GROUP-5-SOCIAL-CHANGE-AND-DEVELPMENT (1) PDF

Republic of the Philippines CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY (CvSU) Don Severino De Las Alas Campus Indang, Cavite COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences WRITTEN REPORT IN SWRK 197 COMPETENC...

Republic of the Philippines CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY (CvSU) Don Severino De Las Alas Campus Indang, Cavite COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences WRITTEN REPORT IN SWRK 197 COMPETENCY APPRAISAL 1 SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES IN SOCIAL WORK In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of bachelor of science in social work DY, LHEYARECAR FREGILLANA, FLORENCE GEROLAO, ANDREA LERIN, JEFFERSON RAMIREZ, CRIZABEL Submitted to: MS. MERLIE C. NAHILAT, RSW, MSSW Submitted on: August 12, 2024  TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Concepts of Social Change and Development……………………………… 1 Social Change………………………………………………………………… 1 Development…………………………………………………………………… 1 Social Development……………………………………………………………. 2 Economic Development………………………………………………………… 2 Participatory Development…………………………………………………….. 2 Conceptions and Dimensions of Development……………………………… 2 Economic Growth………………………………………………………………. 2 Increased Welfare and Human Development………………………………… 3 Modernization………………………………………………………………… 3 Elimination of Dependency……………………………………………………… 4 Sustainable Development……………………………………………………… 4 Initiatives of DRR on Sustainable Development……………………………… 5 Development as History………………………………………………………… 5 Social Change and Development Theories…………………………………… 5 Functionalist Theory……………………………………………………………… 5 Rostow’s Modernization Theory………………………………………………… 6 Dependency Theory……………………………………………………………… 7 Dialectical and Historical Materialism…………………………………………… 7 Neo-Liberalism…………………………………………………………………….. 8 Conflict Theory…………………………………………………………………….. 8 Symbolic Interactionist Theory…………………………………………………… 8 Feminist Perspective……………………………………………………………… 9 Perspectives on Social Development…………………………………………… 10 Diversity Perspectives……………………………………………………………… 10  Strength Perspectives…………………………………………………………… 9 Empowerment Perspectives…………………………………………………… 10 Spirituality and Faith Sensitive Perspectives……………………………………… 11 Ethno-cultural Perspectives…………………………………………………………. 11 Feminist Perspectives………………………………………………………………… 13 WID…………………………………………………………………………………… 15 WAD…………………………………………………………………………………. 15 GAD………………………………………………………………………………….. 16 People Centered Development…………………………………………………….. 16 Anti-Oppressive Vulnerable Life Situation Perspectives……………………… 16 Approaches to Development………………………………………………………… 17 Basic Needs Approach……………………………………………………………… 17 Rights- Based Approach………………………………………………………………. 18 Inclusive Growth Women in Development………………………………………… 18 Risk-Hazard model…………………………………………………………………… 18 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………… 19 References…………………………………………………………………………………. 20  CONCEPTS OF SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT Why should a social worker be interested in social change? Social work promotes social change, problem solving in human relationships and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being. Utilizing theories of human behavior and social systems, social work intervenes at the points where people interact with their environment. Principles of human rights and social justice are fundamental to social work (IASSW & IFSW, 2001) Social Change Refers to constant creation, negotiation and re-creation of social order. It may refer to the notion of social progress or socio-cultural evolution, the philosophical idea that society moves forward by dialectical or evolutionary means. Development Generally, this is the progress of society towards a better quality of human life. For almost every writer a different definition of development exists Definition of Development According to Different Authors Dudley Seers suggests that development is when a country experiences a reduction or elimination of poverty, inequality and unemployment. Edgar Owens (1987) suggested that development is when there is development of people (human development) and not development of things. Michael Todaro defined Development is not purely an economic phenomenon but rather a multi-dimensional process involving reorganization and reorientation of entire economic and social system Social Development Social development refers to the process by which individuals learn and internalize the 1 values, skills, and behaviors necessary to interact effectively with others. It encompasses understanding social norms, building relationships, and managing emotions in social contexts. This growth is continuous, starting in childhood and progressing throughout life. Examples: Sharing Toys: A child learns the importance of sharing toys with peers, understanding the concepts of fairness and cooperation. Learning Empathy: An individual comforts a friend who is upset, demonstrating their ability to understand and respond to the emotions of others. Economic Development It is the creation of wealth from which community benefits are realized. It is more than a jobs program, it’s an investment in growing your economy and enhancing the prosperity and quality of life for all residents. It means different things to different people. On a broad scale, anything a community does to foster and create a healthy economy can fall under the auspice of economic development Participatory Development Refers to community Involvement that means people who have both the right and duty to participate in solving their own problems, have a greater responsibility in assessing their needs, mobilizing local resources, and suggesting new solutions. CONCEPTIONS AND DIMENSIONS OF DEVELOPMENT Economic Growth Economic growth is an increase in the production of goods and services over a specific period. To be most accurate, the measurement must remove the effects of inflation. Economic growth creates more profit for businesses. As a result, stock prices rise. That gives companies’ capital to invest and hire more employees. As more jobs are created, incomes rise. Consumers have more money to buy additional products and services. Purchases drive higher economic 2 growth. For this reason, all countries want positive economic growth. This makes economic growth the most watched economic indicator Increase Welfare and Human Development Human development grew out of global discussions on the links between economic growth and development during the second half of the 20th Century. By the early 1960s there were increasingly loud calls to “dethrone” GDP: economic growth had emerged as both a leading objective, and indicator, of national progress in many countries i, even though GDP was never intended to be used as a measure of wellbeing. In the 1970s and 80s development debate considered using alternative focuses to go beyond GDP, including putting greater emphasis on employment, followed by redistribution with growth, and then whether people had their basic needs met. Modernization Means the transformation from a traditional, rural, agrarian society to a secular, urban, Industrial society. Modernization encompasses urbanization, the application of science and technology, rapidly increasing occupational specialization, rising bureaucratization and rising educational levels, but the core of the process is industrialization, which makes it possible to escape the poverty and helplessness of subsistence agriculture. By industrializing, a society could dispel hunger, acquire the new technology now needed to compete militarily, and attain a much longer life expectancy than was possible in pre-industrial society. Elimination of Dependency A common term used in the news and social media today is the 'developing world'. This term is used to indicate countries that are less economically developed than the United States or European nations. It suggests that there is a process that leads to economic development, and the expectation is that eventually all countries will become industrialized. A number of sociologists and economists, however, believe that this is not the case, and instead they developed dependency theory. Nevertheless, due to some of the major objections to dependency theory, it 3 has fallen out of favor among today's sociologists and economists. Still, elements of dependency theory exist today, and it may prove useful in an understanding of current social trends. Sustainable Development Defined as development that is likely to achieve lasting satisfaction of human needs and improvement of the quality of life and encompasses help for the very poorest who are left with no option but to destroy their environment to survive, idea of self-reliant development with natural resource constraints, cost effective development using different economic criteria to the traditional –i.e. development should not degrade environment, important issues of health control, appropriate technologies, food self-reliance, clean water and shelter for all and people centered activities are necessary- human beings are the resources in the concept Initiatives of DRR on Sustainable Development In many recent years, millions of innocent lives are sacrificed due to natural and man- made catastrophe all over the world, and a million more to expect if we remain complacent in the mitigation of these grim phenomena. Throughout the recorded history of the Philippines, disasters in various parts of the country have been reported such as typhoons, fire, and 4 earthquake. Floods and storms are the most common hazards leading to land mass erosions and landslides that have destroyed properties, livelihood and lives. The continuing occurrence and extent of hazard brought have raised the compelling need of the country to adopt responsive and sustainable measures to mitigate loss of lives, properties and environment. Development as History Any assessment of development requires a distinction be made between two interrelated, though distinct, issues. On the one hand, development refers to an actual historical and material occurrence: a significant change in the economic, social, political, and cultural conditions affecting large groups of people. Development can be conceived of as a construct, mental picture, or theory about such change. SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT THEORIES Structural Functionalism Also called functionalism, sees society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of the individuals in that society. Herbert Spencer (1820– 1903), saw similarities between society and the human body. He argued that just as the various organs of the body work together to keep the body functioning, the various parts of society work together to keep society functioning (Spencer 1898). The parts of society that Spencer referred to were the social institutions, or patterns of beliefs and behaviors focused on meeting social needs, such as government, education, family, healthcare, religion, and the economy. Robert Merton (1910–2003), pointed out that social processes often have many functions. Manifest functions are the consequences of a social process that are sought or anticipated, while latent functions are the unsought consequences of a social process. Modernization Refers to transformation of a society from a rural and agrarian condition to a secular, urban and industrial one. 5 Modernization Theory Suggests that traditional societies will develop as they adopt more modern practices. Proponents of modernization theory claim that modern states are wealthier and more powerful and that their citizens are freer to enjoy a higher standard of living. Rostow’s Modernization Theory Who is Rostow? Walt Rostow (October 7, 1916-February 13, 2003) was a prominent economic historian who advised both the Kennedy and Johnson administrations. Appointed first by Kennedy to the position of deputy national security advisor, then by Johnson as national security advisor, Rostow helped formulate U.S.’s posture towards Israel, particularly on issues involving nuclear policy. His Theory of Modernization Rostow believes that poorer places are in an initial or beginning stage of development, while countries with higher levels of GNP are in a later stage of higher development. All places, therefore, are at some stage in a development sequence. Rostow's 5 Stages of Economic Growth 1. Traditional Society: This stage is characterized by a subsistent, agricultural-based economy with intensive labor, low levels of trading, and a population that does not have a scientific perspective on the world and technology. Preconditions to Take-off: Here, a society begins to develop manufacturing and a more national and international—as opposed to regional—outlook. 3. Take-off: Rostow describes this stage as a short period of intensive growth, in which industrialization begins to occur, and workers and institutions become concentrated around a new industry. 4. Drive to Maturity: This stage takes place over a long period of time, as standards of living rise, t4he use of technology increases, and the national economy grows and diversifies. 6  5. Age of High Mass Consumption: At the time of writing, Rostow believed that Western countries, most notably the United States, occupied this last "developed" stage. Here, a country's economy flourishes in a capitalist system, characterized by mass production and consumerism. Dependency Theory A theory on the notion that resources flow from a “periphery” of poor and underdevelopment states to a “core” of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former. This theory visualizes development as the process in which less developed countries are dependent on the developed country which is the dominant one between the two and these less developed countries suffer from problems. Basic Premises of Dependency Theory Poor nations provide natural resources and cheap labor. Wealthy nations actively perpetuate a state of dependence by various means. Wealthy nations actively counter all attempts made by dependent nations to resist their influences by means of economic sanctions, and, possibly, by the use of military force. Characteristics Of a Dependent Economy The underlying conditions for dependency of any country are as follow: Exporting firms are primarily owned by foreigners. Exports are dominated by one, or a few commodities. The export sector dominates the economy, and imports are larger in relation to GDP. Mineral and petroleum products are produced under conditions of vertical integration Dialectical and Historical Materialism This theory postulates that all institutions of human society (e.g., government and religion) are the outgrowth of its economic activity. Consequently, social and political change occurs when those institutions cease to reflect the “mode of production”—that is, how the economy functions. 7 Historical materialism is rooted in Marx and Engels’s philosophy of dialectical materialism, which posits that all things develop through material contradictions. Animals and plants, for example, biologically evolve when their methods of survival contradict their environment. Because the world is material in nature—made entirely of matter—rather than mental or spiritual, these contradictions cannot be harmonized through reason or divine power; incompatible elements must oppose each other until adaptation or destruction takes place. This process is continuous. Neoliberalism Neoliberalism is a model of free market capitalism that favors greatly reduced government spending, deregulation, globalization, free trade, and privatization. Since the 1980s, neoliberalism has been associated with the “trickle-down” economic policies of President Ronald Reagan in the United States and Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in the United Kingdom. Symbolic Interaction Theory Symbolic interaction theory states that the meaning we ascribe to objects, processes, ideas, concepts, and systems are subjective. Charles Horton Cooley introduced the looking-glass self (1902) to describe how a person’s sense of self grows out of interactions with others, and he proposed a threefold process for this development: 1) we see how others react to us, 2) we interpret that reaction (typically as positive or negative) and 3) we develop a sense of self based on those interpretations. “Looking-glass” is an archaic term for a mirror, so Cooley theorized that we “see” ourselves when we interact with others. Conflict Theory Conflict theory generally surrounds the idea that most struggles in society happen because of conflicts between different social classes or groups. Each group struggles to attain more resources and because resources are scarce, they must struggle with other groups. Groups try to protect their own interests, therefore blocking the progress of other groups 8 Feminist Perspective Focuses on the significance of gender in understanding and explaining inequalities that exists between men and women in the household, in the paid labor force and in the realms of politics, law and culture. Feminist sociology attempts to bring to light women's personal problems. For example: violence against women, poverty of women, invisibility of women's role in reproduction PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Diversity Perspectives A range of different viewpoints, experiences, and backgrounds that people bring to the table. This includes differences in race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, age, religion, nationality, socioeconomic status, and more. A. Strength-Based Perspectives. It is an approach to social work that puts the strengths and resources of people, communities, and their environments, rather than their problems and pathologies at the center of the helping process. Principles of SBP It was created as a corrective and transformative challenge to predominant practice and policies that reduce people and their potential for deficits, pathologies, problems, and dysfunction. Emphasized the human capacity for resilience, resistance, courage, thriving, and ingenuity, and its champions forming and achieving their own goal and aspiration Principles of SBP in Social Work Recognize that every individual, group, family, and community, has strengths and resources. engage in systematic assessment of strengths and resources. realize that while trauma, abuse, illness, and struggle may be injurious, they may also be 9 sources of challenge and opportunity. Honor client- set goal and aspirations for growth and change. serve clients and communities interest through collaboration with them as director of their own helping process. mobilize the strengths and resources of clients, relationship, and environments. link goals to specific do able action that activate strengths and resources. engage in social work with a sense of caring and hope. Applicability of Strength-Based Perspectives Applying this strength-based perspective means believing that individuals hold value just by being themselves and it guides to capitalized strengths to lead people to see themselves as the best version of what they can be. B. Empowerment Perspective Defined as “the transition from the state of powerlessness to the state of more controlled over one’s life, which means bringing about change in other people’s feeling and capacities, empowering them to become more powerful and confident” (Torrone et al., 2013). Principle Of Empowerment The principle of empowerment theory is central to social work practice. It is applicable in different setting of people in micro and macro level of practice with the people who are in oppression and need to be liberated. Being a social worker, it is our role to support and strengthen the natural abilities and capacities of the people to handle their own problem. Empowering a client is also like putting a social worker’s mind in the situation of their clients. It outlines the ways in which the empowerment approach can be beneficial to social work clients and professional social workers. It is a way to speak out for the rights of every person who experiences oppression and marginalization. 10 Level Of Empowerment 1. Personal Level- Empowerment is the experience of gaining increasing control and influence in daily life and community participation. 2. Small Group Level- Empowerment involves the shared experience, analysis, and influence of groups on their own efforts. C. Spirituality and Faith Sensitive Perspective in Social Work A faith-sensitive perspective recognizes the importance of understanding and respecting different beliefs and cultures in providing care to individuals, particularly elderly people. It emphasizes the need for developing culturally sensitive faith measures and examining the multifaceted effects of faith factors. Social Work started as CHARITY. The biblical concept of charity was the inspiration for these early social service endeavors. Spirituality Component of both religious and existential value systems. Meaning breath of life process through which we give meaning to our life and provides a framework for cultivating a sense of purpose Spirituality Sensitivity Social Work Practice The client has the primary role in defining and interpreting the meaning and value of his/her spirituality. The client’s experiences and behaviors should be understood within the context of his/her culture and spiritual perspective, and assessment should be on-going and dynamic, since self-understanding and life circumstances continually change D. Ethno-cultural Perspective Refers to a theoretical lens that focuses on the influence of culture, ethnicity, and diverse backgrounds on individuals and communities. It recognizes that culture plays a significant role in 11 shaping people's beliefs, values, behaviors, and experiences. This perspective emphasizes the importance of understanding the unique dynamics within different cultural and ethnic groups to effectively engage and support them. In the context of social change and social work, the ethno- cultural perspective highlights the importance of acknowledging and valuing diversity, promoting cultural competence, and advocating for social justice. It drives social workers to examine how power, oppression, and discrimination impact individuals and communities from different ethno- cultural backgrounds. How Ethno-Cultural Perspective Affects Social Change and Social Work In The Philippines Advocacy for Indigenous Rights: The Philippines is home to numerous indigenous tribes, each with their distinct cultural practices, beliefs, and challenges. The ethno- cultural perspective prompts social workers to recognize and respect their rights, help preserve their cultures, and address the social inequalities they commonly face. 2. Cultural Competence: Social workers in the Philippines employ the ethno-cultural perspective to develop cultural competence, allowing them to serve diverse populations effectively. They strive to understand the cultural context in which clients live, ensuring that their interventions are sensitive to cultural norms, values, and beliefs. 3. Addressing Colonial Legacies: The ethno-cultural perspective enables social workers to critically examine the effects of colonialism and its impact on various aspects of Philippine society, including education, health, and governance. By understanding how historical and current power dynamics shape social inequities, social workers can advocate for decolonization and promote social justice. 4. Gender and LGBTQ+ Issues: The ethno-cultural perspective emphasizes recognizing and valuing the intersections of ethnicity, culture, and gender identity or sexual orientation. It prompts social workers to address the unique challenges and discrimination faced by LGBTQ+ individuals from various cultural and ethnic backgrounds and advocate for their rights and equal treatment. 5. Immigration and Migrant Support: With the growing number of Filipinos migrating 12 domestically and internationally for employment, social workers adopt the ethno-cultural perspective to provide appropriate support. They consider the specific challenges faced by migrant workers and their families, such as cultural dislocation, language barriers, exploitation, and discrimination, to design interventions that meet their needs. Overall, the ethno-cultural perspective in the Philippines assists social work practitioners in addressing the diverse needs of individuals and communities while working towards social change, promoting inclusivity, and striving for social justice. Feminist Perspective It examines inequalities in gender-relates issues. It uses the conflict approach to examine the maintenance of gender roles and inequalities. Radical Feminism considers the role of the family in perpetuating male dominance. In patriarchal societies, men’s contributions are seen as more valuable than those of women. Patriarchal perspectives and arrangements are widespread and taken for granted. Feminist Movement Known as the Women's Movement, Women's Liberation, or Women's Lib, refers to a series of campaigns for reforms on issues such as reproductive rights, domestic violence, maternity leave, equal pay, women suffrage, sexual harassment and sexual violence. The movement began in the western world in the late 18th century and has gone through three waves Three Waves of Feminist Theory First Wave focused on official, political inequalities and fought for women’s suffrage. Virginia Woolf "describes how men socially and psychically dominate women” in their book of A Room of One's Own. “("women are simultaneously victims of themselves as well as victims of men and are upholders of society by acting as mirrors to men”). The first women's rights convention was held in Seneca Falls, New York. After 2 days of discussion and debate, 68 women and 32 men signed a Declaration of Sentiments, which outlined grievances and set the 13 agenda for the women's rights movement. A set of 12 resolutions was adopted calling for equal treatment of women and men under the law and voting rights for women. Second Wave also known as the women’s liberation movement, turned its attention to a broader range of inequalities, including those in the workplace, the family, and reproductive rights. What helped trigger this second wave was the book written by Betty Friedan “The Feminine Mystique” in 1963 (Friedan, instead of blaming individual women for failing to adapt to women's proper role, blamed the role itself and the society that created it". The movement encouraged women to understand aspects of their own personal lives as deeply politicized, and reflective of a sexist structure of power. It is concerned with other issues of equality, such as the end to discrimination. Third Wave emerged in the 1990s and was led by members of Generation X, the generation of Americans born in the 1960s and ’70s who came of age in a media- saturated and culturally and economically diverse milieu. Although third-wave feminists benefited significantly from the legal rights and protections that had been obtained by first- and second-wave feminists, they also critiqued some of the positions of second-wave feminists and what they felt was the unfinished work of previous generations. Social Changes made by Feminist Perspective The feminist movement effected change in Western society, including women's suffrage, the right to initiate divorce proceedings and "no fault" divorce, the right of women to make individual decisions regarding pregnancy (including access to contraceptives and abortion), and the right to own property. It has also led to broad employment for women at more equitable wages, and access to university education. The increased entry of women into the workplace beginning in the 20th century has affected gender roles and the division of labor within households. 14 A. Women in Development (WID) Origin: Early 1970's influenced by the seminal work of Boserup and came to use during the United Nation Decade of women (1972-1985). Theoretical base: Liberal Feminists school of thought and modernization theory Focus: Women are subordinated in the economic framework and they are excluded from market. Appealed for integration of women in development planning. WID sees women problems are due to exclusion of women from development programs. Integration of women in development programs are a solution. It recognizes that women need to be integrated into economic development through legal and administrative support B. Women and Development Approach (WAD) Origin: Emerged from a critique of the modernization theory and the WID approach in the second half of the1970s Theoretical base: Neo-Marxist, feminist approach which draws from the dependency theory Focus: Women have always been part of development process-therefore integrating women in development is a myth Accepts women as important economic actors in their societies. Women's work in the public and private domain is central to the maintenance of their societal structures Advocates of this approach say that both the paid and unpaid labor of women is essential to development C. Gender and Development (GAD) Origin: As an alternative to the WID and WAD this approach developed in the 1980s Theoretical base: Influenced by socialist feminist thinking 15 Focus: It questions the basis of assigning specific gender roles to different sexes Recognizes that patriarchy operates within and across classes to oppress women It talks in terms of upsetting the existing power relations in society between men and women Stresses the need for women to organize themselves for a more effective political voice People-Centered Development An approach to international development that focuses on improving local communities' self-reliance, social justice, and participatory decision-making. It recognizes that economic growth does not inherently contribute to human development and calls for changes in social, political, and environmental values and practices. Anti-Oppresive Vulnerable Life Situation Perspective A dynamic process based on the changing complex patterns of social relations. It is, therefore, important that a definition is informed by research within academic institutions, practitioner research and the views of service users. Clifford (1995: 65) uses the term ‘anti- oppressive’: Within this definition, there is a clear understanding of the use and abuse of power within relationships on personal, family, community, organizational and structural levels. These levels are not mutually exclusive – they are interconnected, shaping and determining social reality. Clifford, informed by the writings of black feminist and other ‘non-dominant perspectives’ Anti-Oppressive Perspective Principles According to Clifford Social difference. Social differences arise because of disparities of power between the dominant and dominated social groups. The major divisions are described in terms of race, gender, class, sexual preference, disability and age. Other differences, such as those of religion, region, mental health and single parenthood, exist and interact with the major divisions, making the understanding and experience of oppression a complex matter. 16  Linking personal and political. Personal biographies are placed within a wider social context and the individual’s life situation is viewed in relation to social systems such as the family, peer groups, organizations and communities. For example, the problems associated with ageing are not solely due to the individual but should be understood in relation to the ageist ideologies, policies and practices that exist within the social environment in which the individual is located. Power. Power is a social concept which can be used to explore the public and private spheres of life (Barker and Roberts 1993). In practice, power can be seen to operate at the personal and structural levels. It is influenced by social, cultural, economic and psychological factors. All these factors need to be taken into account in any analysis of how individuals or groups gain differential access to resources and positions of power Historical and geographical location. Individual life experiences and events are placed within a specific time and place, so that these experiences are given meaning within the context of prevailing ideas, social facts and cultural differences. Reflexivity/mutual involvement. Reflexivity is the continual consideration of how values, social difference and power affect the interactions between individuals. These interactions are to be understood not only in psychological terms, but also as a matter of sociology, history, ethics and politics. APPROACHES TO DEVELOPMENT A. Basic Needs Approach A basic needs (BN) approach to development is one which gives priority to meeting the basic needs of all the people. The actual content of BN have been variously defined: they always include the fulfilment of certain standards of nutrition, (food and water), and the universal provision of health and education services. 17 B. Rights- Based Approach A rights-based approach guides intervention as well as assessment. Rights-based social workers root their practice in the human rights principles of human dignity, nondiscrimination, participation, transparency, and accountability. Rights-based approach develops the capacity of duty-bearers meet their obligations and encourages rights holders to claim their rights. C. Inclusive Growth Focuses on inequality by engaging both men and women to bring the much-desired equality. It targets all sectors and the labor force bringing equal and unbiased opportunities and access to the economic resources. The sustainable development goals are crucial in order to make this a reality. Inclusive Growth for Women The more women are educated, the more jobs are created and this helps close the gap between the rich and the poor. Mentoring in rural areas, setting up workshops, skill learning and trades, generally creating awareness in women issues would go a long way in inclusiveness and generate growth in the society. D. Risk Hazard Model Risks may include possible harm to clients, workers, the agency, or others. Further, workers need to be attentive to various forms of harm, including the possibility of negative physical, psychological, social, spiritual, legal, ethical, and financial consequences. Once the worker has chosen a particular course of action, the worker should then use problem-solving strategies to pre-empt or reduce the risks of the particular course of action. Risk management is an ongoing process (Reamer, 2013). Once a worker has embarked on a particular course of action, the worker should continue to monitor, identify, and respond to risks, as they may change, even within the course of a single intervention. Additional risk management strategies include: maintaining clear documentation of client contacts, goals, objectives, and treatment decisions; 18 consulting with supervisors and attorneys; maintaining appropriate boundaries with clients; adhering to relevant laws; and keeping current on practice standards, research, and theory in your areas of practice Rationale for Risk Management The purpose of risk management is to identify potential problems before they occur, allowing the worker and agency to make choices to avoid, minimize, or mitigate potential harm. Although avoiding harm to clients, workers, and others may be a valid ethical goal, at least part of the rationale for risk management is to avoid the legal consequences of causing harm—for instance, being sued for malpractice, having to pay compensation, losing one’s license to practice, or putting the agency’s legal status at risk. By pre-empting and managing risks, workers and agencies can make strategic choices about which types of risks to accept and which to avoid. Some agencies have designated officials whose role is to help the agency manage risk. Other agencies leave it up to practitioners and their supervisors to manage risks. Conclusion Understanding social change and development requires considering multiple perspectives and dimensions, from the economic and social to the environmental and cultural. By integrating these approaches, social workers and development practitioners can better address the complexities of global development, working towards creating conditions where all people can thrive while recognizing the unique challenges different societies face. This holistic approach is essential for promoting sustainable, inclusive, and equitable development on a global scale. 19  REFERENCES Ahmed, S. (2020). WID, WAD & GAD - An Analytical Approach to Theories and Debates of Women & Development Queppet, E.J (2020). Module 1. Concepts of Social Change and Development Queppet, E.J (2020). Module 2. Conceptions And Dimensions of Development Queppet, E.J (2020). Module 3. Social Change and Development Theories 20