History of Psychology - Introduction PDF

Einführung in die Psychologie Professor Dr. Johannes Basch 28.3.2024 Organisational stuff Would you mind adding a profile pic to your moodle account? This would make it much easier for me to learn your names  Professor Dr. Joh...

Einführung in die Psychologie Professor Dr. Johannes Basch 28.3.2024 Organisational stuff Would you mind adding a profile pic to your moodle account? This would make it much easier for me to learn your names  Professor Dr. Johannes Basch | Einführung in die Psychologie | 02 History of Psychology S. 2 How to videoconference Changed situation due to videoconferencing The basic rule in videoconferencing is: If we have nothing to say, we mute ourselves Basically: camera on But this should not affect the interactivity I will include many interactions similar to those in school. If someone wants to say something, please raise your hand and I will call out or write a question in the chat Tip for online lessons: 2 screens? Professor Dr. Johannes Basch | Einführung in die Psychologie | 02 History of Psychology S. 3 Measures to improve videoconferencing Choose a neutral background that is not distracting (Basch et al., 2024) Use a camera position so that you can still see enough of the body, gestures, and facial expressions Standing desk? Position the chat window so that it is close to the camera (Basch et al., 2021) Do not use a side position of the camera (Basch & Melchers, 2024) Switch of self-view (Basch et al., 2024) Rather use focus view and not grid-view (Basch et al., 2024) Measures to improve videoconferencing How to videoconference Professor Dr. Johannes Basch | Einführung in die Psychologie | 02 History of Psychology S. 6 Study questions last week 1. Does Psychology belong to the natural sciences, the social sciences or the humanities? 2. Name 3 basic and 3 applied domains in psychology. Homework Why do you think did I encourage you to go through the questionnaire before your first lecture? What can I do with the information gathered in the questionnaire? Professor Dr. Johannes Basch | Einführung in die Psychologie | 02 History of Psychology S. 7 Agenda Woche 1 (21.03.2024) Introduction 2 (28.03.2024) History of Psychology 3 (04.04.2024) Critical Thinking and Research methods 4 (11.04.2024) Biology of mind 5 (18.04.2024) Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity ASYNCHRONOUSLY 6 (25.04.2024) Developmental Psychology 7 (02.05.2024) Self and Personality 8 (09.05.2024) FREI – Christi Himmelfahrt 9 (16.05.2024) Cognitive Psychology 10 (23.05.2024) FREI - Pfingstferien 11 (30.05.2024) FREI - Pfingstferien 12 (06.06.2024) Motivational Concepts 13 (13.06.2024) Emotions, Stress and Health 14 (20.06.2024) Social Psychology 15 (27.06.2024) Psychological Disorders and Therapy 16 (04.07.2024) Applications in Business Psychology; Fragen, Wiederholung, etc. S. 8 History of Psychology Source: Prologue in Myers & DeWall Learning goals You should… Be able to define the most important milestones in the development of psychology as an empirical science Have heard some of the most important names regarding these developments, i.e. Skinner, Freud, Watson, Be able to name some of the current developments in psychology Professor Dr. Johannes Basch | Einführung in die Psychologie | 02 History of Psychology S. 10 Agenda 1. EARLY MILESTONES 2. MORE RECENT MILESTONES 3. CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS 4. PSYCHOLOGICAL IDEAS MUCH EARLIER Psychology is a science Empirical approach: an evidence-based method that draws on observation and experimentation Critical thinking: thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions appraises the source discerns hidden biases evaluates evidence and assesses conclusions Professor Dr. Johannes Basch | Einführung in die Psychologie | 02 History of Psychology S. 12 Try to answer the following To deter crime, should we a) invest money in lengthening prison sentences, or b) increase the likelihood of arrest? To help people recover from a trauma, should counselors help them a) relive it, or b) not? To increase voting, should we a) tell people about the low turnout problem, or b) emphasize that their peers are voting? (Shafir, 2013) Professor Dr. Johannes Basch | Einführung in die Psychologie | 02 History of Psychology S. 13 Early milestones Psychology’s first laboratory: Wilhelm Wundt, 1879 at the University of Leipzig Wanted to measure atoms of the mind Psychophysics: Gustav Fechner published Elemente der Psychophysik in 1960 he also worked at the University of Leipzig Memory: Hermann Ebbinghaus forgetting curve published 1885 Über das Gedächtnis. Untersuchungen zur experimentellen Psychologie and became a professor at University of Berlin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weber–Fechner_law Professor Dr. Johannes Basch | Einführung in die Psychologie | 02 History of Psychology S. 14 Early milestones II Psychology’s first schools of thought Structuralism (Strukturalismus): aim to discover the mind‘s structure Psychological units are organized as structured elements Titchener: his method was introspection Functionalism (Funktionalismus): aim to discover the evolved functions of thoughts and feelings William James strongly influenced by Charles Darwin evolutionary theory assumption that thinking, smelling etc. developed because it was adaptive Professor Dr. Johannes Basch | Einführung in die Psychologie | 02 History of Psychology S. 15 Early milestones III Women in psychology William James admitted Mary Whiton Calkins as his graduate student in 1890 – thirty! years before women had the right to vote in America Harvard denied her the doctoral degree Margaret Floy Washburn was the first woman to receive a psychology Ph.D., published The Animal Mind Professor Dr. Johannes Basch | Einführung in die Psychologie | 02 History of Psychology S. 16 Early milestones IV Alfred Binet founded the first psychological research lab in France in 1889 measures of intelligence “Binet-Simon-Test” Iwan Petrowitsch Pawlow (was a physician) classical conditioning https://www.pinterest.de/pin/155796468331199957/ Professor Dr. Johannes Basch | Einführung in die Psychologie | 02 History of Psychology S. 17 Agenda 1. EARLY MILESTONES 2. MORE RECENT MILESTONES 3. CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS 4. PSYCHOLOGICAL IDEAS MUCH EARLIER More recent milestones I Freudian Psychology Professor Dr. Johannes Basch | Einführung in die Psychologie | 02 History of Psychology S. 19 More recent milestones II Behaviorism Professor Dr. Johannes Basch | Einführung in die Psychologie | 02 History of Psychology S. 20  “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world More recent milestones III to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select — doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his Summary: talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.” (1924, S. 82) Freudian Psychology: emphasizes how the unconscious mind and childhood affect our behavior Behaviorism (Behaviorismus): psychology as the scientific study of observable and measurable behavior how do people respond/behave in different situations feeling and thinking is not observable Watson and Skinner Little Albert Humanistic Psychology: critics of behaviorism focus on human needs and on environments that nurture or limit personal growth Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow Rogers active listening (Business Psychology!) Professor Dr. Johannes Basch | Einführung in die Psychologie | 02 History of Psychology S. 21 More recent milestones IV Social Psychologist Stanley Milgram Video on moodle Warning for watching this video: some disturbing scences where people believed they gave deadly (!) electroshocks to another person (don’t watch it if this might be disturbing for you) Professor Dr. Johannes Basch | Einführung in die Psychologie | 02 History of Psychology S. 22 Agenda 1. EARLY MILESTONES 2. MORE RECENT MILESTONES 3. CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS 4. PSYCHOLOGICAL IDEAS MUCH EARLIER Current developments Around 1960s: cognitive revolution (kognitive Wende) aims to understand how the mind processes and retains information Cognitive Psychology Ulrich Neisser publishes Cognitive Psychology in 1967 John R. Anderson: Logic and thinking „It is quite possible − overwhelmingly probable, one might guess − that we will always learn more about human life and human personality from novels than from scientific psychology.“ (Chomsky, 1988, p. 159) Professor Dr. Johannes Basch | Einführung in die Psychologie | 02 History of Psychology S. 24 Current developments Cognitive psychology (science of the mind) Neuroscience (science of the brain): cognitive neuroscience Psychology as the science of behavior and mental processes Evolutionary psychology: influence of the evoluationary history on human behavior Behavioral genetics: how do individuals differ because of our genes and environments (heredity) Professor Dr. Johannes Basch | Einführung in die Psychologie | 02 History of Psychology S. 25 Current developments Cross-cultural psychology: culture shapes attitudes, behavior etc. WEIRD cultures (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic; Henrich et al., 2010) Gender psychology: differences based on socially defined gender Positive psychology: studies human happiness and well-being Professor Dr. Johannes Basch | Einführung in die Psychologie | 02 History of Psychology S. 26 Psychology‘s current perspectives Professor Dr. Johannes Basch | Einführung in die Psychologie | 02 History of Psychology S. 27 Agenda 1. EARLY MILESTONES 2. MORE RECENT MILESTONES 3. CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS 4. PSYCHOLOGICAL IDEAS MUCH EARLIER Psychological ideas much earlier 6th century B.C.: Orphics teachings of the psyche 5th century B.C.: Plato’s theory of the tripartite soul the logical part the spirited part (courageous) the appetitive part (desires) 4th century B.C.: Aristotle Different psychological “functions” Professor Dr. Johannes Basch | Einführung in die Psychologie | 02 History of Psychology S. 29 Psychological ideas much earlier 2nd century: Galenos and his theory about how bodily fluids (Viersäftelehre) and personality are related Sanguines (blood): extroverted, outgoing and charismatic Phlegmatics (phlegm, Schleim/Wasser): apathetic behavior, relaxed, quiet, empathetic Cholerics (yellow bile, Gelbgalle): decisive, ambitious, short-tempered, violent Melancholics (black bile, Schwarzgalle): deep thinkers, analytical, detail oriented, introverted, reserved Professor Dr. Johannes Basch | Einführung in die Psychologie | 02 History of Psychology S. 30 Psychological ideas much earlier Big jump to the 18th century: Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828) Phrenology measuring cranial bumps and depressions and relating these to psychological functions Professor Dr. Johannes Basch | Einführung in die Psychologie | 02 History of Psychology S. 31 Study questions 1. What event typically defines the start of scientific psychology? 2. Why did introspection fail as a method for understanding how the mind works? 3. The school of ________ used introspection to define the mind’s makeup; __________ focused on how mental processes enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish. 4. William James would be considered a(n)________. Wundt and Titchener would be considered _______. a) functionalist, structuralists b) structuralist, functionalists c) evolutionary theorist, structuralists d) functionalist, evolutionary theorists Professor Dr. Johannes Basch | Einführung in die Psychologie | 02 History of Psychology S. 32 Study questions 5. From the 1920s through the 1960s, the two major forces in psychology were ___________ and ______________. 6. The ________-________ perspective in psychology focuses on how behavior and thought differ from situation to situation and from culture to culture, while the _____________ perspective emphasizes observation of how we respond to and learn in different situations. 7. Nature is to nurture as a) Personality is to intelligence b) Biology is to experience c) Intelligence is to biology d) Psychological traits are to behaviors 8. How have psychologists participated in the advancement of social issues? Professor Dr. Johannes Basch | Einführung in die Psychologie | 02 History of Psychology S. 33 Study questions 8. The ______ perspective in psychology focuses on how behavior and thought differ from situation to situation and from culture to culture, while the ____________ perspective emphasizes observation of how we respond to and learn in different situations. 9. There are different perspectives in current psychology. If you want to study consumer behavior, choose two perspectives and describe how you could study consumer behavior from this perspective. Professor Dr. Johannes Basch | Einführung in die Psychologie | 02 History of Psychology S. 34 Interaction part Please read the article with the original study that is mentioned in the ZEIT Online article you read last week. Try to find short answers to the following questions and formulate your answers: What method was used in this study to investigate discrimination? What were the results shown in the Weichselbaumer study? Note: The original article is very extensive and complex - so I recommend reading only the relevant passages (especially pages 8-15) to answer the two questions. Task 2: Try to also look at the structure and the headings of the article and scroll through. Into what areas is the article divided? Total time: 30 min ➨ Discussion in plenum S. 35 Interaction part Aufbau von wissenschaftlichen Artikeln: - Einleitung - Was sagt die weite Welt da draußen über das Thema? - Was wissen wir bereits, was wissen wir noch nicht? - Theorie - Welche Studien gibt es bereits zum Thema? - Auf welche Theorien stützen sich diese Studien? - Was sind meine eigenen Annahmen über Zusammenhänge? - Methode - Wie bin ich in meiner Studie vorgegangen? - Wie viele Personen haben teilgenommen, wie alt waren die? - Ergebnisse - Gehen meine Hypothesen auf? - Viel Mathematik… - Diskussion - Was bedeuten die Ergebnisse? Warum gehen meine Hypothesen (nicht) auf? - Welche theoretischen und praktischen Implikationen ergeben sich dadurch für die Welt da draußen? - Welche Einschränkungen hat meine Studie? S. 36 Interaction part II (English below) Als Vorbereitung für das nächste Thema “critical thinking” bitte ich Sie, bei folgender Übung mitzumachen und mir Ihr Ergebnis als Antwort mitzuteilen (nächster Punkt auf Moodle; die Datenerhebung erfolgt anonym!). Manche von Ihnen haben bei Würfelspielen sicherlich schon einmal den Eindruck gewonnen, dass Sie nie die Zahl würfeln, die Sie benötigen. Andere von Ihnen haben hingegen vielleicht eher den Eindruck, dass Sie recht häufig eine Art “Würfelglück” haben. In der folgenden Datenerhebung versuchen wir die Frage zu beantworten, ob Sie, die Studierenden der Wirtschaftspsychologie im 1. Semester, womöglich besonders gute Fähigkeiten haben, sich bestimmte Zahlen herbeizuwürfen. Wenn Sie sich eine bestimmte Zahl wünschen, würfeln Sie dann diese Zahl auch besonders häufig? S. 37 Interaction part II Dazu bitte ich Sie, einen Würfel (z.B. auch als Würfel-App), ein Blatt Papier und einen Stift zur Hand zu nehmen. Bereit? Dann schreiben Sie die Zahl auf, die Sie sich wünschen. Anschließend würfeln Sie. Falls das Würfelergebnis nicht mit der von Ihnen aufgeschriebenen Zahl übereinstimmt, dann schreiben Sie bitte eine 0 hinter die Zahl. Falls das Würfelergebnis mit der von Ihnen aufgeschriebenen Zahl übereinstimmt, dann schreiben Sie bitte eine 1 hinter die Zahl. Schreiben Sie im Anschluss wieder die Zahl auf, die Sie sich wünschen, würfeln Sie und schreiben Sie entweder eine 1 (wenn Sie die Zahl würfelten, die Sie sich gewünscht haben) oder eine 0 auf (wenn Sie nicht die Zahl würfelten, die Sie sich gewünscht haben). Wiederholen Sie diesen Vorgang insgesamt 24 mal, d.h. schreiben Sie jedes mal eine Zahl auf und würfeln Sie und wiederholen Sie dies insgesamt 24mal. Danach zählen Sie alle 1en zusammen und schreiben diese Zahl in das Antwortfeld (als Zahl und nicht als ausgeschriebenes Wort). S. 38 Interaction part II (English below) As preparation for the next topic "critical thinking," I ask you to participate in the following exercise and share your results with me in response (next point on Moodle; the data collection is conducted anonymously!). Some of you have probably already had the impression in dice games that you never roll the number you need. Others, on the other hand, may rather have the impression that they quite often have a kind of "dice luck.“ In the following data collection, we are trying to answer whether you, the students of economic psychology in the 1st semester, might have particularly good abilities to roll certain numbers. If you wish for a certain number, do you then roll this number particularly often? S. 39 Interaction part II To this end, I ask you to take a die (e.g., also as a dice app), a sheet of paper, and a pen at hand. Ready? Then write down the number you wish for. Then roll the dice. If the dice result does not match the number you wrote down, please write a 0 behind the number. If the dice result matches the number you wrote down, then please write a 1 behind the number. Afterwards, write down the number you wish for again, roll the dice, and write either a 1 (if you rolled the number you wished for) or a 0 (if you did not roll the number you wished for). Repeat this process a total of 24 times, i.e., write down a number each time and roll the dice and repeat this a total of 24 times. After that, count all the 1s and write this number in the answer box (as a number and not as a spelled- out word). S. 40