Behavior and Psychology (BASG 106) Introduction & Basic Concepts PDF

Behavior and Psychology(BASG 106) Topic1 Introduction and basic concepts Psychology and organization behavior Dr. Gamaleldin M. Elshamy Emeritus Professor in educational psychology and mental health (hygiene) Faculty of education, D...

Behavior and Psychology(BASG 106) Topic1 Introduction and basic concepts Psychology and organization behavior Dr. Gamaleldin M. Elshamy Emeritus Professor in educational psychology and mental health (hygiene) Faculty of education, Damietta University 2  what are you expecting? 3  Content What is psychology? History/Philosophy Goals of Psychology History of Psychology Schools of Thought Science of Psychology and Health and Wellness Careers in Psychology Areas of Specialization Summary and Implications Defining Organizational Behaviour OB: Making Sense of Behaviour in Organizations How Will Knowing OB Make a Difference? Today’s Challenges in the Workplace Summary and Implications 4 Introduction to Psychology What is Psychology? The term psychology comes from the Greek roots psyche meaning soul or mind and logos meaning word or study 6  What is Psychology? Psychology is the study of the brain, mental processes, observable behavior, human and animal development, and social interactions. Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Three Key Components – science – systematic methods – behavior – what can be directly observed – mental processes – thoughts, feelings, motives 7 Science of Psychology Critical Thinking don’t believe everything you hear or read Skepticism Objectivity Curiosity CSOC 8 Question: What are the goals of psychology, and how is psychology a science? Goals of psychology ◼Observe ◼Describe behavior ◼Explain ◼Predict ◼Control 9 Goals of psychology Observe Describe Goals of Psychology Explain Predict Control 10  Goals of Psychology to describe behavior to explain (understanding) behavior to predict behavior to Control behavior A SHORT Time to Ponder Do we support critical thinking in public education? How yes or no? Can we do this successfully without critical thinking, skepticism, objectivity and curiosity? … and sometimes to manipulate or control behavior for either good or evil… 11 Question: What are the goals of psychology, and how is psychology a science? The science of psychology Psychology is a social science but has its foundation in the natural sciences. It deals with the structure of human society and interactions of individuals who make up society. 12  History of Psychology Psychology was once a part of philosophy. Philosophers such as Rene Descartes, John Locke, and Thomas Hobbes speculated on human nature. 13  History of Psychology Rene Descartes believed that the physical world follows a set of observable laws or rules. He believed creatures are similar to machines, in that they are governed by laws and behave in predictable ways. Descartes believe that humans are the exception to this rule because they possess minds. He makes a distinction between the body and the mind. The mind is not observable and is not subject to the natural laws. He thought the mind and body interact through the pineal gland. 14  History of Psychology John Locke believed that even the mind is under the control of rules or laws. Locke believed that the world could be understood through empiricism – gathering knowledge and understanding the world through observation and experience. Locke thought that humans are born as a tabula rasa, meaning a blank slate, and that everything we know has to be learned. 15  History of Psychology Thomas Hobbes believed that everything could be understood in terms of materialism. This is the belief that the only things that exist are matter and energy. According to Hobbes, there is no spirit or soul. What we experience as consciousness is, in Hobbes’ view, the by-product of the machinery of the brain. 16  Schools of Thought One way to organize all of the ideas in psychology is by categorizing psychological theories and ideas into various schools of thought. Each school of thought has a certain way of describing some aspect of behavior, mental process, or social interaction. 17  Schools of Thought 1. Structuralism 2. Functionalism 3. Psychoanalysis 4. Behavioral 5. Cognitive 6. Humanistic 7. Biological/Biomedical 8. Sociocultural 9. Biopsychosocial 18  Structuralism William Wundt & Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt set up the first psychology lab in Leipzig, Germany. Wilhelm Wundt championed the school of thought in psychology called Structuralism, “father of structuralism.” Structuralism is an attempt to breakdown the ‘elements’ of perception into smaller understandable units – similar to how a chemist breaks down a compound into its elements. The sensation of ‘red’ or ‘sharp’ or ‘hard’ is understood as an ‘element’ of consciousness. 1-19  Structuralism Trained subjects in introspection. Introspection is the examination or observation of one’s own mental and emotional processes. He asked trained subjects to record their cognitive reactions to simple stimuli. Describe this ______, and tell me your sensation of it. 20  Structuralism A trained subject in an experiment is presented with an object, such as an apple. The subject would report the physical characteristics of the apple (e.g., color, length, density, smell, taste, etc.). Subject told not to report name of object because that does not describe sensory data of experience. 21  Structuralism Describe this object without referring to its name. 22  Structuralism Structuralism is not an active area of study in psychology anymore. 23  Functionalism & James Functionalism & William James James published The Principles of Psychology, psychology’s first official textbook. James championed the school of thought called Functionalism. 24  Functionalism Functional psychology or Functionalism refers to a psychological philosophy that considers mental life and behaviour in terms of active adaptation to the person's environment; it was influenced by Darwin and evolutionary theory. For example, an explanation for why a baby cries could be that crying as a behaviour is a successful adaptation; it helps the baby survive. It is not an active area of psychology anymore. 25  Schools of Thought: Gestalt Psychology Max Wertheimer & Gestalt Psychology Wertheimer argued against dividing human thought and behavior into discrete subjects; that is, he did not like structuralism. Gestalt theorists argue and demonstrate that the “the whole is something else than the sum of its parts.” 26  Gestalt Psychology How many triangles are there? 27  Gestalt Psychology Gestalt psychology is not an active area of research anymore. Some of the ideas of Gestalt psychology have been adopted and reworked by cognitive psychology. 28  Schools of Thought: Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud & Psychoanalysis Freud describes how the unconscious mind, dreams, and other psychological mechanisms exert influence on behavior. Psychoanalysis is a set of theories related to the study of the unconscious mind and a set of therapeutic techniques to help patients recover from psychological disorders. 29  Psychoanalysis A psychoanalyst believes that the unconscious mind – a part of our mind we do not have access to – controls many of our thoughts and behavior. A psychoanalyst would look for impulses or memories pushed into our unconscious and try to show how these influence our behavior. 30  Schools of Thought: Behavioral Ivan Pavlov & Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov studied digestion in dogs which led to an unintentional discovery. He noticed that dogs began to salivate when they heard him or his assistant walking down the hall before entering the room; dogs paired the sound footsteps with a delicious meal. 31  Behavioral 32  Behavioral John Watson & Behaviorism Demonstrated that you could take a neutral stimulus, like a rabbit, and condition someone, like a baby, to fear the rabbit by sounding an abrasive noise at the same time the rabbit was present. The baby associated the terrible noise with the site of the rabbit. 1-33  Behavioral B.F. Skinner & Operant Conditioning He expands the basic ideas of behaviorism to include the idea of reinforcement and punishment. 34  Schools of Thought: Humanistic Perspective Key figures in the Humanistic perspective are Abraham Maslow & Carl Rogers. The humanistic perspective stresses individual choice and freewill (in opposition to other schools of thought like psychoanalysis and behaviorism that claim that behavior is determined). Humanistic psychologists assert that we choose most of our behaviors and these choices are guided by physiological, emotional, and spiritual needs. 35  Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 36  Schools of Thought: Biopsychology Biopsychologists explain behavior and human thought strictly in terms of biological processes: hormones; genetics; neurotransmitters; disease; brain lesions, etc. 37  Schools of Thought: Evolutionary Psychology Evolutionary psychologists examine human thoughts and behaviors in terms of natural selection. Some psychological traits might be advantageous for survival, and these traits will be passed on. Obesity example 38  Cognitive Perspective Cognitive psychologists examine behavior and thought in terms of how we interpret, process, and remember information. Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development focuses on how our thinking develops as we develop from infants to adults. A cognitive psychologist might explain a person’s tendency to be extroverted in terms of how he or she interprets social situations. 39  Sociocultural Psychology Sociocultural psychologists look at how our thoughts and behaviors vary from people living in other cultures. They emphasize the influence culture has on the way we act and think. How much value does the culture place on being part of a group versus being an individual? What kind of behaviors are appropriate in some countries but not in others? 40  Biopsychosocial Model The biopsychosocial model acknowledges that human thinking and behavior results from combinations of biological, psychological, and social factors. For example, anorexia may be explained as having biological, psychological, and cultural causes. 41  Contemporary Psychology 42  Psychology’s Biggest Question Nature – Nurture Issue Biology versus experience History Greeks Rene Descartes Charles Darwin Natural selection 43 Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis Levels of Analysis Biological Psychological Social-cultural Biopsychosocial Approach 44 Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis 45 Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis 46 Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis 47 Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis 48  Psychological Approaches/Perspectives 49  Psychological Approaches/Perspectives 50  Psychological Approaches/Perspectives 51  Psychological Approaches/Perspectives 52  Psychological Approaches/Perspectives 53  Psychological Approaches/Perspectives 54  Psychological Approaches/Perspectives 55  Psychological Approaches/Perspectives 56  Psychological Approaches/Perspectives 57  Summary Approach Cause of Behavior Method for Investigation Biological Genes, hormones, physiology, brain, Brain scans, genetic analysis, body investigating physiology/biology Cognitive Personal thoughts, thinking patterns, Investigating thoughts, patterns brain processes, neural networks of thinking, and making analogies with computer models about the brain Humanistic Self-concept, self-esteem Talk-therapy Psychoanalytic/ Unconscious mind, trauma Dream analysis, talk-therapy dynamic Behavioural S/R responses, Understanding previous reinforcement/punishment reinforcement/punishment history 58  Summary Approach Cause of Behavior Method for Investigation Sociocultural Differences in cultural background Cross-cultural studies Evolutionary Natural selection Genetic analysis, species comparisons Structuralism --- Introspection studies Functionalism Natural selection Species comparison Gestalt Sensory/Perception processing --- Psychology Biopsychosocial Aims to understand behavior through model multiple schools of thought 59  Areas of Specialization 1. Physiological Psych / 11. Clinical & Counseling Behavioral Neuroscience Psychology 2. Sensation and Perception 12. Health Psychology 3. Learning 13. Community Psychology 4. Cognitive Psychology 14. School & Educational 5. Developmental Psychology Psychology 6. Motivation & Emotion 15. Environmental Psychology 7. Psychology of Women & 16. Forensic Psychology Gender 8. Personality Psychology 17. Sport Psychology 9. Social Psychology 18. Cross-Cultural Psychology 10. Industrial / Organizational Psychology 60  Careers in Psychology Practice / Applied psychiatry can prescribe medication attends medical school psychologist can’t prescribe medication does not attend medical school Research Teaching 61  Career Settings in Psychology 62  Influence of Culture Individualistic Cultures individuals viewed as unique and distinct from their social group value independence Collectivistic Cultures emphasize social group and the individual’s role within that group value interdependence Individualistic subjects prefer to work on tasks that they have had previous success with like to emphasize their successes Collectivistic subjects prefer to work on tasks that they have difficulty with self-critical view 63 Science of Psychology and Health and Wellness positive psychology movement research on topics such as happiness and optimism Mind-Body Connections how the mind impacts the body how the body impacts the mind 64  Summary and Implications Explain what psychology is and how it differs from an every-day, informal approach to understanding human nature. Discuss the roots and early scientific foundations of psychology. Summarize the main themes of the seven approaches to psychology. List some of the areas of specialization and careers in psychology. Describe the connections between the mind and the body. 65  Summary and Implications Defining Psychology scientific study of behavior and mental processes Historical Foundations of Psychology origins in philosophy and physiology structuralism – Wilhelm Wundt functionalism – William James evolutionary theory – Charles Darwin 66  Summary and Implications Contemporary Approaches to Psychology current approaches – complementary Specializations and Careers in Psychology practice, research, teaching academic, clinic, private practice, industry, school Science of Psychology and Health and Wellness mind-body connection is a “two-way street” 67 Introduction to Psychology (Evaluation tasks) 1. Contemporary psychology is best defined as the science of: A) Conscious and unconscious mental activity. B) Observable responses to the environment. C) Behavior and mental processes. D) Thoughts, feelings, and perceptions. E) Maladaptive and adaptive behaviors. 69 2. The first psychology laboratory was established in ________ by ________. A) Russia; Ivan Pavlov. B) Austria; Sigmund Freud. C) Germany; Wilhelm Wundt. D) The United States; William James. 70 3. Who suggested that the mind at birth is but a "tabula rasa" upon which experience writes? A) Charles Darwin. B) Rene Descartes. C) Plato. D) John Locke. 71 4. The survival of organisms best suited to a particular environment is known as: A) Introspection. B) Natural selection. C) Behavior modification. D) Habituation. 72 5. The first psychology laboratory was established by ________ in the year ________. A) Wundt; 1879. B) James; 1890. C) Freud; 1900. D) Watson; 1913. 73 6. Which perspective emphasizes the learning of observable responses? A) Behavioral. B) Social-cultural. C) Neuroscience. D) Cognitive. 74 7. Which psychological perspective emphasizes the interaction of the brain and body in behavior? A) Neuroscience perspective. B) Cognitive perspective. C) Behavioral perspective. D) Behavior genetics perspective. E) Evolutionary perspective. 75 8. Causes of behavior according to the behavioral approach A) Genes, hormones, physiology, brain, body. B) Personal thoughts, thinking patterns, brain processes, neural networks. C) Self-concept, self-esteem. D) Unconscious mind, trauma. E) S/R responses, reinforcement/punishment. 76 9. Causes of behavior according to the Psychoanalytic/dynamic approach A) Genes, hormones, physiology, brain, body. B) Personal thoughts, thinking patterns, brain processes, neural networks. C) Self-concept, self-esteem. D) Unconscious mind, trauma. E) S/R responses, reinforcement/punishment. 77 10. Causes of behavior according to the Cognitive approach A) Genes, hormones, physiology, brain, body. B) Personal thoughts, thinking patterns, brain processes, neural networks. C) Self-concept, self-esteem. D) Unconscious mind, trauma. E) S/R responses, reinforcement/punishment. 78 11. Causes of behavior according to the Biological approach A) Genes, hormones, physiology, brain, body. B) Personal thoughts, thinking patterns, brain processes, neural networks. C) Self-concept, self-esteem. D) Unconscious mind, trauma. E) S/R responses, reinforcement/punishment. 79 12. Causes of behavior according to the Humanistic approach A) Genes, hormones, physiology, brain, body. B) Personal thoughts, thinking patterns, brain processes, neural networks. C) Self-concept, self-esteem. D) Unconscious mind, trauma. E) S/R responses, reinforcement/punishment. 80 13. Causes of behavior according to the Biopsychosocial model approach A) Differences in cultural background. B) Natural selection. C) Sensory/Perception processing. D) S/R responses, reinforcement/punishment. E) Aims to understand behavior through multiple schools of thought. 81 14. Causes of behavior according to the Gestalt Psychology approach A) Differences in cultural background. B) Natural selection. C) Sensory/Perception processing. D) S/R responses, reinforcement/punishment. E) Aims to understand behavior through multiple schools of thought. 82 15. Causes of behavior according to Functionalism approach A) Differences in cultural background. B) Natural selection. C) Sensory/Perception processing. D) S/R responses, reinforcement/punishment. E) Aims to understand behavior through multiple schools of thought. 83 16. Causes of behavior according to Sociocultural approach A) Differences in cultural background. B) Natural selection. C) Sensory/Perception processing. D) S/R responses, reinforcement/punishment. E) Aims to understand behavior through multiple schools of thought. 84 17. Causes of behavior according to Evolutionary approach A) Differences in cultural background. B) Natural selection. C) Sensory/Perception processing. D) S/R responses, reinforcement/punishment. E) Aims to understand behavior through multiple schools of thought. 85 18. Goal of psychology is: A) to describe behavior. B) to explain (understanding) behavior. C) to predict behavior. D) to Control behavior. E) All of the above are true. 86 19. Which subfield is most directly concerned with studying human behavior in the workplace? A) Clinical psychology. B) Personality psychology. C) Industrial/organizational psychology. D) Psychiatry. 87 20. Which of the following disciplines had the greatest influence on the way Wundt, Pavlov, Freud, and Piaget approached the study of psychology? A) Biology. B) Sociology. C) Political science. D) Chemistry. 88 21. Psychology refers to: A) A field of study that investigates how individuals, groups and structure affect and are affected by behavior within organizations. B) Improve an organization’s effectiveness. C) The systematic study of behavior and all the factors that influence behavior. D) All of the above. 89 What is Organizational Behaviour? (Evaluation tasks)  What Is Organizational Behaviour? 1. What is organizational behaviour? 2. Isn’t organizational behaviour common sense? Or just like psychology? 3. How does knowing about organizational behaviour make work and life more understandable? 4. What challenges do managers and employees face in the workplace of the twenty-first century? 91  Organizational Behaviour... a field of study that investigates how individuals, groups and structure affect and are affected by behaviour within organizations, for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization’s effectiveness. 92  What is an Organization? A consciously coordinated social unit, composed of two or more people, that functions on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goals 93  Roles and Skills in the New Workplace Flexibility Mentor Innovator External Focus Internal Focus Facilitator Broker Monitor Producer Coordinator Director Control 94  How Companies are Changing “Cool” Companies “Old” Companies Believe casual days are progressive Think casual Fridays are pitiful Believe titles are obsolete Charge employees for perks and incentives Don't impose on employees' personal Hold events on employee time time Have flex time: but only between 7:30 a.m. Allow staff to come and go as they and 6:30 p.m. please Hide financial results from their employees Offer all employees stock options Encourage employee input -- but rarely act Let employees make decisions that on it affect their work Employ rigid hierarchies (chain of Offer assistance with childcare command) Have minimal bureaucracy (red tape) Stop at “open door” policies 95 Exhibit 1-1 Challenges Facing the Workplace Organizational Level Productivity Developing effective employees Global competition Managing in the global village Group Level Working with others Workforce diversity Workplace Individual Level Job satisfaction Empowerment Behaving ethically 96  Today’s Challenges in the Workplace Challenges at the Organizational Level Productivity Effectiveness Efficiency 97  Developing Effective Employees Organizational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB) Discretionary behaviour that is not part of an employee’s formal job requirements, but that nevertheless promotes the effective functioning of the organization. 98  Putting People First committed workforce and positively affects the bottom line. “more control and say in their work.” How do you Put people first? 99  Global Competition In recent years, Egyptian businesses have faced tough international competition, as well as from other companies within our borders. Reduce costs, increase productivity, and improve quality. 100 Managing and Working in a Multicultural World Managers and employees must become capable of working with people from different cultures. 101  Exhibit 1-4: The Layers of OB The Organization Change Organizational culture Decision making The Group Leadership Power and politics Negotiation Conflict Communication The Individual Groups and teams Motivating self and others Emotions Values and attitudes Perception Personality 102 How Will Knowing OB Make a Difference? For Managers For Individuals 103 Exhibit 1-3: Toward an OB Discipline Behavioural Contribution Unit of Output science analysis Learning Motivation Perception Training Leadership effectiveness Job satisfaction Psychology Individual decision making Performance appraisal Attitude measurement Employee selection Work design Work stress Individual Group dynamics Work teams Communication Power Conflict Intergroup behaviour Sociology Formal organization theory Study of Organizational technology Group Organizational Organizational change Behaviour Organizational culture Behavioural change Attitude change Social psychology Communication Group processes Group decision making Organization Comparative values system Comparative attitudes Cross-cultural analysis Anthropology Organizational culture Organizational environment Conflict Political science Intraorganizational politics Power 104 The Rigour of OB OB looks at consistencies OB is more than common sense OB has few absolutes OB takes a contingency approach 105  Exhibit 1-2: Research Methods in OB 106 Bottom Line: OB Is For Everyone Organizational behaviour is not just for managers. OB applies equally well to all situations in which you interact with others: on the basketball court, at the grocery store, in school, or in church. 107  Summary and Implications OB is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behaviour within an organization. OB focuses on improving productivity, reducing absenteeism and turnover, and increasing employee job satisfaction and organizational commitment. OB uses systematic study to improve predictions of behaviour. 108 What is Organizational Behaviour? (Evaluation tasks) 1. What are the three primary determinants of behavior in organizations? A) Profit structure, organizational complexity, and job satisfaction. B) Individuals, profit structure, and job satisfaction. C) Individuals, groups, and job satisfaction. D) Groups, structure, and profit structure. E) Individuals, groups, and structure. 110 2. Which of the following is not a core topic of organizational behavior? A) Motivation. B) Attitude development. C) Conflict. D) Resource allocation. E) Work design. 111 3. ________ is the study of the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organizations A) Leadership. B) Organizational strategy. C) Performance management. D) Employee relations. E) Organizational behavior. 112 4. Which of the following is not a topic or concern related to Organizational behavior (OB)? A) Turnover. B) Leader behavior. C) Productivity. D) Management. E) Family behavior. 113 5. Organizational behavior is constructed from all of the following disciplines except ________. A) Physics. B) Psychology. C) Anthropology. D) Sociology. E) Social psychology. 114 6. The difference between good and bad management can be the difference between ________ and ________. A) Profit; loss. B) Employment; success. C) Development; deterioration. D) Collaboration; noncooperation. E) Productivity; unproductivity. 115 7. Which of the following explains the usefulness of the systematic approach to the study of organizational behavior? A) Human behavior does not vary a great deal between individuals and situations. B) Human behavior is not random. C) Human behavior is not consistent. D) Human behavior is rarely predictable. E) Human behavior is often not sensible. 116 8. Basing managerial decisions on the best available scientific support is called ________. A) Intuition. B) Organizational process. C) Organizational behavior. D) Evidence-based management. E) Conceptual management. 117 9. Which field of study has contributed to Organizational behavior (OB) through its research on organizational culture and formal organization theory and structure? A) Psychology. B) Operations management. C) Corporate strategy. D) Political science. E) Sociology. 118 10. Organizations need to ensure that hiring and employment policies create equal access and opportunities to individuals, regardless of ________. A) Gender. B) Experience. C) Educational qualification. D) Computer skills. E) Technical know-how. 119 11. The main contribution of psychology to organizational behavior is the study of: A) Personality, attitudes, perceptions and motivations. B) Social structures and relationships. C) Social beliefs, customs and values. D) Philosophy and ethics of human activity. 120 12. The main contribution of social psychology to organizational behavior is the study of: A) Personality, attitudes, perceptions and motives. B) Work team, power and conflict. C) Behavioral and attitudes change. D) Social beliefs, customs and values. 121 13. The main contribution of Anthropology to organizational behavior is the study of: A) Personality, attitudes, perceptions and motives. B) Work team, power and conflict. C) Behavioral and attitudes change. D) Culture, customs and values. 122 14. The main contribution of sociology to organizational behavior is the study of: A) Personality, attitudes, perceptions and motives. B) Work team, power and conflict. C) Philosophy and ethics of human activity. D) Social beliefs, customs and values. 123 15. The main contribution of political science to organizational behavior does not the studying of: A) Change organizational culture. B) Power. C) Conflict. D) Intraorganizational politics 124  learning moments 125  Wishing you good luck Prof. Dr. Gamaleldin M. Elshamy See you soon 126