NURS 207.3 Physiology of Human Body Systems for Nursing 2024 PDF

WELCOME TO NURS 207.3 Physiology of Human Body Systems for Nursing Face to Face(N01) From Sept 5th to Dec 5th, 2024 Course Coordinator: Paul Lee College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan Health Sciences Building, Room 4D01.3 Email: paul.l...

WELCOME TO NURS 207.3 Physiology of Human Body Systems for Nursing Face to Face(N01) From Sept 5th to Dec 5th, 2024 Course Coordinator: Paul Lee College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan Health Sciences Building, Room 4D01.3 Email: [email protected] Instructors (2): Erin Boyce (Nursing) College of Nursing, University of Saskatchewan Health Sciences Building, Room E4231 Email: [email protected] Paul Lee (Physiology) Health Sciences Building, Room 4D01.3 Email: [email protected]  Textbook Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2020): Principles of anatomy and physiology (16th ed.), John Wiley & Sons. Inc., Hoboken, NJ  Evaluation methods 2 midterm exams: 30% each 1st midterm exam: Thursday, October 3rd from 3:00 p.m. to 3:50 p.m. The first midterm will count 30% toward the final grade. It covers all material from the beginning of the course up to and including the lecture on September 26th, 2024. 2nd midterm exam: Thursday, November 14th from 3:00 p.m. to 3:50 p.m. The second midterm will count 30% toward the final grade. It covers all material from Oct 2nd up to and including the lecture on Nov 7th, 2024. Final Exam: TBA 40% An introduction to the human body Reading materials (textbook): Tortora, 16th ed., Ch.1 September 5, 2024 Dr. P. Lee  Physiology  Learning the normal functioning of the body  How the body function  How the body response to stimuli  What are the mechanisms involved i.e. How it happens  Pathophysiology  Study the body function in a disease state  Objectives 1) Review the basic anatomical terminology 2) Know the level of organization within our body 3) Name the 10 (11) organ systems of the human body and know their respective major function 4) Define homeostasis 5) Define the types and features of control systems  Examples 6) Describe the characteristics of negative and positive feedback control systems  1st Objective Basic anatomical terminology  Basic anatomical terminology (regional names) Cephalic Cervical Trunk (Torso)  Includes both the thoracic and abdominal cavities Basic anatomical terminology (regional names) Upper limb Lower limb  Basic anatomical terminology (directional terms) Proximal Medial  Near to the origination of  Near to the a structure midline Superior  Upper part of a structure Distal  Further from the Inferior origination of a  Lower part of a structure structure Anterior Posterior Lateral  At the front  At the back  Farther from the midline Basic anatomical terminology (planes & sections) Sagittal plane  vertical division of the part into left & right sides Midsagittal (median) plane  vertical division of the part into equal left & right sides Parasagittal (median) plane  vertical division of the part into unequal left & right sides Basic anatomical terminology (planes & sections) Transverse plane  horizontal division of the part into superior & inferior portions Oblique plane  dividing of the part into anterior & posterior portions with an oblique angle (another angle other than a 90-degree angle) Frontal coronal plane  vertical division of the part into anterior & posterior portions Basic anatomical terminology (examples) Sagittal plane  vertical division of the part into left & right sides  Basic anatomical terminology (examples) (coronal) Frontal coronal plane  vertical division of the part into anterior & posterior portions  Basic anatomical terminology (examples) Transverse plane  horizontal division of the part into superior & inferior portions  2nd Objective Level of organization  Level of organization: ANATOMICAL: The Body Cavities Anatomically POSTERIOR ANTERIOR  3 general cavities Cranial cavity  Cranial cavity - Brain  Thoracic cavity Pleural sac Thoracic - Lungs & heart Pericardial sac cavity  Abdominopelvic cavity Diaphragm - Gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidneys, Abdominal cavity Abdomino- spleen & female Pelvic cavity pelvic cavity reproductive tract Also known as spinal canal which contains the spinal cord  Abdominopelvic cavity  sub-divided into 4 quadrants  FUNCTIONAL: Body Fluid Compartments Level of organization: Extracellular fluid Cells (intracellular (ECF) lies outside the fluid, ICF) cells Functionally Blood Interstitial plasma fluid Fat cell: 50–150 µm  2 general compartments is the extracellular fluid inside surrounds most cells. blood vessels.  Intracellular Ovum: 100 µm  Extracellular Red blood cell: 7.5 µm  Interstitial fluid (interstitium) White blood cell: 15 µm  Blood plasma Smooth muscle cell: 15–200 µm long  Transcellular fluid Cells subdivide into intracellular compartments (see Fig. 3.4). Body Fluid Compartments (70 kg adult) ≈ 60 % body weight  Summary (body fluid compartments) -- 70 kg adult -- Total Body Water (42 liters) ≈ 60 % total body weight Extracellular fluid (17 liters) Intracellular fluid (25 liters) Interstitial fluid (13 liters) Plasma (3 liters) Transcellular fluid (1 liters) Figure 1.6 The body compartments are in a dynamic steady state but are not at equilibrium ECF ICF 140 120 Concentration (mmol/L) 100 80 60 40 20 Na+ Cl- K+ Na+ Cl- K+  3rd Objective 10 (11) organ systems of the human body  Introduction  Body are collection of cells  tissues  Cell is generally divided into 3 main parts: THE CELL  Plasma membrane is composed of  Cytoplasm Cell membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm  Nucleus Membranous Protein Cytosol organelles Inclusions fibers Mitochondria Lipid droplets Cytoskeleton Endoplasmic Glycogen Centrioles reticulum granules Cilia Golgi Ribosomes Flagella apparatus Lysosomes Peroxisomes Extracellular fluid  Introduction Level of organization: Cells  collection of molecules  enclosed by cell membrane (plasma membrane) Tissues  collection of cells  with structural & functional specializations Organs  structural & functional units of tissues  integration of organs form organ systems  10/11 organ systems within our human body Integumentary system Respiratory system Nervous system Circulatory system Endocrine system Digestive system Musculo- skeletal system Urinary system Reproductive system This schematic figure indicates relationships between systems of the human body The interiors of some hollow organs (shown in white) are part of the external environment (i.e. contents are neither part of the intracellular nor extracellular compartment).  Organ systems within our human body: 1) Integumentary system  Skin and its accessory structures such as:  Hair, nails, skin glands (oil, wax, sweat, mammary – milk secretion) and sensory receptors  Body protection, temperature regulation and sensing stimuli from external environment  Organ systems within our human body: 2) Circulatory system  Cardiovascular system  Heart, blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins), lymph vessels and blood  Transporting materials, maintaining pressure gradient (essential for exchange of materials within the body systems), immunity, hemostasis (stop hemorrhaging)  Organ systems within our human body: 3) Respiratory system  Nasal cavity, airways and lungs  Transporting gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between internal and external environments  Organ systems within our human body: 4) Digestive system  Oral cavity (teeth, tongue, salivary glands), pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas  Ingestion and break down of food particles for the purpose of absorption  Elimination of waste Organ systems within our human body: 5) Renal system  Urinary system  Kidneys and bladder  Maintaining fluid, electrolytes and acid-base balance  Related to the production of erythrocytes (red blood cells)  Organ systems within our human body: 6) Endocrine system  With endocrine glands that secrete their products (hormones)  Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, & pineal glands  Also include other organs and tissues that secrete hormones  Hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, testes, ovaries, kidneys, stomach, liver, adipose tissue, small intestine, skin, and placenta  Organ systems within our human body: 7) Immune system  Thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and leukocytes (white blood cells)  Defense against foreign invaders (microbes, bacteria, viruses) Organ systems within our human body: 8) Nervous system  Central nervous system (CNS)  Brain and spinal cord  Peripheral nervous system (PNS)  Nervous tissue outside the CNS  Coordination of body function through electrical signals  Organ systems within our human body: 9) Musculoskeletal system  Skeletal muscles and bone (could be subdivided into 2 systems)  Support and movement  Organ systems within our human body: 10) Reproductive system  Ovaries, uterus and testes  Produce offspring  4th, 5th & 6th Objectives Homeostasis, Control systems, Negative and positive feedback  Homeostasis  To maintain nearly constant conditions in the internal environment (control of vital parameters)  State of equilibrium with respect to:  Bodily functions  Chemical compositions  Extracellular fluid is often called the internal environment  Homeostasis  Homeostasis is maintained through the feedback mechanism  Two types:  Negative feedback  Positive feedback  Homeostasis e.g.) Blood pressure control  Homeostasis  Four basic steps in the feedback mechanism: 1) Senses the parameter using sensor / receptor - needs stimulus e.g.) arterial blood pressure (parameter)  baroreceptors (sensors) detect the blood pressure changes  Homeostasis  Four basic steps in the feedback mechanism: 2) Compares the parameter to the normal operating value (set-point) 32 Setpoint Negative feedback turns response loop off of function 31 Normal Temperature (C) 30 range of function 29 Response loop turns on 28 Time  Homeostasis  Four basic steps in the feedback mechanism: 3) Sensor produces an output signal to a control center e.g.) Baroreceptors (sensor) send signal to the brain (control center)  Homeostasis  Four basic steps in the feedback mechanism: 4) Output signal from the control center then activates the effector to bring the parameter closer to the set-point e.g.) Try to maintain the arterial blood pressure within 120/80 mmHg by changing the vascular tone of the blood vessels (effector)  Sympathetic activation increases blood pressure (vasoconstriction)  Parasympathetic (vagal) activation decreases blood pressure  Homeostasis  Essentially all organs (tissues) help to maintain homeostasis  Lungs  Blood picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide  Gastrointestinal tract  Extraction of nutrients  Homeostasis  Liver  Changes the chemical compositions of many of the substances absorbed by the GI to a more usable form  Kidneys  Filtration unit  For electrolytes and fluid balance  Homeostasis  Musculoskeletal system  Locomotion, muscle contraction  Nervous system  Autonomic system operates at a subconscious level to control many body functions e.g.) Heart rate  Hormonal system  To help regulate cellular function e.g.) Blood glucose by insulin  Homeostasis Control System e.g.) Arterial blood pressure control system  Maintains adequate perfusion pressure Increase in arterial pressure Detected by the baroreceptors Send impulses to the medulla of the brain These impulses inhibit the vasomotor center Decrease the sympathetic activities Decrease cardiac pumping activity & dilate blood vessels i.e.) arterial blood pressure back to normal  Homeostasis Control System e.g.) Onset of labor  Stretching the cervix leading to parturition Begin with rhythmical contractions of the uterine Pushes the baby forward and stretches the cervix Cervical stretching initiates neurogenic reflex and Stronger causes oxytocin secretion by the posterior pituitary contraction Oxytocin causes more uterine contraction NO Is baby expelled ? YES Contraction of the uterine stop  +ve and –ve Control System “+” Stimulus “-” Receptor Positive Negative feedback feedback Increase stimulus Decrease stimulus intensity Control Center intensity Effector  Initial stimulus Response loop Response shuts off Stimulus Negative feedback: the response counteracts the stimulus, shutting off the response loop.  Initial stimulus Response An outside factor is  Feedback cycle required to shut off  feedback cycle. Stimulus Positive feedback: the response reinforces the stimulus, sending the variable farther from the setpoint.  Sample questions 1) Which of the followings of the feedback system receives output from the control center? a) receptor b) stimulus c) response d) effector 2) Which structure of the feedback system provides input to the control center? a) receptor b) muscle c) response d) effector  Sample questions 3) A condition NOT regulated by a negative feedback loop would be: a) childbirth b) body temperature c) blood pressure d) heart rate 4) Which cavity is located inferior to the abdominal cavity? a) cranial cavity b) thoracic cavity c) pericardial cavity d) pelvic cavity  Sample questions 5) Which plane divides the body into EQUAL right and left halves? a) frontal b) midsagittal c) transverse d) oblique 6) Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions? a) frontal coronal b) sagittal c) transverse d) oblique  Sample questions 7) Moving your arm when you feel the presence of a mosquito biting your arm is an example of: a) movement b) reproduction c) growth d) differentiation 8) Majority of electrolytes normally find in your blood plasma is composed of: a) K+ b) Na+ c) Ca2+ d) Cl-  Sample questions 9) The fluid portion of your stomach contents is part of the: a) intracellular fluid b) extracellular fluid c) transcellular fluid d) none of the above 10) The set-point of a biological parameter related to maintaining homeostasis of a particular body function: a) is always constant (e.g. normal body temperature is always at exactly 37.0oc) b) is usually set within a range of normal operating values c) a and b are both correct d) none of the above  Answer to sample questions 1) d 2) a 3) a 4) d 5) b 6) a 7) a 8) b 9) d 10) b