Social-Change-CSU-part-2.pptx

CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY- CARIG CAMPUS Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan COLLEGE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Bachelor of Science in Social Work Social Change and Development Perspective LOUIS JAKE P. SIBUCAO, RSW Cagaya...

CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY- CARIG CAMPUS Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan COLLEGE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Bachelor of Science in Social Work Social Change and Development Perspective LOUIS JAKE P. SIBUCAO, RSW Cagayan State University Social Work Instructor  Social Work 2014 Global Definition of Social Work (Approved by the IFSW General Meeting and the IASSW General Assembly in July 2014) Social Work is practice-based profession and an academic discipline that promotes social change and development, social cohesion, and the empowerment and liberation of people. Principles of justice, human rights, collective responsibility and respect for diversities are central to social work. Underpinned by theories of social work, social sciences, humanities and indigenous knowledge, social work engages people and structures to address life challenges and enhance well-being.  Social Work and Social Change Focus of the new definition of Social Work: Enhance well-being of people. Through: Social Change Problem Solving in Relationships Empowerment and Liberation of People Guide : Social Work Principles, theories, especially the human rights, social justice and diversity Use: Social Work Methods Social Workers are advocates of positive social change and one of the key players who perform a very important role in societal development. Knowledge Foundation of Social Worker as Development Practitioner  Change- alteration towards something different or an innovation from what is existing and a replacement of something entirely new. Social Change- it is conceptualized as the process of planned or unplanned qualitative or quantitative alterations of social phenomena.  Social Change Changes in the way society is organized, and the beliefs and practices of the people who believe in it. All societies are involved in a process of social change; however this change may be so subtle and slow that society is hardly aware of it. The opposite of social change is social continuity which means that there are structures within society which are built to resist change. Example - the Catholic Church Social Change Social change occurs when many members of a society adopt new behaviors that have long-term and relatively important consequences. Change is one of the most constant features of society. It is difficult to predict how or at what rate a society will change. The course of change in a society depends on the nature of the existing culture. People in a society consciously decide for themselves how change will occur.  Social Processes A process is a series of steps that gradually leads to a result. Sociologists have identified several important social processes. Three important social processes follow. Discovery is the process by which something is learned or interpreted. Invention is the creation of something new from previously existing items or processes. Production of new objects, ideas, and social patterns. Diffusion is the process by which one culture borrows from another culture or society. The spread of products, people, and information from one culture to another. Sociologists have identified some major Forces that Lead to Social Change They include the following: Revolution Diffusion Revolution Terrorism and War Free the Social Social Developme market and Action Movement nt Planning roll back the state. Internationa Legislative l Action. Agreements.  Revolution and War Revolution and war are related factors that lead to social change. A revolution involves the sudden and complete overthrow of an existing social or political order and is often accompanied by violence. War is organized, armed conflict that occurs within a society or between nations  Diffusion It is the spread of one's cultural characteristics from one group to another, whereby it operates both within societies. Usually, it happens when one society comes into contact with others. Diffusion is a two-way and selective process. Diffusion mainly involves some alterations of the borrowed cultural elements from different cultures either in form, function or meaning.  Revolution A revolution is a rapid, fundamental, and violent domestic change in the dominant values and myths of society, in its political institutions, social structure, leadership, and government activity and policies.  Terrorism It is the random acts of violence; oftentimes, victims are innocent people. There are at least eight primary factors that can be associated on terrorism: the factor of violence; the required intention; the nature of the victims; the connection of the offender to the state; the justice and motive of their cause; the level of organization; the element of theatre; and the absence of guilt. However, one cannot draw from these variables a simple (or even a complex) definition of terrorism. The reason is that not all factors apply all the time.  Social Action It can be defined as a methodology that employs "norm adhering" and "norm-testing" to change the system at mezzo and macro levels of society. Social change produced in this kind of strategy goes beyond the alterations in the daily behavior of individuals or groups; however, in the long run, it lacks fundamental and radical transformations in the social structure. The purpose of social action is not to effect changes in the personality system or the routine administration and management of formal organizations but in the programs and policies of organizations and institutions.  Social Movement It is an organized effort by a reasonable number of people to propose or resist change in some aspects of society. Social movement undoubtedly involves collective action. This collective action may be spontaneous and informal attempt to stir and conscientize the interest of a relative number of people who experience strain. Social movement aims to bring about a change in ideologies of the existing system, norms, and values. At the same time, its actions are also made by some other forces to maintain the status quo or resist the changes.  Development Planning An act of state or other stakeholders to consciously assess, prepare strategic courses of action to address social problems. It is an intentional action, learning and strategizing can straightforwardly explain why things turned out the way they did. A properly executed plan should bring about the desired outcome. Free the market and roll back the state. The welfare state in all its manifestations and all varieties of socialism and collectivism is seen as the mother of all evil. The social is an ideological figure and not a definable ideal of thought; it only serves to undermine the rules of the market to which we owe our wealth Legislative Action It is the process of enacting policies and laws. International Agreements. It is a tool that regulates matters concerning the welfare of the states and other subjects of international law. The agreement assumes a variety of forms and styles, but they are all governed by the law of treaties, which part of costmary international law. RESISTANCE TO SOCIAL CHANGE Resistance Rarely occurs without opposition Many who oppose change come to accept it. Some remain opposed but learn to adapt. RESISTANCE TO SOCIAL CHANGE Ethnocentrism People often believe that their own ideas and ways of doing things are best and strongly resist changes from outside their culture  RESISTANCE TO SOCIAL CHANGE Cultural Lag Material culture changes quickly, while nonmaterial culture lags behind and changes more slowly. New laws and customs must be formed to address new technology.  RESISTANCE TO SOCIAL CHANGE Vested Interests People may be more likely to maintain the current situation, even if there are potential benefits to making a change. Some people feel that the known problems of today are better than unknown problems that come with change SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT THEORIES EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVES The evolutionary theories of social change have adopted the approach of identifying a succession of stages through which human societies have progressed, from the supposedly actively simple patterns our remote ancestors to the complexity and diversity of the present day. AUGUSTE COMTE Comte conceptualized three stages of social evolution which relate both the development of man thought from primitive superstition to modern scientific reason and to the changing order which the evolution of consciousness gives rise to. SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT THEORIES WALT W. ROSTOW Rostows Modernization Theory This model suggests that countries go through a predefined set of five stages before becoming a fully developed nation. SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT THEORIES Stage One: Traditional Society Agriculture and other primary industries are the only means of life. The work is highly labor intensive due to the limited availability of advanced technology. Subsistence agriculture dominates this farming, with food being eaten by the producers rather than being sold for profit. There is limited scope to develop any raw materials in the country, so the development of other industries is restricted. SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT THEORIES Stage Two: Pre-conditions for Take-Off Mechanization starts to enter farming and greater yields create more commercialization of food. Secondary industries such as fabrics begin to develop as skill and education levels increase. Foreign Direct Investment may see the country begin to develop simple communication and transport infrastructures. SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT THEORIES Stage Three: Take-Off Further industrialization creates a multiplier affect where businesses use each other to grow and develop. Most workers are now employed in secondary industries. Development may become largely regional and centered around urban spaces. SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT THEORIES Stage Four: Drive to Maturity Modern technology has spread across almost all industries in the country and many sectors start to gain an international reputation. Workers are highly skilled and start to become specialized within certain industries. SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT THEORIES Stage Five: Age of High Mass Consumption Employment becomes very much based around service industries and the consumption of high order goods that are made overseas. Finance systems are well established with banks able to loan money to other countries. Country plays a key role in international organization SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT THEORIES LIMITATIONS OF ROSTOW’S MODERNIZATION THEORY The model is largely based on the experience of America and Europe and assumes that all other nations can follow the same pattern. There is an assumption that all countries will automatically start at the same stage and with the same capability (such as their availability of raw materials) to progress further through the stages. No account is taken for problems that developing countries face (such as debt, being ’locked into’ the export of primary products or limited access to markets) which can block further development. SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT THEORIES LIMITATIONS OF ROSTOW’S MODERNIZATION THEORY The model suggests that the end point of development is the same for all countries and is known from the beginning. It assumes that all countries will adopt similar policies, something that overlooks the idea that competition between the nations may hold some back. Some stages of the model may overlap or merge, with the pace of change happening more quickly in some areas of the world than others. SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT THEORIES STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALIST Assumes that a society is a system of interrelated parts and subsystems which function or engage in activities that promote the survival of the whole system The initial focus is to define activities that are necessary for the survival of the entire system SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT THEORIES TALCOTT PARSONS 4 Functions of society for Survival (Parsons) 1. Adaptations Adaptation refers to the relationship between the system and its environment. In order to survive, social systems must have some degree of control over their environment. Food and shelter must be provided to meet the physical needs of members. The economy is the institution primarily concerned with this function. SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT THEORIES TALCOTT PARSONS4 Functions of society for Survival (Parsons) 2. Goal Attainment Goal attainment refers to the need for all societies to set goals towards which social activity is directed. Procedures for esta,blishing goals and deciding on priorities between goals are institutionalized in the form of political systems. Governments not only set goals but also allocate resources to achieve them. Even in a so-called free enterprise system, the economy is regulated and directed by laws passed by governments. SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT THEORIES Functions of society for Survival 3. Integrations Integration refers primarily to the ‘adjustment of conflict’. It is concerned with the coordination and mutual adjustment of the parts of the social system. Legal norms define and standardize relations between individuals and between institutions, and so reduce the potential for conflict. When conflict does arise, it is settled by the judicial system and does not therefore lead to the disintegration of the social system. SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT THEORIES 4. Latency Functions or for of society pattern SurvivalMaintenance – Pattern maintenance refers to the maintenance of the basic pattern of values, institutionalized in the society. Institutions that perform this function include the family, the educational system and religion. In Parsons view ‘the values of society are rooted in religion’ A main supporter of Functionalism is Emile Durkheim who believes that sociology is a science. He is a structuralist and positivist and thus disagrees with empathy, meanings and the social action theory. Functionalists believe that society is based around a value consensus and social solidarity, which is achieved by socialization and social control