Oral Communication 1st MidSem Exam Reviewer PDF

Oral Communication 1st Quarter 11C 07 - Raine Coria NATURE & KEY ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION MODELS OF COMMUNICATION Nature Models are used to illustrate and further explain the Communication is the exchange...

Oral Communication 1st Quarter 11C 07 - Raine Coria NATURE & KEY ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION MODELS OF COMMUNICATION Nature Models are used to illustrate and further explain the Communication is the exchange of information, concepts, communication process. The models demonstrate the and opinions between or among two or more people within relationship among the elements of communication. the same or different contexts They also trace the flow of communication, which sheds Elements further light on the definition and nature of communication. Types of Models: 1 Speaker The source of information or message LINEAR 2 Message One-way Process The information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in words or in actions Shannon- Mother of all communication Weaver models Understanding how information is 3 Encoding transferred The process of converting the message into words, actions, or other forms that the speaker understands Limitations: Non-verbal communication, feedback 4 Channel Elements: Sender, Transmitter, The medium or the means, such as personal or Channel, Message, Receiver, nonpersonal, verbal or nonverbal, in which the Destination encoded message is conveyed 5 Decoding The process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the receiver 6 Receiver The recipient of the message or someone who decodes the message 7 Feedback Aristotle’s The focus is the linear flow from The reactions, responses, or information provided by the person who delivers a speech the receiver to the audience listening to an event. 8 Context The environment where communication takes place 9 Barriers The factors that affect the flow of communication Process Lasswell’s Traces the flow of communication from the source to the receiver The speaker generates an idea Helps understand communication The speaker encodes an idea or converts it into because it poses questions that, words or actions when answered, provide the communication process The speaker transmits or sends out a message Receiver gets the message Receiver decodes the message Receiver gives feedback (through your face, words, actions) 1  INTERACTIVE Two-way Process – source & receiver assume interchanging roles Schramm’s Two-way process where both Model participants — the sender and the receiver — are continuously exchanging roles as they encode, decode, and interpret messages Introduces the concept of “field of experience.” This shows how the effectiveness of comm depends on the experiences, knowledge, and understanding TRANSACTIONAL between the sender & receiver. Participants are viewed as dynamic because they function as source & receiver simultaneously. This explains that communication continues & changes at any point. Wood’s Process is continuous and occurs across time. This leads to changes not only among the communicators’ worldviews but also due to symbolic interactions (symbols & Osgood- Represents communication as a meanings that were accepted by Schramm’s continuous, circular process the participants as a result of ‘Circular’ where both participants their communication) Model simultaneously act as sender and receiver, constantly encoding, decoding, and interpreting messages. Encoding and decoding process are informed by the field of experiences of the source and the receiver. Highlights that communication is an active, two-way exchange without a clear beginning or end. Foulger’s Elaborates on the Laswell model by providing details on the participants’ established relationship. Elements became more complicated – instead of an unidirectional flow of the Dance’s This model depicts message through the channel, Helical communication as an endless the interaction between Model spiral of increasing complexity. messages and the channel is Model emphasizes that it is emphasized and linked through interactive. the use of language. Process starts very slow, but as more information is shared, the process expands. Views communication as: Cyclical, Contextual, Continuous, Non-Repetitive, and Accumulative. 2  FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION What do we use communication for? We use communication to feel accomplished and What does “functions of communication refer to” productive. 1. This refers to how people use language for Features of Effective Communication (7C’s) different purposes 2. It also includes how language is affected by Completeness Essential to the quality of differences in time, place, and situation the communication process. 5 Functions of Communication Communication should include everything the 1. Regulatory and Control receiver needs to hear to Communication in this perspective respond, react, or evaluate properly. involves rules and protocols usually based on social structures and Conciseness Making the message direct corresponding socio-cultural positions or straight to the point. Usually observed in social groups or Insignificant or redundant institutions such as family, school, among information should be friends, in church eliminated. Consideration Speaker should always 2. Social Interaction consider relevant This refers to our inherent need to information about their establish social interpersonal receiver like mood, relationships background, race, There are two kinds: preference, education, ○ Those we are born into / status, and needs. compelled to join This could easily build ○ Those in which we choose to rapport with the receiver. belong to such as friendships/romantic Concreteness Should be concrete and relationships supported by facts, 3. Motivation figures, & real-life This stems from our psychological examples and situations. predisposition to influence others and be This makes the receiver more connected to the influenced message. This includes engaging in negotiations Courtesy Respecting the culture, 4. Information Dissemination values, and beliefs of the This function refers to our propensity to receivers. acquire and disseminate information This creates a positive impact on the receiver. 5. Emotional Expression This refers to our disposition to express Clearness Use of simple and specific feelings and emotions words to express ideas. Being open to the variety of emotions Focuses on a single and sentiments we have helps us to objective to not confuse become effective communicators the receivers. ○ Also makes us mindful and aware Correctness Correctness in grammar that you’ll communicate eliminates the negative something at the right place or impact on the receivers. the right time Increases credibility and Being attuned and aware of our emotions clarity of the message. and their consequent expressions makes us easily relate to other communicator’s feelings 3  BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION 2. PSYCHOLOGICAL Barriers that arise on account of the emotional and Barriers psychological status of the sender and receiver of the factors which obstruct the effectiveness of the message communication. This causes a mismatch between the sender's Common Forms: understanding of the message and the receiver's Premature Evaluation: This is the tendency to understanding of the message. form a judgment before listening to the entire Barriers can occur at any stage of the message. communication process Lack of Attention: Communication can be less Classification of Barriers effective and the message can be misunderstood if proper attention is not given. 1. SEMANTIC Loss by Transmission and Poor Retention: The problems and obstructions in the process of Transmission or inaccurate information is lost encoding and decoding messages into words or when communication passes through various impressions. levels or channels in the organization. Poor Arises because different words mean different retention also acts as a barrier when people are things to people. unable to retain the information for a long time. Diction is essential (the choice of words) Distrust Common Forms: Parties involved in communication cannot understand the message in an original sense Badly Expressed Message: Communication when they do not believe each other. becomes ineffective when the language of the message is vague, imprecise, or there is the use of wrong words or omission of needed words. 3. ORGANIZATIONAL BARRIER Symbols with Different Meanings: The same Communication has to pass through various levels words may carry different meanings to different and channels, hence it may not reach the same people, and can convey different meanings place as it was sent by the sender. under different situations → Homophones and Homographs Common Forms: Faulty Translations: Organizational Policy: The communication Sometimes, people do not understand the process is hampered if the policy is not language in which the sender gives a message supportive of the free flow of communication → Ex: “No Littering. Violators will be fine” Rules & Regulations: Communication process is affected by rigid and cumbersome rules and Unclarified Assumptions: regulations. The receiver may have different assumptions if the sender does not clarify assumptions about the Status: Statuses or social standing stand in the message. way of true and accurate communication Technical Jargon: Complexity in Organization Structure: If there are Used by many experts and specialties to many levels in an organizational structure, then communicate messages. Such jargon is not communication gets delayed and distorted. understood by the common people, which leads to poor communication. Organizational Facilities: If facilities are frequent meetings, conferences,suggestion boxes, Body Language and Gesture Decoding: complaint boxes, etc., are absent in an The receiver may get confused and can organization, then effective communication is misunderstand the message if the verbal hampered language does not match the body language. 4  4. PERSONAL BARRIER We interpret a great deal of meaning through body Influenced by the personal factors of both the movement. However, communication through sender and receiver body language might be interpreted differently in different settings and cultures, so be cautious. Common Forms: Fear of Challenge to Authority: If a person fears 3. Chronemics that a particular communication can hamper his It looks at how people use time. It enables us to authority, then he may withhold such comprehend how people conceptualize and communication organize time in their interactions and interpersonal relationships. Lack of Confidence: When a person does not have faith or confidence in sharing their thoughts or in trusting the ideas of other people, Another example is that punctuality revelas a lot communication is said to be hampered about someone’s interest, so if you arrive late for an interview, you know what the interview will Unwillingness to Communicate: This can be think of you. another reason for ineffective communication 4. Haptics Lack of Proper Incentives: Some people also do not take the initiative to communicate, when It refers to the use of the sense of touch in there is no motivation or incentives for communication. It is a type of nonverbal communication. communication in which people communicate through touch. VERBAL & NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION In interpersonal interactions, haptics play a key Verbal role in expressing physical intimacy. But similar to Refers to the exchange of information, ideas, or feelings kinetics, communication through touch might be through spoken or written language. interpreted differently in different settings and cultures, so be cautious. Non-Verbal This refers to communication that does not make use of QUESTIONS language to communicate. Other than words, nonverbal communication involves body language, tone, gestures, 1. When using verbal communication, why is it appearance, and silence. important to observe appropriateness, brevity, clarity, and vividness? Why is tone considered a form of nonverbal It is important to use these because as we say the communication message we want to communicate with others, we Tone is considered part of nonverbal communication show respect, directness, and clearness. We can because it conveys meaning and emotions beyond the also show color and expression through the words actual words spoken. While words make up the verbal we say through vividness so that the receiver of message, the tone of voice–the pitch, volume, pace, and the message can understand the emotion we are inflection–adds a layer of interpretation to that message. trying to convey. 4 TYPES OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION 2. Why is it important to use nonverbal communication effectively? Provide at least 1. Proxemics three (3) reasons. The signs and signals we convey to others using It is important to use nonverbal communication our personal and social space are referred to as because our choice of body language and facial proxemics in nonverbal communication. We expressions can sometimes set the mood or show determine these signs and signals based on the the feeling we are trying to convey. Through situation, such as work or school, or how close the nonverbal communication, you can also make the relationships are to us. message clearer and easier for the receiver to understand and process. Lastly, if there are 2. Kinesics messages that you want to communicate that you This refers to the use of body parts, such as don’t want other people to know, you can use hands, arms, body, and face movements, in nonverbal communication too to show a signal or communicating ideas or emotions. an action about the message. 5