helps support shoulder) - Glenoid cavity: articulates with head of humerus - forms glenohumeral joint - Subscapular fossa: concave, costal surface of scapula - Supraspinous fossa (above spine of scapula) - Suprascapular notch - Infraspinous fossa (below spine of scapula) - Clavicle (collar bone): - Sternal end: articulates with manubrium of sternum - Shaft - Acromial end: articulates with acromion of scapula - forms acromioclavicular joint - Superior surface of clavicle: smooth and palpable through skin - How the digits are numbered - Thumb is 1, pinky is 5 - Scaphoid: boat shaped, articulates with radius, largest of the proximal bones - The difference of DIP and PIP - Distal interphalangeal point (tip of finger) https://docs.google.com/document/d/11M2k6Z-_qp7Jfy-bQzXMGvTSW_HRY4dGYlpxLrE0PQ8/mobilebasic 9/28/24, 8 08 PM Page 8 of 16 :  - Proximal interphalangeal point (closest to palm) - Movements of the shoulder girdle - Horizontal adduction and protraction - Pectoralis Minor - Covered by pec major - Stabilizes scapula - Allows for shoulder protraction and depression - Elevates ribs for deep inspiration - Pectoralis Major - Covers superior part of thorax - Clavicular head: shoulder flexion - Sternocostal head: shoulder depression - **when they work together they provide powerful horizontal adduction and internal rotation of the arm - Serratus Anterior: sawtooth appearance - Shoulder retraction, stabilizes scapula in the shoulder joint, shoulder abduction above 90 degrees - Extremely powerful protractor (boxers muscle) - Inferior portion - rotates scapula, elevating glenoid cavity to lift arm - Scapular winging occurs if injury to muscle of nerve innervating this muscle - Trapezius - Direct attachment of scapula to trunk - Attaches scapula to skull and vertebral column - Suspends upper limb - Brace shoulders - Descending (superior) fibers: elevate scapula - Middle fibers: pull scapula posteriorly - Ascending (inferior) fibers: depress scapula and lower shoulder - Latissimus dorsi: - Acts on glenohumeral joint - extends/retracts/rotates humerus medially - Working with pec major - it is a powerful adduct of humerus - * chin ups - Levator scapulae: - Acts with descending trapezius fibers to elevate scapula, allows for lateral flexion of neck - Working with trapezius: extends the neck - Rhomboids major/minor: retract/rotate the scapula, pull shoulders backwards - Major: inferior - Minor: superior - How it articulates with the axial skeleton - Posterior shoulder girdle attach superior appendicular skeleton to axial skeleton - Trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboid minor and major - Shoulder muscles: - Teres minor: works with infraspinatus to laterally rotate arm and assist in adduction - Subscapularis: primary medial rotator of arm, adducts arm - Infraspinatus: lateral rotator of humerus https://docs.google.com/document/d/11M2k6Z-_qp7Jfy-bQzXMGvTSW_HRY4dGYlpxLrE0PQ8/mobilebasic 9/28/24, 8 08 PM Page 9 of 16 :  - Supraspinatus: abducts and stabilizes arm (only muscles of the SITS muscles that does not help rotate) - Deltoid: - Anterior: flexion - Middle: horizontal abduction - Posterior: extension - Role of important structures - Basic types of fractures (complete, compound, greenstick, spiral, Comminuted) - Compound: open fracture where there is an open wound or break in the skin near the site of the broken bone - Comminuted: a lot of force applied to fully shatter bone - Spiral: may result from the fall of an outstretched hand, limb appears shortened - Greenstick: common with kids, breaks not fully through bone but still broken - Disruption of cortical bone on one side while other side is bent - Parrots of the bone do not separate - Complete: bone broken into pieces Muscles of the upper extremity - Different types of contraction (concentric, eccentric, and isometric) - Skeletal muscle contraction: shorten and then relax to normal length - Reflexive contractions: - Involuntary ex: respiratory movements of diaphragm - Tonic contraction or muscle tone: - Slight contraction - Does not produce movement or active resistance - Gives muscle firmness - assists in stability of joint/maintenance of posture - Occurs when unconscious - Isotonic Muscle Contraction - muscle changes length to produce movement - Concentric: muscle shortens - Muscle length decreases - Eccentric : muscle relaxes and lengthens - Muscle length increases - Isometric Contraction: muscle tension increases, but length stays the same = no movement - Force (muscle tension) is increased - What major muscles cause what movements - Voluntary muscles: conscious ability to contract them - Involuntary muscles : controlled by nervous system, without your control - Striated muscles: striped - Smooth muscles: unstriped - Somatic: located in body walls and limbs - Visceral: made up of hollow organs, blood vessels - Skeletal striated muscle (voluntary) - Moves or stabilizes bones and other structures - Cardiac striated (involuntary) https://docs.google.com/document/d/11M2k6Z-_qp7Jfy-bQzXMGvTSW_HRY4dGYlpxLrE0PQ8/mobilebasic 9/28/24, 8 08 PM Page 10 of 16 :  - Forms most of the walls of the heart and adjacent parts of the great vessels (aorta) - Pumps blood - Smooth (unstriated makes up hollow organs, involuntary) - Forms part of the walls of most vessels and hollow organs (viscera) - Moves substances through them by coordinated sequential contractions - Muscles of the arm: - Biceps brachii. Brachialis, coracobrachialis: - Anterior component of arm - Supplied by musculocutaneous nerve - Triceps brachii: - Posterior component of arm - Supplied by radial nerve - Main extensors of the forearm, long head resists dislocation of humerus - Biceps brachii - supinates, flexes forearm, resists dislocation of shoulder - Brachialis: main flexor of forearm, flexes in all directions - Coracobrachialis: flexes and adducts arms, resists shoulder dislocation - What movements occur at what joint (explained with joints) - Sternoclavicular SC joint - saddle - Acromioclavicular AC joint - plane - Glenohumeral joint - ball and socket - Elbow joint - hinge - Proximal radio-ulnar joint - pivot - Distal radio-ulnar joint - pivot - Wrist (radiocarpal) joint - condyloid - Intercarpal joints - plane - Carpometacarpal and intermetacarpal joints - plane - Metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints - condyloid - What is a force couple and where is it found - When two muscles work in conjunction with another to achieve a goal - Ex: supraspinatus - initiates and assists deltoid in the first 15 degrees of abduction in the arm - Biceps and triceps at elbow joint - What muscles are agonists/antagonists of each other - Biceps are agonists bc they contract, triceps are antagonist and will relax - What muscles form the rotator cuff - Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minors, subscapularis - Form musculotendinous rotator cuff around glenohumeral joint, protects and gives stability to joint - Teres minor: works with infraspinatus to laterally rotate arm and assist in adduction - Subscapularis: primary medial rotator of arm, adducts arm - Infraspinatus: lateral rotator of humerus - Supraspinatus: abducts and stabilizes arm (only muscles of the SITS muscles that does not help rotate) https://docs.google.com/document/d/11M2k6Z-_qp7Jfy-bQzXMGvTSW_HRY4dGYlpxLrE0PQ8/mobilebasic 9/28/24, 8 08 PM Page 11 of 16 :  Vasculature of the upper extremity - The arterial blood flow to the hand - PATH: arteries take blood AWAY from heart to distal aspects of arm/hand to supply oxygen/nutrients to cells - Subclavian artery → axillary artery → brachial artery → splits in radial and ulnar arteries - Axillary artery: from lateral border of the 1st rib to inferior border of teres major, has many branches that supply nutrients to entier anterior/posterior thorax and axillary areas - Brachial artery: main artery of arm, runs from interferon border of teres major to cubital fossa - Ulnar artery: supplies medial aspect of forearm and most of the hand - Radial artery: supplies lateral aspect of forearm, elbow joint, and some of hand - Palpation points for pulse ( radial and brachial) - Palpate radial artery on anterior surface of the distal end of the radius - Palpate brachial artery for blood pressure by compressing and resumption of blood flow - ** important to check brachial pulse for infants - Major venous blood return to the body from the hand - Path: veins bring low-oxygen blood back to the heart to exchange CO2 for O2 in the lungs, travel from distal aspect of upper limb to more proximal - Path 1: dorsal venous network (dorsum of hand) → lateral border of wrist → cephalic vein (transverses lateral border of wrist) → anterolateral surface of forearm → anterior elbow and the SPLITS → - if blood travels medially flows into medial cubital vein → flows obliquely across anterior aspect of elbow → basilic vein → travels superiorly to drain in axillary vein → subclavian vein - If blood flows laterally, continues in cephalic vein and travels superiorly to between pec major and deltoid muscles where it drains into axillary vein → subclavian vein - Path 2: dorsal venous network (in dorsum of hand) → medial aspect of wrist → basilic vein → begins to run deep near junction of inferior/middle aspect of arm → axillary vein → subclavian vein - Axillary vein - lies distal/anteromedial of axillary artery. Flows into subclavian vein - Venipuncture in cubital fossa: most common site for blood draw, most commonly medial cubital vein accessed - Deep veins are a concern for DVT or clots - Unilateral edema - get ultrasound to rule out DVT so clot doesn’t travel back to the heart - Deep veins include: superior vena cava https://docs.google.com/document/d/11M2k6Z-_qp7Jfy-bQzXMGvTSW_HRY4dGYlpxLrE0PQ8/mobilebasic 9/28/24, 8 08 PM Page 12 of 16 :  - Subclavian vein Main nerves of the upper extremity Musculocutaneous, ulna, radial, and median nerves - *Have sensory and motor capabilities, injuries to brachial plexus can cause alteration in movement/sensation of upper limb - Disease, stretching, wounds in neck or axilla can cause these injuries - Musculocutaneous: innervates coracobrachialis, biceps, brachialis - Injury causes alterations of flexion of these muscles - Ulnar nerve: innervations only 1.5 of muscles of forearm, travels alongside ulna - Radial: innervates triceps, travels alongside radius - Injury causes paralysis of triceps muscles, usually see wrist drop - Medial nerve: nerve of anterior component of forearm, travels in middle of anterior forearm - Between radius and ulna - Main innervations of these nerves and the purpose they serve. - (arm is listed in other section) - Muscles of anterior compartment of forearm - flexors/pronators of forearm, served by median nerve - Muscles of posterior compartment of forearm - extensors/supinators of forearm, served by radial nerve - Symptoms associated with damage to these nerves - ** get image of tingling and numbness - Injury to musculocutaneous or radial - Typically by knife or weapon - Musculocutaneous: paralysis of coracobrachialis, biceps, brachialis, weak flexion may occur at shoulder joint - Radial nerve injury: paralysis of triceps, supinator, extensor muscles of wrist and fingers - Wrist drip (partially due to gravity) Anatomical landmarks/ Surface landmarks of the Upper extremity - Anatomical snuff box - Easiest to palpate when thumb is abducted, can palpate radial styloid process, pain upon palpation generally equals fracture - Radial styloid process and scaphoid located here - Spine of the scapula - Inferior angle of the scapula - “Wings” - At level T7 - AC joint - Acromial end of clavicle rises higher than acromion - SC joint - Suprasternal notch/jugular notch: - Between the elevated sternal ends of the clavicle https://docs.google.com/document/d/11M2k6Z-_qp7Jfy-bQzXMGvTSW_HRY4dGYlpxLrE0PQ8/mobilebasic 9/28/24, 8 08 PM Page 13 of 16 :  Brief overview of imaging modalities - X-ray vs. CT scan vs. MRI vs. Nuclear imaging/PET scan - X-ray: send xray beans through patient, shows tissues of differing densities - **Best for quick and easy analysis of bones, fluid, air - Radiopaque: dense tissues/organs, absorbs/reflects more rays, appears bright - Radiolucent: less dense tissues/organs, do not absorb as many rays, appears dark - PA: rays through posterior > anterior > film - AP: rays through anterior > posterior > film - Lateral: lateral side > contralateral side > film - Typically your first go - then find a more specialized test based on finds - CT scan: fan of x ray beam rotates around patient, sensors on opposite of x ray beams measure amount of radiation that pass through the body and computer re- recreate image - Important: when looking at transverse section of a CT, imagine looking at the patient supine with feet facing towards you - **Best for bones and harder structures - MRI: sends magnetic waves through patient, realigns protons, re-creates image - ** best of tissue differentiation - Ultrasound: transducer touches skin, sends UV waves through patient which bounce off objects in body and echo back to transducer to produce image - ** best to image fluids and movements - ** cheap, more accessible, no radiation (Safe for pregnancy) - Nuclear imaging (PET) - Radioactive isotope injected - Metabolized by cells at different rates - Can show if cells are alive and how active they are - **best for looking for tissue viability and health (it is metabolizing tracer) - Basic principles of x-rays and CT scan. What looks like what (answered above) - Which is best for blood flow - Ultrasound - Which is best for soft tissue - MRI - Which is best for metastatic disease and cellular metabolism - PET, nuclear imaging 1. Bones of the lower extremity - Femur - Longest and heaviest bone in body - Weight bearing for hip bone to tibia when standing - Head of femur: sits in acetabulum of pelvis - Neck: longer - greater/lesser trochanter - Shaft - lateral/medial epicondyle - Patella https://docs.google.com/document/d/11M2k6Z-_qp7Jfy-bQzXMGvTSW_HRY4dGYlpxLrE0PQ8/mobilebasic 9/28/24, 8 08 PM Page 14 of 16 :  - Large sesamoid bone - Triangular bone - Anterior to the mid condylar region of femur - Anterior surface is convex - Posterior surface is smooth and covered with thick layer of articular cartilage - Apex: where patellar tendon lies - ** really hard to break - Tibia - Proximal end articulates with condyles of femur - Distal end articulates with talus - Transmits the bodies weight during standing and ambulation - Located on anteromedial side of leg - Nearly parallel to fibula - Second largest bone in the body - Flares out on both ends to provide an increase area for articulation and weight transfer (allows for weight) - Tibial plateau: articulates with large condyles of the femur - Distal end flares out only medially to form medial malleolus - Fibula - Mainly functions as an attachment for muscles - Important for stability of ankle joint - Non weight bearing - Distal end is prolonged laterally to form lateral malleolus - Proximal end has large head - Tarsals - 7 tarsal bones - Talus - Only tarsal bone that articulates with bone of leg - Trochlea receives weight from tibia - Talus transmits weight by dividing it between the calcaneus and the forefoot via the head of the talus - calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, 3 cuneiforms - Metatarsals - 5 metacarpals - Phalanges - 14 phalanges 2. Joints of the lower extremity -Femoroacetabular, knee, talocrural - Know what bones create the articulation - What joints do what movement 3. Muscles of the lower extremity Anatomy -Hip flexors, hipStudy Guide extensors, Exa… adductors, abductors, knee extenders and flexors, plantar flexors, dorsiflexors 4. Clinical correlations for the lower extremity - Compartment syndrome https://docs.google.com/document/d/11M2k6Z-_qp7Jfy-bQzXMGvTSW_HRY4dGYlpxLrE0PQ8/mobilebasic 9/28/24, 8 08 PM Page 15 of 16 :  - Sprains and strains Main arteries and veins of the lower extremity - PAD vs PVD Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD): Definition: Narrowing of arteries reducing blood flow to limbs. Symptoms: Claudication (leg pain during exercise), weak pulses. Management: Lifestyle changes, medications, surgery. Peripheral Venous Disease (PVD): Definition: Problems with veins that interfere with returning blood to the heart. Symptoms: Swelling, varicose veins, ulcers. Management: Compression therapy, medications, surgery. Edit with the Docs app Make tweaks, leave comments, and share with others to edit at the same time. NO THANKS GET THE APP https://docs.google.com/document/d/11M2k6Z-_qp7Jfy-bQzXMGvTSW_HRY4dGYlpxLrE0PQ8/mobilebasic 9/28/24, 8 08 PM Page 16 of 16 :