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Questions and Answers
What type of joint is primarily responsible for flexion and extension?
Which joint type allows for the greatest range of motion?
What type of cartilage is primarily found in secondary cartilaginous joints?
What is the role of the lymphatic system in relation to the immune system?
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What complication is commonly managed after a radical lymphadenectomy in the upper extremity?
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What is the primary focus of regional anatomy?
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Which of the following is NOT a layer studied in regional anatomy?
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In surface anatomy, what is an example of a method utilized to examine structures?
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What defines the anatomical position?
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Which region is NOT considered in the study of regional anatomy?
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How does surface anatomy relate to anatomical landmarks?
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What is meant by 'Base Human Model' in regional anatomy?
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Which body position allows for precise anatomical descriptions?
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Which nerve primarily innervates the anterior forearm muscles responsible for flexion?
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What defines a force couple in muscular movement?
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Which of the following pairs consists of agonist and antagonist muscles?
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Which nerve is responsible for innervating the posterior forearm muscles?
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What is the primary role of the antagonist muscle?
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Which muscles are part of the rotator cuff?
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Which muscle initiates the first 15 degrees of arm abduction in conjunction with the deltoid?
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Which muscle group is responsible for flexing the shoulder?
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What are the four muscles referred to as the SITS muscle?
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Which artery primarily supplies the medial aspect of the hand?
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Which of the following nerves primarily innervates the flexors and pronators of the forearm?
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What is a major symptom associated with damage to the radial nerve?
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Which vein is NOT part of the major venous blood return from the hand?
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What anatomical landmark can be palpated in the triangular depression on the dorsal side of the wrist?
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Which muscle is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve?
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Which artery supplies the elbow joint in addition to some of the hand?
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What describes an eccentric muscle contraction?
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for shoulder flexion?
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What movement does the serratus anterior facilitate above 90 degrees?
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Which muscle is the main flexor of the forearm?
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What does isometric contraction primarily increase?
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Which muscle helps prevent the dislocation of the shoulder?
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Which muscle elevates the scapula?
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What is a primary function of the triceps brachii?
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Which forearm muscles are served by the median nerve?
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Which movement is associated with the internal rotation of the arm?
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What role does muscle tone (tonic contraction) play?
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Which muscles form the rotator cuff?
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What specifies the function of the iliopsoas muscle group?
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What is the primary action of the pectoralis minor?
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Study Notes
Exam Format
- 50 questions, primarily multiple choice with true/false and "select all that apply" formats
- Duration: 75 minutes
- Some questions will reference images
- Includes scenario-based questions connecting anatomy to practical situations
Anatomical Terms Review
- Regional Anatomy: Focuses on specific body parts, examining relationships of muscles, nerves, bones, and vasculature
- Key regions: Head, Neck, Back, Thorax, Upper Limbs, Abdomen, Pelvis, Lower Limbs
- Surface Anatomy: Involves studying visible structures and landmarks; applies in physical exams (palpation, auscultation)
- Anatomical Position: Standardized position for consistent anatomical descriptions: body facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward
Types of Joints
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Synovial Joints: Most common; allow free movement with synovial fluid, includes:
- Plane: Gliding (e.g., AC joint)
- Hinge: Flexion/extension (e.g., elbow)
- Saddle: More circumduction (e.g., thumb)
- Condyloid: Limited circumduction (e.g., knuckles)
- Ball and Socket: Highly mobile (e.g., hips, shoulders)
- Pivot: Rotation (e.g., vertebrae)
- Fibrous Joints: Connect with fibrous tissue; includes syndesmosis and dento-alveolar joints
- Cartilaginous Joints: United by cartilage; categorized as primary (synchondroses) and secondary (symphyses)
Role of Lymphatics
- Functions in the immune system and transporting interstitial fluid to circulation
- Essential for cancer progression assessment
- Radical Lymphadenectomy: Surgical removal of lymph nodes, often in upper extremity; management precautions include avoiding lymphedema
Muscles of the Upper Extremity
-
Types of Contraction:
- Concentric: Shortens; generates movement
- Eccentric: Lengthens; controls movement
- Isometric: Increases tension without changing length
-
Major Muscles and Actions:
- Pectoralis Major: Shoulder flexion, horizontal adduction
- Serratus Anterior: Shoulder abduction above 90 degrees
- Trapezius: Elevates, depresses, and retracts scapula
- Latissimus Dorsi: Extends shoulder; raises trunk
- Deltoid: Stabilizes glenohumeral joint and assists in arm movement
- Rotator Cuff (SITS): Provides stability; includes Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, and Subscapularis
Vasculature of the Upper Extremity
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Arterial Supply:
- Blood flow: Subclavian → Axillary → Brachial → Ulnar (main supply for hand) & Radial arteries
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Venous Return:
- Major veins include Subclavian, Cephalic, Axillary, Brachial, Basilic, Median Cubital, Radial, Ulnar
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Pulse Palpation Points:
- Radial artery: At distal radius
- Brachial artery: For blood pressure measurement
Nerve Innervation
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Main Nerves:
- Median Nerve: Innervates flexors and pronators of the forearm
- Radial Nerve: Innervates extensors and supinators; affects triceps
- Ulnar Nerve: Innervates some flexors of the forearm
- Musculocutaneous Nerve: Innervates coracobrachialis, biceps, and brachialis
- Symptoms of Nerve Damage: Weakness, paralysis, numbness, tingling
Anatomical Landmarks
- Anatomical Snuff Box: Located at the radial styloid process, marks the scaphoid bone
- Spine of the Scapula: Prominent ridge on the posterior scapula, serves as a muscle attachment point
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Description
Test your knowledge of anatomical terms and concepts with this comprehensive quiz. It includes multiple-choice, true/false, and scenario-based questions designed to connect anatomy to real-life situations. Get ready to enhance your understanding of regional anatomy!
