Social Change and Development Perspective - Cagayan State University PDF

CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY- CARIG CAMPUS Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan COLLEGE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Bachelor of Science in Social Work Social Change and Development Perspective LOUIS JAKE P. SIBUCAO, RSW, MSSW...

CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY- CARIG CAMPUS Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan COLLEGE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Bachelor of Science in Social Work Social Change and Development Perspective LOUIS JAKE P. SIBUCAO, RSW, MSSW Cagayan State University Social Work Instructor  Social Work 2014 Global Definition of Social Work (Approved by the IFSW General Meeting and the IASSW General Assembly in July 2014) Social Work is practice-based profession and an academic discipline that promotes social change and development, social cohesion, and the empowerment and liberation of people. Principles of justice, human rights, collective responsibility and respect for diversities are central to social work. Underpinned by theories of social work, social sciences, humanities and indigenous knowledge, social work engages people and structures to address life challenges and enhance well-being.  Social Work and Social Change Focus of the new definition of Social Work: Enhance well-being of people. Through: Social Change Problem Solving in Relationships Empowerment and Liberation of People Guide : Social Work Principles, theories, especially the human rights, social justice and diversity Use: Social Work Methods Social Workers are advocates of positive social change and one of the key players who perform a very important role in societal development. Knowledge Foundation of Social Worker as Development Practitioner  Change- alteration towards something different or an innovation from what is existing and a replacement of something entirely new. Social Change- it is conceptualized as the process of planned or unplanned qualitative or quantitative alterations of social phenomena.  Social Change Changes in the way society is organized, and the beliefs and practices of the people who believe in it. All societies are involved in a process of social change; however this change may be so delicate and slow that society is hardly aware of it. The opposite of social change is social continuity which means that there are structures within society which are built to resist(fight) change. Example - the Catholic Church Social Change Social change occurs when many members of a society adopt new behaviors that have long-term and relatively important consequences. Change is one of the most constant features of society. It is difficult to predict how or at what rate a society will change. The course of change in a society depends on the nature of the existing culture. People in a society consciously decide for themselves how change will occur. ?  Social Processes A process is a series of steps that gradually leads to a result. Sociologists have identified several important social processes. Three important social processes follow. Discovery is the process by which something is learned or interpreted. Invention is the creation of something new from previously existing items or processes. Production of new objects, ideas, and social patterns. Diffusion is the process by which one culture borrows from another culture or society. The spread of products, people, and information from one culture to another. Sociologists have identified some major Forces that Lead to Social Change They include the following: Revolution Diffusion Revolution Terrorism and War Free the Social Social Developme market and Action Movement nt Planning roll back the state. Internationa Legislative l Action. Agreements.  Revolution and War Revolution and war are related factors that lead to social change. A revolution involves the sudden and complete overthrow of an existing social or political order and is often accompanied by violence. War is organized, armed conflict that occurs within a society or between nations Diffusion It is the spread of one's cultural characteristics from one group to another, whereby it operates both within societies. Usually, it happens when one society comes into contact with others. Diffusion is a two- way and selective process. Diffusion mainly involves some alterations of the borrowed cultural elements from different cultures either in form, function or meaning.  Revolution A revolution is a rapid, fundamental, and violent domestic change in the dominant values and myths of society, in its political institutions, social structure, leadership, and government activity and policies.  Terrorism It is the random acts of violence; oftentimes, victims are innocent people. There are at least eight primary factors that can be associated on terrorism: the factor of violence; the required intention; the nature of the victims; the connection of the offender to the state; the justice and motive of their cause; the level of organization; the element of theatre; and the absence of guilt. However, one cannot draw from these variables a simple (or even a complex) definition of terrorism. The reason is that not all factors apply all the time.  Social Action It can be defined as a methodology that employs "norm adhering" and "norm-testing" to change the system at mezzo and macro levels of society. Social change produced in this kind of strategy goes beyond the alterations in the daily behavior of individuals or groups; however, in the long run, it lacks fundamental and radical transformations in the social structure. The purpose of social action is not to effect changes in the personality system or the routine administration and management of formal organizations but in the programs and policies of organizations and institutions. This method of social work is mainly focused to protect the rights and interests of marginalized people.  Social Movement It is an organized effort by a reasonable number of people to propose or resist change in some aspects of society. Social movement undoubtedly involves collective action. This collective action may be spontaneous and informal attempt to stir and conscientize the interest of a relative number of people who experience strain. Social movement aims to bring about a change in ideologies of the existing system, norms, and values. At the same time, its actions are also made by some other forces to maintain the status quo or resist the changes.  Development Planning An act of state or other stakeholders to consciously assess, prepare strategic courses of action to address social problems. It is an intentional action, learning and strategizing can straightforwardly explain why things turned out the way they did. A properly executed plan should bring about the desired outcome. Free the market and roll back the state. The welfare state in all its manifestations and all varieties of socialism and collectivism is seen as the mother of all evil. The social is an ideological figure and not a definable ideal of thought; it only serves to undermine the rules of the market to which we owe our wealth Legislative Action It is the process of enacting policies and laws. International Agreements. It is a tool that regulates matters concerning the welfare of the states and other subjects of international law. The agreement assumes a variety of forms and styles, but they are all governed by the law of treaties, which part of costmary international law. RESISTANCE TO SOCIAL CHANGE Resistance Rarely occurs without opposition Many who oppose change come to accept it. Some remain opposed but learn to adapt. RESISTANCE TO SOCIAL CHANGE Ethnocentrism People often believe that their own ideas and ways of doing things are best and strongly resist changes from outside their culture  RESISTANCE TO SOCIAL CHANGE Cultural Lag Material culture changes quickly, while nonmaterial culture lags behind and changes more slowly. New laws and customs must be formed to address new technology. RESISTANCE TO SOCIAL CHANGE Vested Interests People may be more likely to maintain the current situation, even if there are potential benefits to making a change. Some people feel that the known problems of today are better than unknown problems that come with change  SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT THEORIES PERSPECTIVES EVOLUTIONARY The evolutionary theories of social change have adopted the approach of identifying a succession of stages through which human societies have progressed, from the supposedly actively simple patterns our remote ancestors to the complexity and diversity of the present day. AUGUSTE COMTE Comte conceptualized three stages of social evolution which relate both the development of man thought from primitive superstition to modern scientific reason and to the changing order which the evolution of consciousness gives rise to. SOURCES OF SOCIAL CHANGE Diffusion Sharing and spread of cultural traits from one society to another Reformulation: The process of adapting borrowed cultural traits Population A change in size or composition of a population can cause changes in a culture. Size can affect economy. Different cultures brought together through migration. SOURCES OF SOCIAL CHANGE The Physical Environment Origin of food supplies, natural disasters, and changes in the supply or demand of a natural resource can change the culture of the groups that are affected. Wars and Conquests Not as common as other sources, but more dramatic changes War often results in technological and medical advances  SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT WALT W. ROSTOW THEORIES Rostows Modernization Theory This model suggests that countries go through a predefined set of five stages before becoming a fully developed nation. SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT THEORIES Stage One: Traditional Society Agriculture and other primary industries are the only means of life. The work is highly labor intensive due to the limited availability of advanced technology. Subsistence agriculture dominates this farming, with food being eaten by the producers rather than being sold for profit. There is limited scope to develop any raw materials in the country, so the development of other industries is restricted.  SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT THEORIES Stage Two: Pre-conditions for Take-Off Mechanization starts to enter farming and greater yields create more commercialization of food. Secondary industries such as fabrics begin to develop as skill and education levels increase. Foreign Direct Investment may see the country begin to develop simple communication and transport infrastructures.  SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT THEORIES Stage Three: Take-Off Further industrialization creates a multiplier affect where businesses use each other to grow and develop. Most workers are now employed in secondary industries. Development may become largely regional and centered around urban spaces.  SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT THEORIES Stage Four: Drive to Maturity Modern technology has spread across almost all industries in the country and many sectors start to gain an international reputation. Workers are highly skilled and start to become specialized within certain industries.  SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT THEORIES Stage Five: Age of High Mass Consumption Employment becomes very much based around service industries and the consumption of high order goods that are made overseas. Finance systems are well established with banks able to loan money to other countries. Country plays a key role in international organization  SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT THEORIES LIMITATIONS OF ROSTOW’S MODERNIZATION THEORY The model is largely based on the experience of America and Europe and assumes that all other nations can follow the same pattern. There is an assumption that all countries will automatically start at the same stage and with the same capability (such as their availability of raw materials) to progress further through the stages. No account is taken for problems that developing countries face (such as debt, being ’locked into’ the export of primary products or limited access to markets) which can block further development. PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT An approach which takes into consideration the involvement of the stakeholders in development projects and programs. It is concerned with the process; participation of the people is important as the attainment of the goal DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT Development is governed by many factors that influence the results of developmental efforts. There must be a motive that drives the social change and essential preconditions for that change to occur. The reason must be powerful enough to overcome obstructions that impede that change from occurring. Development also needs resources such as capital and technology and the availability of DEVELOPMENT Development is the result of society's capacity to organize human energies and productive resources in order to meet the challenges and opportunities that life presents society with all the times. Society passes through well-defined stages in the course of its development. DEVELOPMENT AS FREEDOM Development can be seen, it is argued here, as a process of expanding the real freedoms that people enjoy. Focusing on human freedoms contrasts with narrower views of development, such as identifying development with the growth of gross national product, or with the rise in personal incomes, or with industrialization, or with technological advance, or with social modernization. Growth of GNP or of individual incomes can, of cause, be very important as means to expanding the freedoms enjoyed by the members of the society. But freedoms depend also on other determinants, such as social and economic arrangements as well as political and civil rights. DEVELOPMENT AS FREEDOM Freedom is central to the process of development for two distinct reasons. The evaluative reason: assessment of progress has to be done primarily in terms of whether the freedoms that people have are enhanced; The effectiveness reason: achievement of development is thoroughly dependent on the free agency of people.  SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Is a multidisciplinary perspective of development which aims to link the economic progress with the enhancement of the social aspects of life towards the improvement of social wellbeing of individuals, groups, families and communities. Emphasizes the values of human rights, social justice, equity in resources and parity between human and economic development… values consistent with those of social work. Social development’s focus on strength, empowerment and self-sufficiency and development, support the change and growth orientation of social work. The broad applicability of social development provides a common wide identity for the profession. (AsamoahHealy and Mayadas, 1997 cited in Schriver 2011) SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Social development is conceptualized to mean strategies for intervention, desired end states and a policy framework, the latter in addition to be more popular residual and the institutional frameworks. It is based on holistic bio psychosocial, spiritual assessment and interventions that transcend the micro-macro divide, incorporating multiple system levels and inter-sectorial and inter-professional collaboration, aimed at sustainable development. It prioritize the socio-structural and economic development and does not describe to conventional wisdom that economic growth is a prerequisite for social development. (IFSW) SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Goal of social development: social wellbeing of all persons and healthy and sustainable environment Social development is the most inclusive of all approaches promoting social welfare today.  ECONOMIC DEVELOPMEN T ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Is usually the focus of federal, state, and local governments to improve our standard of living through the creation of jobs, the support of innovation and new ideas, the creation of higher wealth, and the creation of an overall better quality of life. Economic development is often defined by others based on what it is trying to accomplish. Many times these objectives include building or improving infrastructure such as roads, bridges, etc.; improving our education system through new schools; enhancing our public safety through fire and police service; or incentivizing new businesses to open a location in a community. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Economic development often is categorized into the following three major areas: Governments working on big economic objectives such as creating jobs or growing an economy. These initiatives can be accomplished through written laws, industries' regulations, and tax incentives or collections. Programs that provide infrastructure and services such as bigger highways, community parks, new school programs and facilities, public libraries or swimming pools, new hospitals, and crime prevention initiatives. Job creation and business retention through workforce development programs to help people get the needed skills and education they need. This also includes small business development programs that are geared to help entrepreneurs get financing or network with other small businesses. PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT - An approach which takes into consideration the involvement of the stakeholders in development projects and programs. - It is concerned with the process; participation of the people is important as the attainment of the goal - The central focus of development is not necessarily to boost production of material goods; instead, it should be to foster and enhance people's capability to have a role in their society's development. To this end, people should be willingly involved in a wide range of development activities, as agents and beneficiaries of development. It is this participation that is important. We believe it is needed both as a goal and as a tool of development. Typology of participation Passive participation: People participate by being told what is going to happen or has already happened. It is a unilateral announcement by an administration or project management without listening to people’s responses. The information being shared belongs only to external professionals. Typology of participation Participation in information giving: People participate by answering questions posed by extractive researchers using questionnaire surveys or similar approaches. People do not have opportunity to influence proceedings, as the findings of the research are neither shared nor  Typology of participation Participation by consultation: People participate by being consulted, and external people listen to views. These external professionals define both problems and solutions, and may modify these in the light of people’s responses. Such a consultative process does not concede any share in decision making, and professionals are under no obligation to take on board people’s view. Typology of participation Participation for material incentives: People participate by providing resources, for example labour, in return for food, cash or other material incentives. Much on-farm research falls in this category, as farmers provide the fields but are not involved in the experimentation or the process of learning. It is very common to see this called participation, yet people have no stake in prolonging activities when the incentives end. Typology of participation Functional participation: People participate by forming groups to meet predetermined objectives related to the project, which can involve the development or promotion of externally initiated social organization. Such involvement does not tend to be at early or project cycle or planning, but rather after major decisions have been made. These institutions tend to be dependent on external initiators and facilitators, but may become self-dependent Typology of participation Interactive participation: People participate in joint analysis, which leads to action plans and the formation of new local institutions or the strengthening of existing ones. It tends to involve interdisciplinary methodologies that seek multiple perspectives and make use of systematic and structured learning processes. These groups take control over local decisions, and so people have a stake in maintaining structures or practices. Typology of participation Self-mobilisation: People participate by taking initiatives independent of external institutions to change systems. They develop contacts with external institutions for resources and technical advice they need, but retain control over how resources are used. Such self-initiated mobilization and collective action may or not challenge existing inequitable distributions of wealth and power.  Essential Reasons of Participatory Development: a.It strengthens civil society and the economy by empowering groups, communities and organizations to negotiate with institutions and bureaucracies, thus influencing public policy and providing a check on the power of government; and, b.It enhances the efficiency, effectiveness and sustainability of development programmes. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT  SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Sustainable development is the idea that human societies must live and meet their needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable development is defined as an approach to developing or growing by using resources in a way that allows for them to renew or continue to exist for others. Using recycled materials or renewable resources when building is an example of sustainable development. The goal of sustainable development is to meet the needs of today, without compromising the needs of tomorrow. Stabilizing and reducing carbon emissions is key to living within environmental limits. 15 Years 17 Goals 169 Targets 232 Indicators Two principles: sustainable development and no one left behind. Economy Society Society Environment 17 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS End poverty in all its forms, everywhere End hunger, achieve food security and improve nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Ensure healthy lives and promote well- being for all at all ages Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote life long learning opportunities for all Achieve Gender Equality and Empower all Women and Girls 17 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation 17 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS Reduce inequality within and among countries Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts 17 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and half biodiversity loss Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development ECONOMIC GROWTH Is a narrower concept than economic development. It is an increase in a country’s real level of national output which can be caused by an increase in the quality of resources (by education etc.), increase in the quantity of resources and improvements in technology or in another way an increase in the value of goods and services produced by every sector of the economy. Economic growth can be measured by an increase in a country’s GDP (Gross Domestic Product). SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT THEORIES STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALIST Assumes that a society is a system of interrelated parts and subsystems which function or engage in activities that promote the survival of the whole system The initial focus is to define activities that are necessary for the survival of the entire system MODERNIZATION - The process by which a society’s social institutions become increasingly complex as the society moves toward industrialization. - Modernization is the current term for an old process—the process of social change whereby less developed societies acquire characteristics common to more developed societies. IMPACT OF MODERNIZATION Positive consequences: – Increase in standard of living – Longer life expectancies, lower birthrates, higher rates of literacy, a decrease in economic and social inequality, and more personal comforts. – Improves infrastructure: the system of roads, ports, and other facilities needed by a modern economy – Brings electricity, telephones, computers, and universities IMPACT OF MODERNIZATION Negative consequences: – Family and religion lose some authority – Government takes a larger role in a person’s life – Social relationships are likely to be weaker – New technology brings new moral and ethical questions – Often harms environment SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT THEORIES TALCOTT PARSONS 4 Functions of society for Survival (Parsons) 1. Adaptations Adaptation refers to the relationship between the system and its environment. In order to survive, social systems must have some degree of control over their environment. Food and shelter must be provided to meet the physical needs of members. The economy is the institution primarily concerned with this function. SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT THEORIES TALCOTT PARSONS4 Functions of society for Survival (Parsons) 2. Goal Attainment Goal attainment refers to the need for all societies to set goals towards which social activity is directed. Procedures for esta,blishing goals and deciding on priorities between goals are institutionalized in the form of political systems. Governments not only set goals but also allocate resources to achieve them. Even in a so-called free enterprise system, the economy is regulated and directed by laws passed by governments. SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT THEORIES Functions of society for Survival 3. Integrations Integration refers primarily to the ‘adjustment of conflict’. It is concerned with the coordination and mutual adjustment of the parts of the social system. Legal norms define and standardize relations between individuals and between institutions, and so reduce the potential for conflict. When conflict does arise, it is settled by the judicial system and does not therefore lead to the disintegration of the social system.  SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT THEORIES 4. Functions Latencyofor pattern society Maintenance for Survival – Pattern maintenance refers to the maintenance of the basic pattern of values, institutionalized in the society. Institutions that perform this function include the family, the educational system and religion. In Parsons view ‘the values of society are rooted in religion’ A main supporter of Functionalism is Emile Durkheim who believes that sociology is a science. He is a structuralist and positivist and thus disagrees with empathy, meanings and the social action theory. Functionalists believe that society is based around a value consensus and social solidarity, which is achieved by socialization and social control