Stuvia-4048316-test-bank-for-human-anatomy-and-physiology-11th-edition-marieb-9780134580999-all-chapters-with-answers-and-rationals.pdf

Test Bank For Human Anatomy and Physiology 11th Edition Marieb | 9780134580999 | All Chapters with Answers and Rationals written by Nursingtest The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material At Stuvia, you will find the best notes, summaries, flashcards & other study material. Search for your s...

Test Bank For Human Anatomy and Physiology 11th Edition Marieb | 9780134580999 | All Chapters with Answers and Rationals written by Nursingtest The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material At Stuvia, you will find the best notes, summaries, flashcards & other study material. Search for your school or uni and find the study material you need. www.stuvia.com Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material FULL TEST BANK Test Bank For Human Anatomy & Physiology 11th Edition by Elaine N Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn PRINTED PDF | ORIGINAL DIRECTLY FROM THE PUBLISHER | 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS | DOWNLOAD IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE ORDER Complete Test bank, All Chapters are included. For more Test banks, ATI, HESI exams, and more contact us. Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Table of content Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation Chapter 2 Chemistry Comes Alive Chapter 3 Cells: The Living Units Chapter 4 Tissue: The Living Fabric Chapter 5 The Integumentary System Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues Chapter 7 The Skeleton Chapter 8 Joints Chapter 9 Muscles and Muscle Tissue Chapter 10 The Muscular System Chapter 11 Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue Chapter 12 The Central Nervous System Chapter 13 The Peripheral Nervous System and Reflex Activity Chapter 14 The Autonomic Nervous System Chapter 15 The Special Senses Chapter 16 The Endocrine System Chapter 17 Blood Chapter 18 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart Chapter 19 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Chapter 20 The Lymphatic System and Lymphoid Organs and Tissues Chapter 21 The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses Chapter 22 The Respiratory System Chapter 23 The Digestive System Chapter 24 Nutrition, Metabolism, and Energy Balance Chapter 25 The Urinary System Chapter 26 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance Chapter 27 The Reproductive System Chapter 28 Pregnancy and Human Development Chapter 29 Heredity Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com Exam Name___________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior regions called? A) transverse B) sagittal C) median D) frontal Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) 2) One of the functional characteristics of life is irritability. This refers to ________. A) the nervous system causing all living things to sometimes experience anger B) sensing changes in the environment and then reacting or responding to them C) the necessity for all organisms to reproduce D) indigestible food residues stimulating the excretory system Answer: B Explanation: 2) A) B) C) D) 3) Which of the following describes a parasagittal plane? A) two cuts dividing the body into left and right halves B) a transverse cut just above the knees C) any sagittal plane except the median D) any cut dividing the body into anterior and posterior Answer: C Explanation: 3) A) B) C) D) 4) Which one of the following systems responds to environmental stimuli? A) nervous B) lymphatic C) immune Answer: A Explanation: 4) D) muscular A) B) C) D) 5) The cavities housing the eyes are called __________ cavities. A) cranial B) nasal C) orbital Answer: C Explanation: 1) 5) D) frontal A) B) C) D) 1 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com 6) If you consider your home air conditioner in terms of homeostasis, then the wall thermostat would be the ________. A) control center B) effector C) receptor D) variable Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) 7) The dorsal body cavity is the site of which of the following? A) intestines B) liver C) lungs Answer: D Explanation: 7) D) brain A) B) C) D) 8) Choose the anatomical topic and definition that is not correctly matched. A) Cytology: study of the structures in a particular region. B) Gross anatomy: study of structures visible to the eye. C) Embryology: study of the changes in an individual from conception to birth. D) Microscopic anatomy: study of structures too small to be seen by the naked eye. Answer: A Explanation: 8) A) B) C) D) 9) The term pollex refers to the ________. A) calf B) thumb Answer: B Explanation: 9) C) fingers D) great toe A) B) C) D) 10) The study of the heart may incorporate many aspects of anatomy but as a whole you would say it is __________ anatomy. A) developmental B) microscopic C) systemic D) gross Answer: D Explanation: 6) 10) A) B) C) D) 2 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com 11) What is the posterior side of the patella called? A) popliteal B) crural Answer: A Explanation: 11) D) sural C) thoracic cavity D) vertebral cavity A) B) C) D) 12) Which of these is not part of the dorsal cavity? A) cranial cavity B) spinal cord Answer: C Explanation: C) antecubital 12) A) B) C) D) 13) An increased rate of breathing as a result of an increased buildup of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream would be best described as an example of ________. A) metabolism B) responsiveness C) maintaining boundaries D) excretion of metabolic waste Answer: D Explanation: 13) A) B) C) D) 14) The anatomical position is used ________. A) only when a body is lying down B) rarely, because people don't usually assume this position C) as a standard reference point for directional terms regardless of the actual position of the body D) as the most comfortable way to stand when dissecting a specimen Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) 15) Which of the following organs or structures would be found in the left iliac region? A) stomach B) appendix C) liver D) intestines Answer: D Explanation: 14) 15) A) B) C) D) 3 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com 16) An oblique cut is one that is cut ________. A) vertical right and left B) perpendicular to vertical and horizontal C) horizontal right and left D) diagonally between the vertical and horizontal Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) 17) What is the specific name for the hip region? A) coxal B) manus Answer: A Explanation: 16) 17) C) pedal D) inguinal A) B) C) D) 18) Which of the following describes the operation of the heart and blood vessels? A) systemic anatomy B) cardiovascular physiology C) systemic physiology D) cardiovascular anatomy Answer: D Explanation: 18) A) B) C) D) 19) Choose the following statement that is not completely correct regarding serous membranes. A) Serous membranes are divided into parietal and visceral membranes with a potential space between the two. B) Visceral pericardium covers the surface of the heart, and parietal pericardium lines the walls of the heart. C) Serous membranes secrete a watery lubricating fluid. D) Serosa are very thin, double- layered structures. Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) 20) The single most abundant chemical substance of the body, accounting for 60% to 80% of body weight, is ________. A) protein B) oxygen C) water D) hydrogen Answer: C Explanation: 19) 20) A) B) C) D) 4 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com 21) What is the main, general purpose of negative feedback? A) to regulate excretion B) to maintain homeostasis C) to control all body system tissues D) to keep the body's sugar high Answer: B Explanation: 21) A) B) C) D) 22) Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains ________. A) a relatively stable internal environment, within limits B) a dynamic state within an unlimited range C) the lowest possible energy usage D) a static state with no deviation from preset points Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) 23) Which body cavity protects the nervous system? A) dorsal B) cranial Answer: A Explanation: 23) C) thoracic D) vertebral C) Synovial D) Nasal A) B) C) D) 24) ________ cavities are spaces within joints. A) Orbital B) Oral Answer: C Explanation: 22) 24) A) B) C) D) 25) Which of the following imaging devices would best localize a tumor in a person's brain? A) DSA B) MRI C) X ray D) PET Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) 26) A structure that is composed of two or more tissues would be a(n) ________. A) organ system B) complex tissue C) organ Answer: C Explanation: 25) 26) D) complex cell A) B) C) D) 5 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com 27) Average body temperature is ________ degrees centigrade. A) 68 B) 47 C) 37 Answer: C Explanation: 27) D) 98 A) B) C) D) 28) The parietal pleural would represent a serous membrane ________. A) covering individual lungs B) covering the heart C) lining the thoracic cavity D) lining the abdominal cavity Answer: C Explanation: 28) A) B) C) D) 29) A good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be ________. A) regulating glucose levels in the blood B) enhancement of labor contractions C) body temperature regulation D) blood calcium level regulation Answer: B Explanation: 29) A) B) C) D) 30) Place the following in correct sequence from simplest to most complex: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. molecules atoms tissues cells organ A) 2- 1- 3- 4- 5 Answer: C Explanation: B) 1- 2- 4- 3- 5 30) C) 2- 1- 4- 3- 5 D) 1- 2- 3- 4- 5 A) B) C) D) 31) Select the most correct statement. A) Organ systems operate independently of each other to maintain life. B) The endocrine system is not a true structural organ system. C) The immune system is closely associated with the lymphatic system. D) Organ systems can be composed of cells or tissues, but not both. Answer: C Explanation: 31) A) B) C) D) 6 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com 32) Which of the following statements is the most correct regarding homeostatic imbalance? A) Positive feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed. B) Negative feedback mechanisms are functioning normally. C) It is considered the cause of most diseases. D) The internal environment is becoming more stable. Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) 33) What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into left and right, called? A) regional B) transverse C) sagittal D) frontal Answer: C Explanation: 34) B) superior mediastinal D) dorsal A) B) C) D) 35) Which of the following would not be a functional characteristic of life? A) maintenance of boundaries B) responsiveness to external stimuli C) decay D) movement Answer: C Explanation: 35) A) B) C) D) 36) Histology would be best defined as a study of ________. A) cells B) cell chemistry C) the gross structures of the body D) tissues Answer: D Explanation: 33) A) B) C) D) 34) The heart lies in the ________ cavity. A) pericardial C) pleural Answer: A Explanation: 32) 36) A) B) C) D) 7 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com 37) Which of the following are survival needs of the body? A) nutrients, water, growth, and reproduction B) nutrients, water, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen C) nutrients, water, movement, and reproduction D) water, atmospheric pressure, growth, and movement Answer: B Explanation: 37) A) B) C) D) 38) The anatomical position is characterized by all of the following except ________. A) palms turned posteriorly B) body erect C) thumbs pointed laterally D) arms at sides Answer: A Explanation: 38) A) B) C) D) 39) Which of the following statements is true concerning feedback mechanisms? A) Negative feedback mechanisms work to prevent sudden severe changes within the body. B) Positive feedback mechanisms always result in excessive damage to the host. C) Blood glucose levels are regulated by positive feedback mechanisms. D) Negative feedback mechanisms tend to increase the original stimulus. Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) 40) In which cavities are the lungs located? A) mediastinum, thoracic, and ventral C) pleural, dorsal, and abdominal Answer: B Explanation: 40) B) pleural, ventral, and thoracic D) pericardial, ventral, and thoracic A) B) C) D) 41) Subdivisions of anatomy include which of the following? A) gross, macroscopic, visual, and microscopic B) regional, surface, visual, and microscopic C) gross, regional, dissection, and surface D) gross, regional, systemic, and surface Answer: D Explanation: 39) 41) A) B) C) D) 8 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com 42) In which abdominopelvic cavity is the stomach located? A) left lower B) left upper C) right lower Answer: B Explanation: 42) D) right upper A) B) C) D) 43) Which term means toward or at the back of the body, behind? A) lateral B) distal C) dorsal Answer: C Explanation: 43) D) anterior A) B) C) D) 9 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. Figure 1.1 Using Figure 1.1, match the following cavities: 44) Vertebral cavity. 44) Answer: B Explanation: 45) What type of homeostatic feedback reflex is the withdrawal reflex? 45) Answer: negative Explanation: 46) Why is anatomical terminology necessary? 46) Answer: Anatomical terms are precise words that have limited usage, which prevents confusion when describing the location of body parts. Explanation: 47) The term that describes the heel region is ________. 47) Answer: calcaneal Explanation: 10 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com 48) Why are the abdominopelvic cavity organs the most vulnerable in an automobile accident? 48) Answer: The walls of the abdominal cavity are formed only by trunk muscles and are not reinforced by bone. The pelvic organs receive a somewhat greater degree of protection from the bony pelvis. Explanation: 49) What is the function of the serous membranes? 49) Answer: They act to reduce friction and allow the organs to slide across cavity walls. Explanation: 50) The elbow is ________ to the wrist. 50) Answer: proximal Explanation: Figure 1.2 Using Figure 1.2, match the following regions: 51) Epigastric region. 51) Answer: A Explanation: 11 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com 52) The ________ cavity contains tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the organ of hearing in the inner ear. 52) Answer: middle ear Explanation: Figure 1.2 Using Figure 1.2, match the following regions: 53) Right iliac (inguinal) region. 53) Answer: E Explanation: 54) Umbilical region. 54) Answer: C Explanation: 12 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com Figure 1.1 Using Figure 1.1, match the following cavities: 55) Thoracic cavity. 55) Answer: C Explanation: 56) ________ is explained by chemical and physical principles and is concerned with the function of specific organs or organic systems. 56) Answer: Physiology Explanation: 13 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com Figure 1.2 Using Figure 1.2, match the following regions: 57) Right hypochondriac. 57) Answer: B Explanation: 58) What is the pathway between the receptor and the control center in the reflex pathway called? 58) Answer: afferent pathway Explanation: 59) Similar cells that have a common function are called ________. 59) Answer: tissues Explanation: 60) What broad term covers all chemical reactions that occur within the body cells? 60) Answer: metabolism Explanation: 61) Fully describe the anatomical position for the human body. 61) Answer: The body is erect, arms hanging at the sides, palms forward, and thumbs pointed away from the midline. Explanation: 14 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com 62) What is a dynamic equilibrium of your internal environment termed? 62) Answer: homeostasis Explanation: 63) What is the serous membrane that covers the intestines called? 63) Answer: visceral Explanation: 64) ________ physiology concerns urine production and kidney function. 64) Answer: Renal Explanation: 65) The ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them is called ________. 65) Answer: responsiveness or irritability Explanation: 66) What does the “principle of complementarity of structures and function” mean? 66) Answer: What a structure can do depends on its specific form, or "structure determines function." Explanation: 67) Can lungs carry out excretory functions? Explain your answer. 67) Answer: Yes, carbon dioxide is a metabolic waste the lungs excrete. Explanation: 68) What is the goal of all of the negative feedback mechanisms of the body? 68) Answer: The goal is to prevent sudden severe changes within the body. Explanation: 69) What is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body? 69) Answer: water Explanation: 15 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com Figure 1.1 Using Figure 1.1, match the following cavities: 70) Cranial cavity. 70) Answer: A Explanation: 71) What can happen when the usual negative feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed and destructive positive feedback mechanisms take over? 71) Answer: Homeostatic imbalances increase our risk for illness and produce the changes we associate with aging. Explanation: 72) The higher we go in the mountains, the greater the atmospheric pressure, which causes a loss of oxygen. Comment on this statement. 72) Answer: The statement is backwards the higher we go, the less atmospheric pressure, therefore less oxygen. Explanation: 16 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com Figure 1.2 Using Figure 1.2, match the following regions: 73) Hypogastric (pubic) region. 73) Answer: D Explanation: 74) Why must a normal body temperature be maintained in order for chemical reactions to be continued at life- sustaining rates? 74) Answer: If body temperature is too low, chemical reactions slow and eventually stop. If body temperature is too high, chemical reactions speed up and body proteins lose their normal shape, resulting in loss of function. Explanation: 75) What does gross anatomy study? 75) Answer: Larger structures of the body that can be seen with the naked eye. Explanation: 76) The term that describes the back of the elbow is ________. 76) Answer: olecranal Explanation: 17 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com Figure 1.1 Using Figure 1.1, match the following cavities: 77) Abdominal cavity. 77) Answer: D Explanation: 78) Which body system would be most affected by a lower than normal atmospheric pressure? 78) Answer: respiratory system Explanation: 79) Which cavity contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum? 79) Answer: pelvic Explanation: 80) Which feedback mechanism causes the variable to deviate further and further from its original value or range? 80) Answer: positive feedback Explanation: 18 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com 81) The five cavities of the head are cranial, oral, nasal, middle ear, and ________. 81) Answer: orbital Explanation: TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 82) It is important for any organism to maintain its boundaries, so that its internal environment remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it. Answer: True Explanation: 82) False 83) Lungs carry out an excretory function. Answer: True Explanation: 83) False 84) The right hypochondriac region contains the majority of the stomach. Answer: True Explanation: 84) False 85) The anatomical position means the body is standing at attention with the palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body. Answer: True Explanation: False 86) The serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity wall is called visceral peritoneum. Answer: True Explanation: 86) False 87) The epigastric region is located superior to the umbilical region. Answer: True Explanation: 87) False 88) Without some sort of negative feedback mechanism, it would be impossible to keep our body chemistry in balance. Answer: True Explanation: 88) False 89) A major function of serous membranes is to decrease friction. Answer: True Explanation: 89) False 90) Regardless of the variable being regulated, all homeostatic control mechanisms have at least three interdependent components. Answer: True Explanation: 90) False 91) A tissue consists of groups of similar cells that have a common function. Answer: True Explanation: 85) 91) False 19 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com 92) Positive feedback mechanisms tend to increase the original stimulus. Answer: True Explanation: 92) False 93) Embryology concerns the structural changes that occur in an individual from conception through old age. Answer: True Explanation: False 94) Imaging is useful in discovering obstructed blood supplies in organs and tissues. Answer: True Explanation: 94) False 95) The elbow is proximal to the shoulder. Answer: True Explanation: 93) 95) False MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1. Match the following systems to their functions: 96) Removes and filters excess fluid from tissues. A) Lymphatic 96) Answer: A Match the following examples of feedback mechanisms: 97) Blood pressure A) Negative feedback 97) Answer: A 98) Blood glucose levels 98) Answer: A Match the following cavities and organs: 99) Heart. A) Thoracic 99) Answer: A Match the following regional terms and common terms: 100) Arm. A) Brachial 100) Answer: A Match the following cavities and organs: 101) Stomach. A) Abdominopelvic 101) Answer: A Match the following systems to their functions: 102) Responds to environmental changes by transmitting electrical impulses. A) Nervous 102) Answer: A 20 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com Match the regional/directional terms and examples: 103) The bridge of the nose is ________ to the left eye. A) Medial 103) Answer: A Match the following cavities and organs: 104) Uterus. A) Abdominopelvic 104) Answer: A Match the regional/directional terms and examples: 105) The upper arm is ________ to the forearm. A) Proximal 105) Answer: A Match the following cavities and organs: 106) Brain. A) Cranial 106) Answer: A Match the following regional terms and common terms: 107) Head. A) Cephalic 107) Answer: A Match the following systems and organs: 108) Kidneys, bladder, ureters. A) Respiratory 108) Answer: B B) Urinary 109) Trachea, bronchi, alveoli. 109) Answer: A Match the regional/directional terms and examples: 110) The heart is ________ to the stomach. A) Superior 110) Answer: A Match the following regional terms and common terms: 111) Knee (anterior aspect). A) Patellar 111) Answer: A Match the following systems to their functions: 112) Controls the body with chemical molecules called hormones. A) Endocrine 112) Answer: A Match the following regional terms and common terms: 113) Buttock. A) Gluteal 113) Answer: A Match the following systems to their functions: 114) Provides support and levers for muscles to work on. A) Skeletal 114) Answer: A 21 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com Match the following examples of feedback mechanisms: 115) Blood clotting A) Positive feedback 115) Answer: A Match the regional/directional terms and examples: 116) The stomach is ________ to the spine. A) Anterior 116) Answer: A Match the following systems to their functions: 117) Directly causes mechanical motion. A) Muscular 117) Answer: A Match the regional/directional terms and examples: 118) The fingers are ________ to the wrist. A) Distal 118) Answer: A Match the following systems and organs: 119) Esophagus, large intestine, rectum. A) Digestive 119) Answer: A Match the following cavities and organs: 120) Lungs. A) Thoracic 120) Answer: A Match the following systems to their functions: 121) Produces antibodies that neutralize foreign substances. A) Immune 121) Answer: A Match the following regional terms and common terms: 122) Chest. A) Thoracic 122) Answer: A Match the following systems and organs: 123) Adrenal glands, pancreas, pituitary. A) Endocrine 123) Answer: A Match the following systems to their functions: 124) Protects underlying organs from mechanical damage and synthesizes vitamin D. A) Integumentary 124) Answer: A Match the following systems to their functions: 125) Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues. A) Cardiovascular 125) Answer: A 22 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com Match the following examples of feedback mechanisms: 126) Delivering a baby A) Positive feedback 126) Answer: A Match the following systems and organs: 127) Arteries, veins, heart. A) Cardiovascular 127) Answer: A ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 128) Explain why an 80- year- old woman requires a much longer time to recover from the flu than does a woman who is age 30. Answer: As we age, our body's control systems become less efficient. As a result, our internal environment becomes less and less stable. 129) A surgeon removed a section of tissue along a transverse plane for microscopic examination. What two names would the section be called? Answer: A cross section or a transverse section. 130) A small family was traveling in its van and had a minor accident. The children in the back seats were wearing lap belts, but still sustained numerous bruises about the abdomen, and had some internal organ injuries. Why is this area more vulnerable to damage than others? Answer: The abdominal organs are the least protected in the body because they are not surrounded by a bony covering such as the ribs, pelvis, or cranium. 131) Judy is 16 years old and collapses on the gym floor with severe pain in her chest wall. She is rushed by ambulance to the emergency room. Judy is diagnosed with pleurisy and is given an anti- inflammatory through the intravenous route. Explain why an anti- inflammatory would be prescribed for someone with pleurisy. Answer: The pleural space contains a small amount of fluid that acts as a lubricant, allowing the pleurae to slide smoothly over each other as the lungs expand and contract. Pleurisy is an inflammation of the parietal pleura of the lungs. When inflammation occurs in the pleural space, the pleurae do not slide smoothly and this causes severe pain. 132) The nurse charted: "Patient has an open wound located on lateral aspect of leg." Describe where the wound is located. Answer: The wound is located on the outer side of the leg. 133) The patient was admitted to the hospital with hypertension. The development of arteriosclerosis has increased peripheral resistance to blood flow, worsening his hypertension. This is an example of what type of feedback loop and why? Answer: Positive feedback loops are common in pathophysiological perpetuation of disease. For example, arteriosclerotic hypertension results in positive feedback mechanisms that enhance and propagate the initial step in the chain of events, which is hypertension. 23 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com Answer Key Testname: C1 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20) 21) 22) 23) 24) 25) 26) 27) 28) 29) 30) 31) 32) 33) 34) 35) 36) 37) 38) 39) 40) 41) 42) 43) 44) 45) 46) D B C A C A D A B D A C D C D D A D B C B A A C B C C C B C C C C A C D B A A B D B C B negative Anatomical terms are precise words that have limited usage, which prevents confusion when describing the location of body parts. 47) calcaneal 48) The walls of the abdominal cavity are formed only by trunk muscles and are not reinforced by bone. The pelvic organs receive a somewhat greater degree of protection from the bony pelvis. 24 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com Answer Key Testname: C1 49) 50) 51) 52) 53) 54) 55) 56) 57) 58) 59) 60) 61) 62) 63) 64) 65) 66) 67) 68) 69) 70) 71) 72) 73) 74) 75) 76) 77) 78) 79) 80) 81) 82) 83) 84) 85) 86) 87) 88) 89) 90) 91) 92) 93) 94) 95) 96) 97) They act to reduce friction and allow the organs to slide across cavity walls. proximal A middle ear E C C Physiology B afferent pathway tissues metabolism The body is erect, arms hanging at the sides, palms forward, and thumbs pointed away from the midline. homeostasis visceral Renal responsiveness or irritability What a structure can do depends on its specific form, or "structure determines function." Yes, carbon dioxide is a metabolic waste the lungs excrete. The goal is to prevent sudden severe changes within the body. water A Homeostatic imbalances increase our risk for illness and produce the changes we associate with aging. The statement is backwards the higher we go, the less atmospheric pressure, therefore less oxygen. D If body temperature is too low, chemical reactions slow and eventually stop. If body temperature is too high, chemical reactions speed up and body proteins lose their normal shape, resulting in loss of function. Larger structures of the body that can be seen with the naked eye. olecranal D respiratory system pelvic positive feedback orbital TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE A A 25 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com Answer Key Testname: C1 98) 99) 100) 101) 102) 103) 104) 105) 106) 107) 108) 109) 110) 111) 112) 113) 114) 115) 116) 117) 118) 119) 120) 121) 122) 123) 124) 125) 126) 127) 128) A A A A A A A A A A B A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A As we age, our body's control systems become less efficient. As a result, our internal environment becomes less and less stable. 129) A cross section or a transverse section. 130) The abdominal organs are the least protected in the body because they are not surrounded by a bony covering such as the ribs, pelvis, or cranium. 131) The pleural space contains a small amount of fluid that acts as a lubricant, allowing the pleurae to slide smoothly over each other as the lungs expand and contract. Pleurisy is an inflammation of the parietal pleura of the lungs. When inflammation occurs in the pleural space, the pleurae do not slide smoothly and this causes severe pain. 132) The wound is located on the outer side of the leg. 133) Positive feedback loops are common in pathophysiological perpetuation of disease. For example, arteriosclerotic hypertension results in positive feedback mechanisms that enhance and propagate the initial step in the chain of events, which is hypertension. 26 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com Exam Name___________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The four elements that make up about 96% of body matter are ________. A) carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen B) sodium, potassium, hydrogen, oxygen C) nitrogen, hydrogen, calcium, sodium D) carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, calcium Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) 2) Which of the following is an example of a suspension? A) rubbing alcohol B) cytoplasm C) blood Answer: C Explanation: 2) D) salt water A) B) C) D) 3) Which of the following would be regarded as an organic molecule? A) NaCl B) CH4 C) NaOH Answer: B Explanation: 3) D) H2 O A) B) C) D) 4) Which of the following is not a role of molecular chaperonins? A) help to translocate proteins and certain metal ions across cell membranes B) aid the desired folding and association process of polypeptides C) promote the breakdown of damaged or denatured proteins D) prevent accidental, premature, or incorrect folding of polypeptide chains E) act as a biological catalyst Answer: E Explanation: 4) A) B) C) D) E) 5) Which bonds often bind different parts of a molecule into a specific three- dimensional shape? A) Oxygen B) Amino acid C) Hydrogen D) Carbon Answer: C Explanation: 1) 5) A) B) C) D) 1 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com 6) What happens in redox reactions? A) the reaction is always easily reversible B) the electron acceptor is oxidized C) both decomposition and electron exchange occur D) the electron donor is reduced Answer: C Explanation: 6) A) B) C) D) 7) The genetic information is coded in DNA by the ________. A) arrangement of the histones B) sequence of the nucleotides C) three- dimensional structure of the double helix D) regular alteration of sugar and phosphate molecules Answer: B Explanation: 7) A) B) C) D) 8) An atom with a valence of 3 may have a total of ________ electrons. A) 13 B) 3 C) 8 Answer: A Explanation: 8) D) 17 A) B) C) D) 9) Choose the answer that best describes fibrous proteins. A) are usually called enzymes B) rarely exhibit secondary structure C) are cellular catalysts D) are very stable and insoluble in water Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) 10) Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and muscles in the form of ________. A) cholesterol B) glycogen C) glucose Answer: B Explanation: 9) 10) D) triglycerides A) B) C) D) 2 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com 11) What is the ratio of fatty acids to glycerol in neutral fats? A) 1:1 B) 3:1 C) 4:1 Answer: B Explanation: 11) D) 2:1 A) B) C) D) 12) Amino acids joining together to make a peptide is a good example of a(n) ________ reaction. A) synthesis B) exchange C) reversible D) decomposition Answer: A Explanation: 12) A) B) C) D) 13) The numbers listed represent the number of electrons in the first, second, and third energy levels, respectively. On this basis, which of the following is an unstable or reactive atom? A) 2, 8, 8 B) 2 C) 2, 8 D) 2, 8, 1 Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) 14) An example of a coenzyme is ________. A) iron 14) B) copper C) zinc Answer: D Explanation: D) riboflavin (vitamin B2 ) A) B) C) D) 15) Choose the statement that is false or incorrect. A) A key feature of the body’s metabolism is the almost exclusive use of exergonic reactions by the body. B) Exergonic reactions release more energy than they absorb. C) In chemical reactions, breaking old bonds requires energy and forming new bonds releases energy. D) Endergonic reactions absorb more energy than they release. Answer: A Explanation: 13) 15) A) B) C) D) 3 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com 16) Which of the following constitutes a long chain of simple sugars? A) polysaccharide B) nucleic acid C) protein D) monosaccharide Answer: A Explanation: 16) A) B) C) D) 17) Which protein types are vitally important to cell function in all types of stressful circumstances? A) catalytic proteins B) structural proteins C) molecular chaperones D) regulatory proteins Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) 18) In a DNA molecule, the phosphate serves ________. A) as a code C) as nucleotides Answer: B Explanation: 18) B) to hold the molecular backbone together D) to bind the sugars to their bases A) B) C) D) 19) Which of the following describes coenzymes? A) enzymes that work together B) organic molecules derived from vitamins C) metal ions D) two enzymes that perform the same function Answer: B Explanation: 19) A) B) C) D) 20) A chemical reaction in which bonds are broken is usually associated with ________. A) a synthesis B) forming a larger molecule C) the release of energy D) the consumption of energy Answer: C Explanation: 17) 20) A) B) C) D) 4 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com 21) What does CH4 mean? 21) A) This was involved in a redox reaction. B) There is one carbon and four hydrogen atoms. C) This is an inorganic molecule. D) There are four carbon and four hydrogen atoms. Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) 22) Select which reactions will usually be irreversible regarding chemical equilibrium in living systems. A) glucose to CO2 and H2 O 22) B) H2 O + CO2 to make H2 CO3 C) ADP + Pi to make ATP D) glucose molecules joined to make glycogen Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) 23) What is a chain of 25 amino acids called? A) starch B) polypeptide Answer: B Explanation: 23) C) protein D) nucleotide A) B) C) D) 24) Select the correct statement about isotopes. A) Isotopes occur only in the heavier elements. B) All the isotopes of an element are radioactive. C) Isotopes of the same element have the same atomic number but differ in their atomic masses. D) All the isotopes of an element have the same number of neutrons. Answer: C Explanation: 24) A) B) C) D) 5 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com 25) Which property of water is demonstrated when we sweat? A) high heat capacity B) reactivity C) high heat of vaporization D) cushioning E) polar solvent properties Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 26) What is a dipole? A) a type of reaction C) a type of bond Answer: B Explanation: 25) 26) B) a polar molecule D) an organic molecule A) B) C) D) 27) Select the most correct statement regarding nucleic acids. A) DNA is a long, double- stranded molecule made up of A, T, G, and C bases. B) TDNA is considered a molecular slave of DNA. C) RNA is a long, single- stranded molecule made up of the bases A, T, G, and C. D) Three forms exist: DNA, RNA, and tDNA. Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) 28) Which of the following is the major positive ion outside cells? A) hydrogen B) sodium C) nitrogen Answer: B Explanation: 28) D) potassium A) B) C) D) 29) A solution that has a pH of 2 could best be described as being ________. A) acidic B) slightly acidic C) basic Answer: A Explanation: 27) 29) D) neutral A) B) C) D) 6 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com 30) What level of protein synthesis is represented by the coiling of the protein chain backbone into an alpha helix? A) quaternary structure B) tertiary structure C) primary structure D) secondary structure Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) 31) Which of the following is not an electrolyte? A) H2 O B) NaOH Answer: A Explanation: 31) C) Ca2 CO3 D) HCl A) B) C) D) 32) Which of the following statements is false? A) Chemical reactions progress at a faster rate when the reacting particles are present in higher numbers. B) Catalysts increase the rate of chemical reactions. C) Larger particles move faster than smaller ones and thus collide more frequently and more forcefully. D) Chemical reactions proceed more quickly at higher temperatures. Answer: C Explanation: 33) A) B) C) D) 34) Select the statement about mixtures that is correct. A) Solutions contain particles that settle out in time. B) A solution contains solvent in large amounts and solute in smaller quantities. C) Suspensions can change reversibly from liquid to solid. D) Suspensions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more components. Answer: B Explanation: 32) A) B) C) D) 33) Which of the following does not describe the ATP molecule? A) transport B) pigments C) mechanical work D) chemical work Answer: B Explanation: 30) 34) A) B) C) D) 7 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com 35) Two good examples of a colloid would be Jell- O® and ________. A) urine B) cytosol C) blood Answer: B Explanation: D) toenails A) B) C) D) 36) Sucrose is a ________. A) triglyceride C) monosaccharide Answer: D Explanation: 35) 36) B) polysaccharide D) disaccharide A) B) C) D) 37) Which of the following is not considered a factor in influencing a reaction? A) concentration B) temperature C) particle size Answer: D Explanation: 37) D) time A) B) C) D) 38) ________ is fat soluble, produced in the skin on exposure to UV radiation, and necessary for normal bone growth and function. A) Cortisol B) Vitamin K C) Vitamin A D) Vitamin D Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) 39) What does the formula C6 H12O6 mean? A) There are 12 hydrogen, 6 carbon, and 6 oxygen atoms. B) There are 6 calcium, 12 hydrogen, and 6 oxygen atoms. C) The molecular weight is 24. D) The substance is a colloid. Answer: A Explanation: 38) 39) A) B) C) D) 8 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com 40) Which of the following is true regarding the concentration of solutions? A) To calculate molarity, one must know the atomic weight of the solvent. B) Percent solutions are parts per 1000 parts. C) Molarity is one mole of solute per 1000 ml of solution. D) To calculate molarity, one must know the atomic number of the solute. Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) 41) Choose the answer that best describes HCO3-. A) common in the liver C) a proton donor Answer: D Explanation: 40) 41) B) a weak acid D) a bicarbonate ion A) B) C) D) 42) If atom X has an atomic number of 74 it would have which of the following? A) 37 protons and 37 electrons B) 37 protons and 37 neutrons C) 74 protons D) 37 electrons Answer: A Explanation: 42) A) B) C) D) 43) Carbohydrates and proteins are built up from their basic building blocks by the ________. A) addition of a carbon atom between each two units B) removal of a nitrogen atom between each two units C) addition of a water molecule between each two units D) removal of a water molecule between each two units Answer: D Explanation: 43) A) B) C) D) 44) In liquid XYZ, you notice that light is scattered as it passes through. There is no precipitant in the bottom of the beaker, though it has been sitting for several days. What type of liquid is this? A) colloid B) solution C) suspension D) mixture Answer: A Explanation: 44) A) B) C) D) 9 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com 45) Which statement about enzymes is false? A) Enzymes raise the activation energy needed to start a reaction. B) Enzymes are composed mostly of protein. C) Enzymes may be damaged by high temperature. D) Enzymes are organic catalysts. Answer: A Explanation: 45) A) B) C) D) 46) Atom X has 17 protons. How many electrons are in its valence shell? A) 5 B) 10 C) 7 Answer: C Explanation: 46) D) 3 A) B) C) D) 47) Which of the following is not true of proteins? A) Some types are called enzymes. B) Their function depends on the three- dimensional shape. C) They may be denatured or coagulated by heat or acidity. D) They appear to be the molecular carriers of the coded hereditary information. Answer: D Explanation: 47) A) B) C) D) 48) Which of the following elements is necessary for proper conduction of nervous impulses? A) I B) Fe C) Na D) P Answer: C Explanation: 48) A) B) C) D) 49) In general, the lipids that we refer to as oils have ________. A) a high water content B) a high degree of unsaturated bonds C) a high degree of saturated bonds D) long fatty acid chains Answer: B Explanation: 49) A) B) C) D) 10 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com 50) Which of the following is a neutralization reaction? A) HCl H+ + ClC) HCl + NaOH Answer: C Explanation: 50) B) NH3 + H+ D) NaOH NaCl + H2 O A) B) C) D) 51) Salts are always ________. A) double covalent compounds C) hydrogen bonded Answer: B Explanation: NH4 +2 Na+ + OH- 51) B) ionic compounds D) single covalent compounds A) B) C) D) 52) The chemical symbol O O means ________. A) zero equals zero B) this is an ionic bond with two shared electrons C) both atoms are bonded and have zero electrons in the outer orbit D) the atoms are double bonded Answer: D Explanation: 52) A) B) C) D) 53) Heat shock proteins (hsp) are a type of protein called ________. A) chaperonins B) eicosanoids C) cofactors Answer: A Explanation: 53) D) coenzymes A) B) C) D) 54) The single most abundant protein in the body is ________. A) collagen B) glucose C) DNA Answer: A Explanation: 54) D) hemoglobin A) B) C) D) 11 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 55) Explain why chemical reactions in the body are often irreversible. 55) Answer: Chemical reactions that release energy cannot be reversed unless energy is put back into the system. Also, the body may use the chemicals solely for its energy, such as glucose, or some reactions produce molecules in excessive quantities (like CO2 and NH4 ) that the body needs to discard. Explanation: Figure 2.1 Using Figure 2.1, match the following: 56) Tertiary (protein) structure. 56) Answer: B Explanation: 57) How can phospholipids form a film when mixed in water? 57) Answer: Phospholipids have both polar and nonpolar ends. The polar end interacts with water, leaving the nonpolar end oriented in the opposite direction. Explanation: 58) Explain the difference between potential and kinetic energy. 58) Answer: Potential energy is inactive stored energy that has potential to do work. Kinetic energy is energy in action. Explanation: 12 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com 59) All chemical reactions are theoretically reversible. Comment on this statement. 59) Answer: It is possible to reverse any reaction if the products are still present. Those that are only slightly exergonic are easily reversible. Some would require an enormous amount of energy to reverse. In the simple reaction Na + Cl NaCl the amount of energy it takes to reverse table salt to chlorine gas and sodium metal is enormous. The reversing of the covalently bonded sugar molecule once it is reduced to ATP molecules is even harder or next to impossible. Explanation: 60) What properties does water have that make it a very versatile fluid? 60) Answer: High heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, polarity and solvent properties, reactivity, and cushioning. Explanation: 61) Are all chemical reactions reversible? If not, why aren’t they all reversible? 61) Answer: All chemical reactions are theoretically reversible, but only if the products are not consumed. Explanation: 62) In a DNA molecule, guanine would connect to ________. 62) Answer: cytosine Explanation: 63) ________ have a bitter taste, feel slippery, and are proton acceptors. 63) Answer: Bases Explanation: 13 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com Figure 2.2 Using Figure 2.2, match the following: 64) Thymine. 64) Answer: D Explanation: 65) Weak acids and bases make good ________. 65) Answer: buffers Explanation: 66) What type of chemical bond can form between an element with 11 protons and an element with 17 protons? 66) Answer: ionic Explanation: 67) AB A + B is an example of a(n) ________ reaction. 67) Answer: decomposition Explanation: 14 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com 68) What does the polar end of a phospholipid contain? 68) Answer: a phosphorus- containing group Explanation: 69) What is the major difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds? 69) Answer: Polar bonds have an unequal sharing of electrons resulting in a slight negative charge at one end of the molecule and a slight positive charge at the other end. Nonpolar bonds have an equal sharing of electrons, resulting in a balanced charge among the atoms. Explanation: Figure 2.1 Using Figure 2.1, match the following: 70) Nucleotide. 70) Answer: E Explanation: 71) A holoenzyme is composed of an apoenzyme and a(n) ________. 71) Answer: cofactor Explanation: 72) An amino acid may act as a proton acceptor or donor. Explain. 72) Answer: Amino acids have two components a base group (proton acceptor) and an organic acid part (a proton donor). Explanation: 15 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com Figure 2.1 Using Figure 2.1, match the following: 73) Polysaccharide. 73) Answer: C Explanation: 74) Describe the factors that affect chemical reaction rates. 74) Answer: Temperature increases kinetic energy and therefore the force of molecular collisions. Particle size: smaller particles move faster at the same temperature and therefore collide more frequently; also, smaller particles have more surface area given the same concentration of reactants. Concentration: the higher the concentration, the greater the chance of particles colliding. Catalysts increase the rate of the reaction at a given temperature. Enzymes are biological catalysts. Explanation: 75) The ________ molecule directly provides energy for cellular work. 75) Answer: ATP Explanation: 76) Molecules such as methane that are made of atoms that share electrons have ________ bonds. 76) Answer: covalent Explanation: 16 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com 77) Name at least four things you know about enzymes. Answer: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Explanation: 77) They are proteins. They have specific binding sites for specific substrates. They lower the activation barrier for a specific reaction. The names end in "ase." They can be denatured. They can be used again and again. 78) When a set of electrodes connected to a lightbulb is placed in a solution of dextrose and a current is applied, the lightbulb does not light up. When the same unit is placed in HCl, it does. Why? 78) Answer: HCl ionizes to form current- conducting electrolytes. Dextrose does not ionize, and therefore does not conduct current. Explanation: 79) A chemical bond never occurs in a mixture. Discuss this. 79) Answer: Mixtures come in three forms solutions, colloids, and suspensions. Components of these mixtures always retain their original makeup and can be separated into their individual components; therefore no chemical bonding has taken place. Explanation: 17 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com Figure 2.2 Using Figure 2.2, match the following: 80) Deoxyribose sugar. 80) Answer: B Explanation: 18 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com Figure 2.1 Using Figure 2.1, match the following: 81) Functional protein. 81) Answer: B Explanation: 82) In the compound H2 CO3 , what do the numbers 2 and 3 represent? 82) Answer: The 2 indicates that there are two hydrogen atoms in the compound and the 3 indicates that there are three oxygen atoms in the compound. Explanation: 83) Starch is the stored carbohydrate in plants, while ________ is the stored carbohydrate in animals. 83) Answer: glycogen Explanation: 19 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com Figure 2.1 Using Figure 2.1, match the following: 84) Monosaccharide. 84) Answer: A Explanation: 20 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com Figure 2.2 Using Figure 2.2, match the following: 85) Guanine. 85) Answer: E Explanation: 86) How many phosphates would AMP have attached to it? 86) Answer: one Explanation: 87) The atomic number is equal to the number of ________. 87) Answer: protons (and electrons) Explanation: 21 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com Figure 2.2 Using Figure 2.2, match the following: 88) Hydrogen bonds. 88) Answer: A Explanation: 89) What happens when globular proteins are denatured? 89) Answer: The active sites are destroyed. Explanation: 22 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com Figure 2.1 Using Figure 2.1, match the following: 90) Lipid. 90) Answer: D Explanation: 91) What advantages does ATP have in being the energy currency molecule? 91) Answer: Its energy is easy to capture and store; it releases just the right amount of energy for the cell's needs so it is protected from excessive energy release. A universal energy currency is efficient because a single system can be used by all the cells in the body. Explanation: 23 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com Figure 2.1 Using Figure 2.1, match the following: 92) Polymer. 92) Answer: C Explanation: 93) An atom with three electrons would have a valence of ________. 93) Answer: one Explanation: 24 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com Figure 2.2 Using Figure 2.2, match the following: 94) Phosphate. 94) Answer: C Explanation: 95) Protons and electrons exist in every atom nucleus except hydrogen. Is this statement true or false and why? 95) Answer: False Hydrogen has one proton and one electron. It is the neutron that hydrogen does not have. Explanation: 96) Hydrogen bonds are more like a type of weak ________ than true bonds. 96) Answer: attraction Explanation: 97) Which metals have a toxic effect on the body? 97) Answer: heavy Explanation: 25 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 98) A molecule consisting of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms is correctly written as CO2. Answer: True Explanation: False 99) Current information theorizes that omega- 3 fatty acids decrease the risk of heart disease. Answer: True Explanation: 99) False 100) No chemical bonding occurs between the components of a mixture. Answer: True Explanation: 100) False 101) About 60% to 80% of the volume of most living cells consists of organic compounds. Answer: True Explanation: 101) False 102) Isotopes differ from each other only in the number of electrons contained. Answer: True Explanation: 102) False 103) Glucose is an example of a monosaccharide. Answer: True Explanation: 103) False 104) The lower the pH, the higher the hydrogen ion concentration. Answer: True Explanation: 104) False 105) A charged particle is generally called an ion. Answer: True Explanation: 105) False 106) The atomic weight is only an average of relative weights of an atom and its isotopes, and it may vary from the weight of a specific isotope. Answer: True Explanation: 107) False 108) A dipeptide can be broken into two amino acids by dehydration synthesis. Answer: True Explanation: 108) False 109) Emulsions and colloids are the same thing. Answer: True Explanation: 106) False 107) All organic compounds contain carbon. Answer: True Explanation: 98) 109) False 26 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com 110) Mixtures are combinations of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but are not bound by chemical bonds. Answer: True Explanation: False 111) Alpha particles, although relatively weak energy particles, are second only to smoking as a cause of lung cancer. Answer: True Explanation: 114) False 115) Covalent bonds are generally less stable than ionic bonds. Answer: True Explanation: 115) False 116) Hydrogen bonds are comparatively strong bonds. Answer: True Explanation: 116) False 117) The pH of body fluids must remain fairly constant for the body to maintain homeostasis. Answer: True Explanation: 117) False 118) Lipids are a poor source of stored energy. Answer: True Explanation: 113) False 114) Chemical properties are determined primarily by neutrons. Answer: True Explanation: 112) False 113) The fact that no chemical bonding occurs between the components of a mixture is the chief difference between mixtures and compounds. Answer: True Explanation: 111) False 112) Buffers resist abrupt and large changes in the pH of the body by releasing or binding ions. Answer: True Explanation: 110) 118) False MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1. Match the following: 119) Heterogeneous, will settle. A) Suspensions 119) Answer: A Match the following chemical bonds to the correct description: 120) A bond in which electrons are completely lost or gained by the atoms involved. A) Ionic bond 120) Answer: A 27 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com Match the following: 121) Can be measured only by its effects on matter. Answer: A A) Energy 121) B) Weight 122) Is a function of, and varies with, gravity. 122) Answer: B Match the following particles to the correct description: 123) Smallest particle of a compound that still retains its properties. A) Molecule 123) Answer: A Match the following: 124) Carbon. A) Element 124) Answer: A Match the following particles to the correct description: 125) Neutral subatomic particle. A) Neutron 125) Answer: A Match the following: 126) Represented by the flow of charged particles along a conductor, or the flow of ions across a membrane. A) Electrical energy 126) Answer: A Match the following: 127) Homogeneous, will not settle. A) Solutions 127) Answer: A Match the following: 128) Although a man who weighs 175 pounds on Earth would be lighter on the moon and heavier on Jupiter, his ________ would not be different. A) Mass 128) Answer: A Match the following: 129) Dry ice (frozen carbon dioxide). A) Compound 129) Answer: A Match the following: 130) Anything that occupies space and has mass. A) Matter 130) Answer: A 28 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com Match the following: 131) Legs moving the pedals of a bicycle. A) Mechanical energy 131) Answer: A Match the following: 132) Blood. A) Mixture 132) Answer: A Match the following: 133) Energy that travels in waves. Part of the electromagnetic spectrum. A) Radiant energy Answer: A 133) B) Chemical energy 134) When the bonds of ATP are broken, energy is released to do cellular work. 134) Answer: B Match the following: 135) Heterogeneous, will not settle. A) Colloids 135) Answer: A B) Solutions 136) Will not scatter light. 136) Answer: B Match the following: 137) Water. A) Compound 137) Answer: A Match the following chemical bonds to the correct description: 138) A bond in which electrons are shared unequally. Answer: C A) Hydrogen bond 138) B) Nonpolar covalent bond 139) A type of bond important in tying different parts of the same molecule together into a three- dimensional structure. C) Polar covalent bond 139) Answer: A 140) A bond in which electrons are shared equally. 140) Answer: B Match the following particles to the correct description: 141) Smallest particle of an element that retains its properties. A) Atom 141) Answer: A 29 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com 142) Electrically charged particle due to loss of an electron. A) Cation 142) Answer: A ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 143) A 64- year- old man is admitted to the hospital for nonhealing pressure ulcers to his heels. He has been bedridden for 10 years because of a degenerative muscle disease. Explain why protein would be an important part of his diet to promote wound healing. Answer: Protein composes 10% to 30% of cell mass and is the basic structural material of the body. Proteins regulate body processes. Skin, hair, and eyes are made of protein, as are the enzymes needed for digestion and absorption. Protein is essential for growth, maintenance, and repair of tissue. 144) Mrs. Mulligan goes to her dentist and, after having a couple of cavities filled, her dentist strongly suggests that she reduce her intake of sodas and increase her intake of calcium phosphates in the foods she eats. Why? Answer: Sodas are strong acids that can reduce bone and tooth salts. Calcium phosphate makes teeth hard and therefore more resistant to tooth decay. 145) How can DNA be used to "fingerprint" a suspect in a crime? Answer: The DNA of a person is unique to that individual. By obtaining the DNA from nucleated cells from the crime scene (e.g., tissue, sperm), enzymes may be used to break up the DNA into fragments. Because nearly everyone's DNA is different, it also breaks up into fragments differently. When the fragments are separated, they form patterns even more unique than fingerprint patterns. A match of suspect and crime scene DNA is strong evidence. 146) A 23- year- old male was riding his road bike in 100- degree heat, when he suddenly became nauseated and weak. He called 911 from his cell phone. When the ambulance came, the paramedics started intravenous therapy for severe dehydration. Explain the critical role of water to maintain homeostasis. Answer: Water is the most abundant and important inorganic compound in living material. It makes up 60% to 80% of the volume of most living cells. The properties of water are: high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, polar solvent properties, reactivity, and cushioning. In this case the bicyclist lost a large amount of water through perspiration in an effort to cool his body. This caused a disruption in homeostasis. 147) Brenda is a 26- year- old female who is being discharged from the hospital after a vaginal delivery of an 8- pound healthy infant. Brenda is instructed by the nurse to eat a diet high in fiber and to drink 8 glasses of water per day to prevent constipation. Explain the role of fiber and water to promote defecation. Answer: Cellulose is a polysaccharide found in all plant products that adds bulk to the diet to promote feces through the colon. Water acts as a lubricating liquid within the colon, which eases feces through the bowel. 148) Why is it possible for us to drink a solution that contains a mixture of equal concentration of a strong acid and a strong base, either of which, separately, would be very caustic? Answer: When an acid and base of equal strength are mixed, they undergo a displacement reaction to form a water and a salt. 149) Although his cholesterol levels were not high, Mr. Martinez read that cholesterol was bad for his health, so he eliminated all foods and food products containing this molecule. He later found that his cholesterol level dropped only 20%. Why did it not drop more? Answer: Cholesterol is produced by the liver, in addition to being ingested in foods. 30 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com 150) A 65- year- old patient came to the emergency room with complaints of severe heartburn unrelieved by taking a "large handful" of antacids. Would you expect the pH to be high or low? Explain why. Answer: You would expect a high pH. Taking antacids will neutralize the acidic stomach. Taking a "handful" of antacids can cause an alkaloid state. Certain drugs, such as corticosteroids and antacids that contain baking soda, will lead to metabolic alkalosis. 31 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com Answer Key Testname: C2 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20) 21) 22) 23) 24) 25) 26) 27) 28) 29) 30) 31) 32) 33) 34) 35) 36) 37) 38) 39) 40) 41) 42) 43) 44) 45) 46) 47) 48) 49) 50) A C B E C C B A D B B A D D A A C B B C B A B C C B A B A D A C B B B D D D A C D A D A A C D C B C 32 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com Answer Key Testname: C2 51) 52) 53) 54) 55) 56) 57) 58) 59) 60) 61) 62) 63) 64) 65) 66) 67) 68) 69) 70) 71) 72) 73) 74) 75) 76) 77) 78) 79) 80) 81) B D A A Chemical reactions that release energy cannot be reversed unless energy is put back into the system. Also, the body may use the chemicals solely for its energy, such as glucose, or some reactions produce molecules in excessive quantities (like CO2 and NH4 ) that the body needs to discard. B Phospholipids have both polar and nonpolar ends. The polar end interacts with water, leaving the nonpolar end oriented in the opposite direction. Potential energy is inactive stored energy that has potential to do work. Kinetic energy is energy in action. It is possible to reverse any reaction if the products are still present. Those that are only slightly exergonic are easily reversible. Some would require an enormous amount of energy to reverse. In the simple reaction Na + Cl NaCl the amount of energy it takes to reverse table salt to chlorine gas and sodium metal is enormous. The reversing of the covalently bonded sugar molecule once it is reduced to ATP molecules is even harder or next to impossible. High heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, polarity and solvent properties, reactivity, and cushioning. All chemical reactions are theoretically reversible, but only if the products are not consumed. cytosine Bases D buffers ionic decomposition a phosphorus- containing group Polar bonds have an unequal sharing of electrons resulting in a slight negative charge at one end of the molecule and a slight positive charge at the other end. Nonpolar bonds have an equal sharing of electrons, resulting in a balanced charge among the atoms. E cofactor Amino acids have two components a base group (proton acceptor) and an organic acid part (a proton donor). C Temperature increases kinetic energy and therefore the force of molecular collisions. Particle size: smaller particles move faster at the same temperature and therefore collide more frequently; also, smaller particles have more surface area given the same concentration of reactants. Concentration: the higher the concentration, the greater the chance of particles colliding. Catalysts increase the rate of the reaction at a given temperature. Enzymes are biological catalysts. ATP covalent 1. They are proteins. 2. They have specific binding sites for specific substrates. 3. They lower the activation barrier for a specific reaction. 4. The names end in "ase." 5. They can be denatured. 6. They can be used again and again. HCl ionizes to form current- conducting electrolytes. Dextrose does not ionize, and therefore does not conduct current. Mixtures come in three forms solutions, colloids, and suspensions. Components of these mixtures always retain their original makeup and can be separated into their individual components; therefore no chemical bonding has taken place. B B 33 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com Answer Key Testname: C2 82) The 2 indicates that there are two hydrogen atoms in the compound and the 3 indicates that there are three oxygen atoms in the compound. 83) glycogen 84) A 85) E 86) one 87) protons (and electrons) 88) A 89) The active sites are destroyed. 90) D 91) Its energy is easy to capture and store; it releases just the right amount of energy for the cell's needs so it is protected from excessive energy release. A universal energy currency is efficient because a single system can be used by all the cells in the body. 92) C 93) one 94) C 95) False Hydrogen has one proton and one electron. It is the neutron that hydrogen does not have. 96) attraction 97) heavy 98) TRUE 99) TRUE 100) TRUE 101) FALSE 102) FALSE 103) TRUE 104) TRUE 105) TRUE 106) TRUE 107) TRUE 108) FALSE 109) TRUE 110) TRUE 111) TRUE 112) TRUE 113) TRUE 114) FALSE 115) FALSE 116) FALSE 117) TRUE 118) FALSE 119) A 120) A 121) A 122) B 123) A 124) A 125) A 126) A 127) A 128) A 34 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com Answer Key Testname: C2 129) 130) 131) 132) 133) 134) 135) 136) 137) 138) 139) 140) 141) 142) 143) A A A A A B A B A C A B A A Protein composes 10% to 30% of cell mass and is the basic structural material of the body. Proteins regulate body processes. Skin, hair, and eyes are made of protein, as are the enzymes needed for digestion and absorption. Protein is essential for growth, maintenance, and repair of tissue. 144) Sodas are strong acids that can reduce bone and tooth salts. Calcium phosphate makes teeth hard and therefore more resistant to tooth decay. 145) The DNA of a person is unique to that individual. By obtaining the DNA from nucleated cells from the crime scene (e.g., tissue, sperm), enzymes may be used to break up the DNA into fragments. Because nearly everyone's DNA is different, it also breaks up into fragments differently. When the fragments are separated, they form patterns even more unique than fingerprint patterns. A match of suspect and crime scene DNA is strong evidence. 146) Water is the most abundant and important inorganic compound in living material. It makes up 60% to 80% of the volume of most living cells. The properties of water are: high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, polar solvent properties, reactivity, and cushioning. In this case the bicyclist lost a large amount of water through perspiration in an effort to cool his body. This caused a disruption in homeostasis. 147) Cellulose is a polysaccharide found in all plant products that adds bulk to the diet to promote feces through the colon. Water acts as a lubricating liquid within the colon, which eases feces through the bowel. 148) When an acid and base of equal strength are mixed, they undergo a displacement reaction to form a water and a salt. 149) Cholesterol is produced by the liver, in addition to being ingested in foods. 150) You would expect a high pH. Taking antacids will neutralize the acidic stomach. Taking a "handful" of antacids can cause an alkaloid state. Certain drugs, such as corticosteroids and antacids that contain baking soda, will lead to metabolic alkalosis. 35 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com Exam Name___________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Which of the following describes the plasma membrane? A) a single- layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell B) the phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell C) a double layer of protein enclosing the plasma D) a membrane composed of tiny shelves or cristae Answer: B Explanation: 1) A) B) C) D) 2) Peroxisomes ________. A) are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic action B) sometimes function as secretory vesicles C) are also called microbodies, and contain acid hydrolases D) function to digest particles ingested by endocytosis Answer: A Explanation: 2) A) B) C) D) 3) Which of the following is true regarding the generation of a membrane potential? A) The maintenance of the potential is based exclusively on diffusion processes. B) When the sodium- potassium pump is activated, potassium is pumped into the cell twice as fast as the sodium is pumped out, thus causing the membrane potential. C) In the polarized state, sodium and potassium ion concentrations are in static equilibrium. D) Both potassium and sodium ions can "leak" through the cell membrane due to diffusion. Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) 4) In the maintenance of the cell resting membrane potential ________. A) extracellular sodium levels are high B) the steady state involves only passive processes in all cells C) the inside of the cell is positive relative to its outside D) cells are more permeable to Na+ than K+ Answer: A Explanation: 3) 4) A) B) C) D) 1 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com 5) The main component of the cytosol is ________. A) sugars B) water Answer: B Explanation: 5) C) salts D) proteins A) B) C) D) 6) A red blood cell placed in pure water would ________. A) shrink B) swell and burst C) neither shrink nor swell D) swell initially, then shrink as equilibrium is reached Answer: B Explanation: 6) A) B) C) D) 7) Which of the following does not serve as a signal for cell division? A) surface- to- volume ratio B) joining of cyclins and Cdks C) contact inhibition D) repressor genes Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) 8) Some hormones enter cells via ________. A) receptor- mediated endocytosis C) pinocytosis Answer: A Explanation: 8) B) exocytosis D) endocytosis A) B) C) D) 9) Mitochondria ________. A) synthesize proteins for use outside the cell B) contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function C) are single- membrane structures involved in the breakdown of ATP D) are always the same shape Answer: B Explanation: 7) 9) A) B) C) D) 2 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com 10) Passive membrane transport processes include ________. A) consumption of ATP B) the use of transport proteins when moving substances from areas of low to high concentration C) movement of a substance down its concentration gradient D) movement of water from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) 11) Cell junctions that promote the coordinated activity of cells by physically binding them together into a cell community include all of the following except ________. A) peroxisomes B) desmosomes C) tight junctions D) gap junctions Answer: A Explanation: 13) A) B) C) D) 14) Which of the following is a function of a plasma membrane protein? A) molecular transport through the membrane B) forms a lipid bilayer C) oxygen transport D) circulating antibody Answer: A Explanation: 12) A) B) C) D) 13) Lysosomes ________. A) are the major site of protein synthesis B) are always used for the cell to "commit suicide" C) maintain a highly alkaline internal environment D) contain acid hydrolases that are potentially dangerous to the cell Answer: D Explanation: 11) A) B) C) D) 12) The electron microscope has revealed that one of the components within the cell consists of microtubules arranged to form a hollow tube. This structure is a ________. A) centriole B) chromosome C) centrosome D) ribosome Answer: A Explanation: 10) 14) A) B) C) D) 3 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com 15) Which of the following is a principle of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure? A) The lipid bilayer is a solid at body temperature, thus protecting the cell. B) All proteins associated with the cell membrane are contained in a fluid layer on the outside of the cell. C) Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water- soluble molecules. D) Phospholipids consist of a polar head and a nonpolar tail made of three fatty acid chains. Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) 16) If the nucleotide or base sequence of the DNA strand used as a template for messenger RNA synthesis is ACGTT, then what would be the sequence of bases in the corresponding mRNA? A) GUACC B) UGCAA C) TGCAA D) ACGTT Answer: B Explanation: 16) A) B) C) D) 17) Enzymes called _________ destroy the cell's DNA and cytoskeleton, producing a quick death of the cell. A) ubiquitins B) caspases C) DNA polymerase III D) cyclins Answer: B Explanation: 17) A) B) C) D) 18) Once solid material is phagocytized and taken into a vacuole, which of the following statements best describes what happens? A) The vacuole remains separated from the cytoplasm and the solid material persists unchanged. B) Nitrogen enters the vacuole and "burns" the enclosed solid material. C) A ribosome enters the vacuole and uses the amino acids in the "invader" to form new protein. D) A lysosome combines with the vacuole and digests the enclosed solid material. Answer: D Explanation: 15) 18) A) B) C) D) 4 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com 19) Which statement best describes transcytosis? A) storing the contents of the endosome B) transporting an endosome from one side of a cell to the other and releasing the contents by exocytosis C) combining an endosome with a lysosome and degrading or releasing the contents D) recycling the contents of the endosome back to the surface of the cell Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) 20) Mitosis ________. A) creates diversity in genetic potential C) is the formation of sex cells Answer: B Explanation: 20) B) produces nucleus replication D) always results in division of a cell A) B) C) D) 21) The endomembrane system is ________. A) the process by which bacteria took up residence in ancient cells B) an interactive system of organelles whose membranes are physically or functionally connected C) a system of hydrophilic lipid monolayers that surround many cell organelles D) a system by which cells are riveted together by desmosomes Answer: B Explanation: 21) A) B) C) D) 22) Ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus functionally act in sequence to synthesize and modify proteins for secretory use (export) only, never for use by the cell. This statement is ________. A) false; lipids, not proteins, are synthesized this way B) false; proteins thus manufactured are for use inside the cell only C) false; integral cell membrane proteins are also synthesized this way D) true Answer: C Explanation: 19) 22) A) B) C) D) 5 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com 23) DNA replication ________. A) takes place during interphase of the cell cycle B) can also be called mitosis C) is spontaneous, not requiring enzyme action D) occurs only in translationally active areas Answer: A Explanation: 23) A) B) C) D) 24) The functions of centrioles include ________. A) organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division B) providing a whiplike beating motion to move substances along cell surfaces C) producing ATP D) serving as the site for ribosomal RNA synthesis Answer: A Explanation: 24) A) B) C) D) 25) Which of the following is not a subcellular structure? A) membranes B) intercellular material C) cytoplasm D) organelles Answer: B Explanation: 25) A) B) C) D) 26) Caveolae are closely associated with all but which of the following? A) receptors for hormones B) enzymes involved in cell metabolism C) lipid rafts D) enzymes involved in cell regulation Answer: B Explanation: 26) A) B) C) D) 6 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com 27) Which statement is the most correct regarding transcription/translation? A) The nucleotide sequence in a tRNA anticodon is an exact copy of the DNA triplet that coded for it except that uracil is substituted for thymine. B) The nucleotide sequence in a mRNA codon is an exact copy of the DNA triplet that coded for it. C) The nucleotide sequence in a tRNA anticodon is an exact copy of the DNA triplet that coded for it. D) The nucleotide sequence in a mRNA codon is an exact copy of the DNA triplet that coded for it except that uracil is substituted for thymine. Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) 28) Which structures are fingerlike projections that greatly increase the absorbing surface of cells? A) cilia B) microvilli C) flagella D) stereocilia Answer: B Explanation: 29) A) B) C) D) 30) In certain kinds of muscle cells, calcium ions are stored in ________. A) both smooth and rough ER B) the cytoplasm C) the smooth ER D) the rough ER Answer: C Explanation: 30) A) B) C) D) 31) Which of the following would not be a constituent of a plasma membrane? A) glycoproteins B) messenger RNA C) glycolipids D) phospholipids Answer: B Explanation: 28) A) B) C) D) 29) Which of the following is not a factor that binds cells together? A) glycoproteins in the glycocalyx B) special membrane junctions C) wavy contours of the membranes of adjacent cells D) glycolipids in the glycocalyx Answer: D Explanation: 27) 31) A) B) C) D) 7 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com 32) Extracellular matrix is ________. A) not present in connective tissue B) the most abundant extracellular material C) a type of impermeable cell junction found in epithelia D) composed of strands of actin protein Answer: B Explanation: 32) A) B) C) D) 33) The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the "factory" site for protein formation is ________. A) ssRNA B) mRNA C) rRNA D) tRNA Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) 34) A gene can best be defined as ________. A) an RNA messenger that codes for a particular polypeptide B) a three- base triplet that specifies a particular amino acid C) noncoding segments of DNA up to 100,000 nucleotides long D) a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain Answer: D Explanation: 34) A) B) C) D) 35) Which of the following is a concept of the cell theory? A) A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. B) The subcellular organelle is the basic unit of life. C) Only higher organisms are composed of cells. D) Simple cells can arise spontaneously from rotting vegetation. Answer: A Explanation: 33) 35) A) B) C) D) 8 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com 36) If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen? A) The cells will shrink at first, but will later reach equilibrium with the surrounding solution and return to their original condition. B) The cells will swell and ultimately burst. C) The cells will lose water and shrink. D) The cells will show no change due to diffusion of both solute and solvent. Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) 37) Which of the following statements is most correct regarding the intracellular chemical signals known as "second messengers"? A) Second messengers usually inactivate protein kinase enzymes. B) Second messengers usually act to remove nitric oxide (NO) from the cell. C) Second messengers act through receptors called K- proteins. D) Cyclic AMP and calcium may be second messengers. Answer: D Explanation: 38) A) B) C) D) 39) Which of these is an inclusion, not an organelle? A) microtubule B) cilia Answer: C Explanation: 39) C) melanin D) lysosome A) B) C) D) 40) Which of these is not a function of the plasma membrane? A) It prevents potassium ions from leaking out and sodium ions from crossing into the cell. B) It acts as a site of cell- to- cell interaction and recognition. C) It encloses the cell contents. D) It is selectively permeable. Answer: A Explanation: 37) A) B) C) D) 38) If a tRNA had an AGC anticodon, it could attach to a(n) ________ mRNA codon. A) UGA B) TCG C) UCG D) AUG Answer: C Explanation: 36) 40) A) B) C) D) 9 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com 41) Which of the following statements is correct regarding diffusion? A) The lower the temperature, the faster the diffusion rate. B) The greater the concentration of gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion. C) Molecular weight of a substance does not affect the rate of diffusion. D) The rate of diffusion is independent of temperature. Answer: B Explanation: 41) A) B) C) D) 42) Riboswitches are folded RNAs that act as switches to turn protein synthesis on or off in response to _________. A) specific codes from the DNA B) specific tRNAs C) the presence or absence of ubiquitins D) changes in the environment Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) 43) Crenation is likely to occur in blood cells in ________. A) a hypotonic solution B) a hypertonic solution C) blood plasma D) an isotonic solution Answer: B Explanation: 43) A) B) C) D) 44) Which transport process is the main mechanism for the movement of most macromolecules by body cells? A) phagocytosis B) pinocytosis C) secondary active transport D) receptor- mediated endocytosis Answer: D Explanation: 44) A) B) C) D) 45) Which of the following statements is correct regarding RNA? A) Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA play a role in protein synthesis. B) There is exactly one specific type of mRNA for each amino acid. C) If the base sequence of DNA is ATTGCA, the messenger RNA template will be UCCAGU. D) rRNA is always attached to the rough ER. Answer: A Explanation: 42) 45) A) B) C) D) 10 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. Figure 3.2 Using Figure 3.2, match the following: 46) Integral protein. 46) Answer: D Explanation: 47) How is the resting potential formed? How is it maintained? 47) Answer: It is formed by diffusion of ions resulting in ionic imbalances that polarize the membrane. It is maintained by active transport processes. Explanation: 48) Aerobic cellular respiration occurs in the ________. 48) Answer: mitochondria Explanation: 49) What are cell exons and introns? 49) Answer: Exons are amino acid- specifying informational sequences in genes. Introns are noncoding gene segments that provide a reservoir of ready- to- use DNA segments for genome evolution and a source of a large variety of RNA molecules. Explanation: 11 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com Figure 3.2 Using Figure 3.2, match the following: 50) Glycocalyx. 50) Answer: A Explanation: 51) What are lipid rafts? What are their functions? 51) Answer: They are assemblies of saturated phospholipids associated with sphingolipids and cholesterol. They are concentrating platforms for molecules needed for cell signaling. Explanation: 12 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com Figure 3.2 Using Figure 3.2, match the following: 52) Peripheral protein. 52) Answer: E Explanation: 53) Two very important second messengers used in the G protein- linked receptor mechanism are cyclic AMP and ________. 53) Answer: ionic calcium Explanation: 13 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com Figure 3.1 Using Figure 3.1, match the following: 54) Packages proteins for insertion in the cell membrane or for exocytosis. 54) Answer: E Explanation: 55) In all living cells hydrostatic and osmotic pressures exist. Define these pressures and explain how they are used in the concept of tonicity of the cell. 55) Answer: Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure of water exerted on the cell membrane. Osmotic pressure is created by different concentrations of molecules in a solution separated by the cell membrane. Because these pressures are exerted on the membrane they can be used by the cell to change the shape of the cell, regulate substances entering and exiting the cell, and bring about the polarity of the cell. Explanation: 56) What are nucleolar organizer regions? 56) Answer: nuclear regions containing the DNA that issues genetic instructions for synthesizing ribosomal RNA Explanation: 14 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com Figure 3.2 Using Figure 3.2, match the following: 57) Identification "tags" for the cell. 57) Answer: A Explanation: 58) Why are free radicals so dangerous to cells, and how are they dealt with by the body? 58) Answer: Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that cause havoc in any cellular environment by reacting with things they should not. Cells with peroxisomes have enzymes specific to reducing free radicals into less reactive chemicals. Explanation: 59) Why can we say that cells are protein factories? 59) Answer: Most of the metabolic machinery of the cell is involved in protein synthesis since structural proteins constitute most of the cell dry material and functional proteins direct all cellular activities. Explanation: 15 www.nursylab.com WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Downloaded by: awoods035 | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material www.nursylab.com Figure 3.1 Using Figure 3.1, match the following: 60) Site of