Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology PDF

INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Week 1 | ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IMPORTANCE OF ANATOMY AND...

INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Week 1 | ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IMPORTANCE OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY ○ Study of a specific structure of the body that Understands how the body — includes the use of x-ray. ○ Responds to stimuli Developmental Anatomy Stimuli: A change in external ○ Study of development from the fertilized egg environment to adult form. - External environment: From the Pathological Anatomy surroundings (e.g. Noise) ○ Study of structural changes (from Gross to - Internal environment: From the microscopic) associated with disease. body (e.g. Hunger) ○ Pathology = Study of disease. ○ Adapts to environmental changes ○ Reacts to environmental cues ○ Responds to injury and diseases (e.g. PHYSIOLOGY Immune system) Science of body functions. Branches The main concern of anatomy is to recognize Cell Physiology the relationships, the connections between ○ Study of cell function. the individual components within the human Pathophysiology body ○ Study of functional changes associated with disease and aging. “Anatomy studies not the individual part but as a Exercise Physiology part of a group or system.” ○ Study of changes in cell or organ functions during muscular activity. Neurophysiology ANATOMY ○ Study of functional characteristics of nerve Science of structure, the relationship among cells (neurons). structures. Endocrinology Branches ○ Study of hormones (chemical regulators in Gross (Macroscopic) Anatomy the blood) and how the control body ○ Study of large, easily observable body functions. structures (e.g. heart, bones). Cardiovascular Physiology Microscopic Anatomy ○ Study of functions of the heart and blood ○ Study of very small structures of the body, vessels. requiring microscope (e.g. cytology, Immunology histology). ○ Study of body’s defense mechanisms. Surface Anatomy Respiratory Physiology ○ Study of the form (morphology) and ○ Study of functions of the air passages and markings of the body surface (external body) the lungs. (e.g. bony prominences). Renal Physiology Systemic Anatomy ○ Study of renal function. ○ Study of specific systems of the body (e.g. Gastrointestinal Physiology Integumentary) ○ Study of digestive systems’ functions Regional Anatomy ○ Study of specific region of the body (e.g., head region, trunk, UE, LE) Radiographic Anatomy  INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION ○ Two or more Atoms joined together ○ Inorganic: CO2, O2, H2O ○ Organic: Protein, Fats, Carbohydrates, Nucleic acids (makes up DNA) Cellular Level Basic structural and functional units of all living things ○ Prokaryotic: without distinct nucleus but still has DNA Unicellular cells e.g. Bacteria 1st level: Chemical level (Atom, Molecule) ○ Eukaryotic: with distinct nucleus and many ○ Smallest and basic level of structural organelles organization. 2nd level: Cellular level (cells) Tissue Level ○ Basic unit of life. Group of similar cells and the material ○ Smallest that is considered a living thing. surrounding them that work together to ○ *Unicellular organisms perform a particular function 3rd level: Tissue level (body tissues composed Four basic types of similar cells). ○ Epithelial 4th level: Organ level ○ Connective ○ Made of different types of tissues put ○ Muscular together to perform a particular function ○ Nervous 5th level: Organ system level. Neuron ○ Organs group together to perform a similar Neuroglia or related function. 6th level: Organism level Organ Level ○ Highest level of structural organization Composed of two or more tissue types acting ○ *Multicellular organism together to perform function(s) Unicellular Organism System Level One cell (e.g. Bacteria). Consists of related organs that have common Multicellular Organism function More than one cell (e.g. Human). Organismal Level Chemical Level Highest level of structural organization Atoms All organ systems combine to make up an ○ Building blocks of matter organism ○ e.g. Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), A Multicellular organism like the human body Nitrogen (N), Calcium (Ca), etc. has levels of organization within it. Individual Atoms that are abundant in the body cells may perform specific functions and also ○ Ions - Atoms that have charges work together for the good of the entire Positive charge (+) - cation organism Negative charge (-) - anion Molecules 2 || Zenith, 2023  INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANATOMY AND HOMEOSTASIS PHYSIOLOGY Anatomy and Physiology are always related Structure (anatomy) determines what function (physiology) can take place e.g. The lungs are not muscular chambers of the heart and cannot pump blood through the body, but because the walls of their air sacs are very thin, allowing gas exchange. CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE Organization ○ Functional interrelationships between parts Ability to maintain relatively stable internal and how those parts interact to perform condition specific functions. ○ condition of the body (internal environment) ○ All organisms are composed of one or more is not totally fixed but varies depending on cell the condition of external environment ○ Disruption of the organized state of a Most organ systems work in concert to keep cell/tissue/organ may result in loss of condition within a narrow range function ○ Primarily achieved by nervous and endocrine Metabolism function ○ Sum of all chemical and physical changes Control system design sustaining an organism ○ Variable: factor or event being controlled ○ Ability to acquire and use energy to perform ○ Mechanisms (three or more) vital functions Receptor - Receives the stimulus Responsiveness Control center - CNS ○ Ability to sense and respond to Effector - Carry outs the response environmental changes Feedback control ○ Includes both internal and external ○ Positive - increase stimulus environments ○ Negative - decrease stimulus Growth (E.g.) Variable: body temp (N: 36.5℃ - 37.4℃) ○ Can increase in size ○ Receptor: skin ○ Size of cells,groups of cells, extracellylar ○ Control center: CNS materials ○ Effector: sweat glands, muscles Development ○ Changes in form and size Negative Feedback ○ Differentiation Most common type of response Changes in cell structure and function System output shuts off or reduces original from generalized to specialized stimulus’s intensity Reproduction ○ Variable changes in the opposite direction of ○ Formation of new cells or new organisms the initial change ○ Can take place in both cellular and Negative = decrease Organismal level ○ Does not prevent variation but maintains ○ Generation of new individuals variation within N range ○ Tissue repair 3 || Zenith, 2023  INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY E.g. 1. Body standing erect 1. Increased temp 2. Feet parallel 2. Receptors send message to control center 3. Arms hanging at the sides (CNS) 4. Palms facing forward 3. Control center compares the value of a 5. Thumbs pointing laterally variable against a set point Person standing erect with face and palms 4. Stimulation of sweat glands = secretion of forward sweat All relational descriptions based on the 5. If the variable returns within N range, the anatomical position, regardless of body effectors will not receive any more orientation information from the control center = secretion of sweat stops Body Planes and Section ○ Vasodilation, vasoconstriction Medical professionals often refer to sections of the body in terms of anatomical planes (flat Positive Feedback surfaces). These planes are imaginary lines – Change proceeds in the same direction as the vertical or horizontal – drawn through an original stimulus upright body. The terms are used to describe a Positive = increase specific body part Stimulus response causes progressive deviation Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane) away from set point ○ Uncommon ○ Does not require constant adjustment ○ Events are self-perpetuating E.g. blood clotting, uterine contractions ○ Laceration → blood clotting occurs to stop blood loss ○ Labor → baby constantly moves → uterus gets stretched → uterus contracts to prevent further stretching → as uterus contracts, the baby becomes more active A vertical plane running from side to side; divides the body or any of its parts into anterior LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY (front) and posterior (back) portions Sagittal Plane Terminology and the Body Plan Anatomical Position 4 || Zenith, 2023  INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY A plane that runs longitudinally and divides the Deep: structure toward the interior of the body body into right and left parts Median/midsagittal plane Body Regions ○ Divides the body part into equal parts. right down the median plane of the body All other sagittal planes are referred to as parasagittal planes Axial Plane (Transverse Plane) A horizontal plane; divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts Directional Terms Superior: above Inferior: below Anterior (ventral): front Posterior (dorsal): back *In four legged animals, the terms ventral (belly) and dorsal (back) corresponds to anterior and posterior in humans Medial: close to midline Upper limbs (UE): Upper arm, forearm, wrist, Lateral: away from the midline hand Proximal: close to point of attachment Lower limbs (LE): Thigh, lower leg, ankle, foot Distal: far from point of attachment Central region: head, neck, trunk Superficial: structure close to the surface 5 || Zenith, 2023  INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Space within chest wall and diaphragm Subdivisions of the Abdomen Contains heart, lungs, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea Sections: ○ Mediastinum Space between lungs Contains heart, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea ○ Pleural cavities Surrounded by the ribs Encloses the lungs Abdominal Cavity 4 quadrants ○ Right upper quadrant ○ Left upper quadrant ○ Right lower quadrant ○ Left lower quadrant 9 regions ○ Right hypochondriac region ○ Epigastric region Space between diaphragm and pelvis ○ Left hypochondriac region Contains stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, ○ Right lumbar region pancreas, kidneys ○ Umbilical region ○ Left lumbar region Pelvic Cavity ○ Right iliac region ○ Hypogastric region ○ Left iliac region Body Cavities Thoracic Cavity Space within pelvis Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum *Some references consider abdominal and pelvic cavity region as one — abdominopelvic region Peritoneal Cavity Houses the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity *Thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities are called ventral cavities 6 || Zenith, 2023  INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Dorsal Cavities PLEURAL CAVITIES Cranial cavity ○ Contains brain Spinal cavity ○ Contains spinal cord Meninges: covers the CNS Serous Membranes of the Ventral Body Cavities Houses a lung Parietal serous membrane = Parietal pleura Visceral serous membrane = Visceral pleura Surrounds the body cavities and internal organs Pleural cavity: Space between P. pleura & V. Double layered pleura ○ Parietal serous membrane: Lines the walls of ○ filled with pleural fluid the body cavities ○ Visceral serous membrane: Covers the PERITONEAL CAVITY internal organ Thoracic Cavity Membranes PERICARDIAL CAVITY Contains the heart and is housed in the mediastinum Parietal serous membrane = Parietal pericardium Houses the liver, digestive organs, reproductive Visceral serous membrane = Visceral organs pericardium Parietal serous membrane = Parietal Pericardial cavity: Space between P. pericardium peritoneum & V. pericardium Visceral serous membrane = Visceral ○ filled with pericardial fluid peritoneum Peritoneal cavity: Space between P. peritoneum & V. peritoneum ○ filled with peritoneal fluid 7 || Zenith, 2023  INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Mesenteries ○ Double folded sheet of visceral peritoneum ○ Attached to the digestive organs at certain points to the posterior abdominopelvic cavity wall ○ Provides pathway for nerves and blood vessels to the digestive organs ○ E.g. “big belly” Big adipose (fat) tissue that is suspended from the inferior border of stomach Retroperitoneal organs ○ Kidneys, ureters, adrenal glands, large portion of pancreas, parts of the large intestine, urinary bladder ○ Organs that are tightly adhered to the posterior body wall and covered by the peritoneum only at the peritoneal cavity side 8 || Zenith, 2023