42 Questions
What type of charge does an anion have?
Negative charge (-)
What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?
Anatomy determines what function physiology can take place
What is one of the characteristics of life?
Ability to maintain relatively stable internal condition
What is the function of the thin walls of the air sacs in the lungs?
Allowing gas exchange
What is the level of organization where cells perform specific functions?
Cell
What type of atoms are abundant in the human body?
Atoms such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
What is the term for the ability of cells to work together for the good of the entire organism?
Functional interrelationship
What determines the function of an organ?
The structure of the organ
What is the primary function of metabolism in an organism?
To acquire and use energy to perform vital functions
What is the main purpose of the control system in the body?
To maintain a constant internal environment
What is the result of a disruption in the organized state of a cell, tissue, or organ?
Loss of function
What is the primary component of the control center in the body's control system?
Central Nervous System (CNS)
What type of feedback control is used to maintain a stable body temperature?
Negative feedback
What is the term for the ability of an organism to sense and respond to environmental changes?
Responsiveness
What is the term for the changes in form and size of an organism from generalized to specialized cells?
Differentiation
What is the primary function of the receptor in the control system?
To receive the stimulus
What is the term for the formation of new cells or new organisms?
Reproduction
What is the result of a negative feedback response?
A decrease in the stimulus's intensity
What is the primary function of organs at the organ level?
To perform a particular function
What is the characteristic of a unicellular organism?
It has a single cell
What is the level of organization at which related organs work together to perform a similar function?
Organ system level
What is the level of organization at which multiple cells are present?
Multicellular level
What is the building block of matter at the chemical level?
Atoms
What is the level of organization at which multiple organ systems combine to form an organism?
Organism level
What is the characteristic of the epithelial tissue type?
It is responsible for protection and absorption
What is the level of organization at which similar cells are grouped together to perform a particular function?
Tissue level
What is the function of the mesentery in the abdominopelvic cavity?
To provide a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to the digestive organs
What is the name of the space between the parietal and visceral pericardium?
Pericardial cavity
What is the main difference between the parietal and visceral serous membranes?
The parietal membrane lines the body cavities, while the visceral membrane covers the internal organs
What is the purpose of the pericardial fluid in the pericardial cavity?
To reduce friction between the parietal and visceral pericardium
What is the name of the cavity that contains the liver, digestive organs, and reproductive organs?
Peritoneal cavity
What is the function of the visceral peritoneum?
To cover the internal organs
What is the name of the membrane that lines the walls of the body cavities?
Parietal peritoneum
What is the main function of the pleura in the thoracic cavity?
To line the walls of the thoracic cavity
What is the anatomical position of the body?
Feet parallel, arms hanging at the sides, and palms facing forward
What is the result of the control center comparing the value of a variable against a set point?
The effectors do not receive any more information from the control center and the response stops
What is the characteristic of positive feedback?
Change proceeds in the same direction as the original stimulus
What is the purpose of the coronal plane in anatomy?
To describe a specific body part
What is the result of stimulation of sweat glands?
Secretion of sweat
What is the characteristic of negative feedback?
Changes proceed in the opposite direction of the original stimulus
What is the role of receptors in the body?
To send messages to the control center
What is the significance of the anatomical position?
It is used as a reference point to describe the location of body parts
Study Notes
Levels of Structural Organization
- Unicellular organisms: perform a particular function
- Tissue level: composed of similar cells, four basic types: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous
- Organ level: composed of different types of tissues, put together to perform a particular function
- Organ system level: organs group together to perform a similar or related function
- Organism level: highest level of structural organization, all organ systems combine to make up an organism
Organs and Tissues
- Epithelial tissue: forms the lining of organs, glands, and other body surfaces
- Connective tissue: provides support and structure to the body, connects and anchors organs
- Muscular tissue: allows for movement and contraction
- Nervous tissue: responsible for transmitting and processing information
Multicellular Organism
- Composed of more than one cell, e.g. human
- Cells, tissues, and organs work together to perform specific functions
Chemical Level
- Atoms: building blocks of matter, e.g. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, calcium
- Ions: atoms that have charges, positive (cation) or negative (anion)
- Molecules: composed of two or more atoms
Characteristics of Life
- Organization: functional interrelationships between parts, how they interact to perform specific functions
- Metabolism: sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an organism, ability to acquire and use energy
- Responsiveness: ability to sense and respond to environmental changes, internal and external
- Growth: ability to increase in size, includes cellular and extracellular materials
- Development: changes in form and size, differentiation, changes in cell structure and function
- Reproduction: formation of new cells or new organisms, can take place in both cellular and organismal levels
Homeostasis
- Ability to maintain relatively stable internal condition, despite changes in external environment
- Primarily achieved by nervous and endocrine systems
- Control system design: variable, receptor, control center, effector, and feedback control
- Negative feedback: most common type of response, system output shuts off or reduces original stimulus's intensity
Anatomical Position
- Standard reference position, used to describe body parts and their relationships
- Body standing erect, feet parallel, arms hanging at the sides, palms facing forward, thumbs pointing laterally
- All relational descriptions based on this position, regardless of body orientation
Body Planes and Section
- Medical professionals use anatomical planes (flat surfaces) to describe sections of the body
- Coronal plane (frontal plane): vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior sections
- Peritoneal cavity: houses the liver, digestive organs, and reproductive organs
- Pericardial cavity: contains the heart and is housed in the mediastinum
Learn about the different levels of structural organization in biology, from unicellular organisms to organism level. Understand the composition and functions of tissues, organs, and organ systems.
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