Social Sciences Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the main focus of anthropology?

  • Studying the sociological imagination
  • Examining individual mental processes
  • Exploring groups and cultures (correct)
  • Analyzing social factors shaping individuals

How can the sociological perspective be described?

  • Focusing solely on individual characteristics
  • An individualistic approach to analyzing society
  • Comparing various global economies
  • Viewing the world in a new way, like wearing glasses (correct)

In sociology, what does 'we are our society, we are our culture' imply?

  • Individuals are independent of their cultural values
  • Cultural values do not impact personal identity
  • Society is shaped by individual perspectives
  • Personal identity is influenced by societal and cultural factors (correct)

How does sociology differ from psychology based on the text?

<p>Psychology looks at how people think individually, while sociology studies social factors that shape individuals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to an individual's face according to the text?

<p>Ethnicity and religion among others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is psychology not the best explanation for behavior in the postsecondary classroom according to the text?

<p>Psychology focuses on individual explanations, not social scripts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about conformity in relation to social scripts?

<p>Conformity is a natural part of adhering to social scripts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the text mention the concept of social structure in sociology?

<p>To explain how social forces govern human behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are Indigenous peoples economically marginalized?

<p>Because of a racialized hierarchy present in Canadian society. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central fascination of sociology according to the text?

<p>Understanding how people conform to social forces without realizing it. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of structural functionalism in sociology?

<p>Analyzing manifest functions of different social institutions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does structural functionalism view society according to the text?

<p>As a stable system composed of parts performing functions for overall social stability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sociologist argued that religion serves the function of creating social cohesion?

<p>Emile Durkheim (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of structural functionalism, what happens if a part of society fails to perform its function?

<p>Problems arise in the overall stability of society (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does structural functionalism differ from conflict theory in sociology based on the text?

<p>Structural functionalism focuses on social harmony, while conflict theory emphasizes societal discord (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of causality in social sciences, why is it important to pay attention to time sequence according to the text?

<p>To establish the direction of causation between variables (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it mentioned in the text that correlation must not be explainable by a third variable?

<p>To avoid spurious or false correlations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it indicate when A goes up and B goes down according to the text?

<p>A negative correlation between A and B (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does recognizing the order of events help in determining causation according to the text?

<p>It helps avoid mistaking correlation for causation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is thinking outside the box considered to be inside the box of Western individualism?

<p>It is a form of conformity to the norm of nonconformity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cultural diversity, what is a significant difference highlighted between Westerners and the Tonga of Southeast Africa?

<p>Attitudes towards physical affection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do Jews, Hindus, and Canadians have different practices related to food consumption, as mentioned in the text?

<p>Due to cultural norms and values (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the role of cultural diversity in shaping societal norms?

<p>It highlights the importance of cultural relativism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the text discuss the relationship between conformity and subcultures?

<p>Conformity varies among different subcultures based on their beliefs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of socialization according to the text?

<p>It is the process through which individuals develop their selfhood and acquire necessary skills. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text imply about the consequences of lacking socialization?

<p>Individuals deprived of socialization struggle to adapt to their culture and community. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does socialization contribute to the perpetuation of societies and cultures?

<p>By fostering cohesion and ensuring the transmission of cultural norms and practices. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the relationship between socialization and individual identity?

<p>Socialization plays a critical role in the formation of an individual's identity within society. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways does socialization differ from online identity creation in the digital age?

<p>Online identity creation lacks the depth and complexity of traditional socialization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the text describe the gender differences in occupying personal space?

<p>Men get to sprawl and spread out where women are expected to fold themselves up into tidy packages. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a form of encroachment or violation of personal space?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the text describe the act of dominating a room with one's voice in relation to personal space?

<p>A form of encroachment and violation of personal space. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of reference groups according to the text?

<p>To shape the choices individuals make before belonging to the group (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do reference groups impact an individual's future aspirations?

<p>By shaping the choices an individual makes to become like the group (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of group structure, what role does size play in the functioning of a group?

<p>The impact of group size on functioning depends on various factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of group structure do sociologists find most obvious when analyzing different groups?

<p>The size of the group (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the third level of potentially abusive sexual behavior according to the text?

<p>Engaging in violent forms of humiliation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of potentially abusive sexual behavior, what action would be classified as personalizing and dehumanizing?

<p>Saying mean things to humiliate someone about their sexuality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates violent interaction in the realm of sexual experience?

<p>Treating sex organs as weapons and targets (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior in partnered relationships would be considered extreme according to the text?

<p>Using sex organs as weapons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of crime is motivated by hate based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or political perspective?

<p>Hate crime (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of crime primarily aims to make money through illegal means within a structured group?

<p>Organized crime (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for corporate crime mentioned in the text?

<p>White-collar crime (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of crime involves violating laws to maximize profit even if it means breaking the law?

<p>Corporate crime (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of criminal activity, what characterizes street crime?

<p>Involving property offenses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main basis of the caste system as described in the text?

<p>Hindu belief in reincarnation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year was the caste system officially abolished in India?

<p>1949 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does modernization impact social stratification according to the text?

<p>It creates a meritocracy based system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of inequality is associated with stratification systems as mentioned in the text?

<p>Differences in social status (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the socialization of girls through toys like Polly Pocket?

<p>Girls are socialized to prioritize appearance and trends through toys like Polly Pocket. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the text describe the expectations placed on girls in terms of clothing and accessories?

<p>Girls are expected to wear dresses, booties, jewellery, and cute socks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do gender stereotypes influence peer groups in elementary schools according to the text?

<p>Girls may jostle for popularity based on hierarchy, while boys tend to avoid popularity contests. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the text highlight the gendered expectations of future roles placed on young girls?

<p>It is assumed that every girl will be a wife, mother, or both in the future. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does the text suggest about the early sexualization of clothing for girls?

<p>Early sexualization of clothing can be toxic when girls reach adulthood. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Mary Wollstonecraft's argument regarding women during the enlightenment period?

<p>Women and men are fundamentally the same and women should have the same rights and freedoms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the key aspects of Mary Wollstonecraft's advocacy for women's rights?

<p>Advocating for women to have the right to speak their minds and pursue the life they want. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Mary Wollstonecraft emphasize about the rational abilities of women compared to men?

<p>Women have the same rational abilities as men. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Mary Wollstonecraft propose women should have power according to her argument?

<p>Over themselves, not over men. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Mary Wollstonecraft's view on women's participation in society as per the enlightenment ideals?

<p>Women should be enlightened and participate fully in society. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What justification was used for colonization based on the text?

<p>Racist theories of humanity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the physical and social separation of categories of people mentioned in the text?

<p>Segregation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which legal term means enforced by law, as mentioned in the text?

<p>De jure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which country did Apartheid policies take place from 1960-1990 according to the text?

<p>South Africa (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the dominant racial segregation system in the southern US until the 1960s?

<p>Jim Crow laws (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does John Porter's work 'The Vertical Mosaic' reveal about Canadian society?

<p>It dispels the myth of Canada as a classless society. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to John Porter's research, what perpetuates class disparities among immigrant groups in Canada?

<p>Ethnic self-segregation and discrimination. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does John Porter's work 'The Vertical Mosaic' contribute to understanding social hierarchy in Canada?

<p>By demonstrating that wealth and power define societal hierarchy in Canada. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does John Porter's research challenge traditional views of Canada as mentioned in the text?

<p>By revealing that racialized minorities continue to face social and economic disadvantages. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical concern arose from the Milgram experiments mentioned in the text?

<p>Participants were misled about high-voltage electric shocks without their informed consent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Milgram experiments affect participants' trust in the researcher, as per the text?

<p>Participants developed a sense of suspicion towards researchers due to the deception involved. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key aspect of ethical research practice is highlighted in Canadian higher education institutions, as indicated in the text?

<p>Undergoing careful ethical scrutiny before conducting studies involving human participants. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the text highlight the importance of trust in the participant-researcher relationship?

<p>By outlining key motivations that underscore the significance of trust. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which practice is mentioned in the text as a standard procedure before beginning studies involving human participants?

<p>Providing participants with a letter of information detailing study purpose and potential risks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Calvinists consider as indications of their favorable standing with God and divine approval?

<p>Prosperity and profit-making (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Max Weber, what did Calvinism promote that facilitated economic ambition?

<p>Sobriety, thrift, and hard work (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Weber's theory regarding Calvinism differ from Marx's view on economic changes?

<p>Weber saw religious thought as a potential cause of economic change. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Max Weber's work emphasize regarding the influence of religious values on world history?

<p>Alterations in religious values can influence the course of world history. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Enlightenment thinkers, what was a significant factor in social and economic change during seventeenth-century Europe?

<p>The growth of science (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does birth order impact socialization within the same family according to the text?

<p>It leads to differences in how children are socialized within the same family. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge do young children face when transitioning to childcare, preschool, and kindergarten according to the text?

<p>Struggling to adapt to the strict rules and schedules in kindergartens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the concept where children impact their parents' socialization according to the text?

<p>Reverse socialization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between Canada and the United States in terms of drug use as mentioned in the text?

<p>Canada's legal drug use outweighs illegal drug use. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country's approach to sex work is most likely to lead to minimal government oversight according to the text?

<p>New Zealand (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common concern raised about countries with less state oversight on sex work?

<p>Increased health risks for sex workers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What perception does media bias toward success stories foster, according to the text?

<p>That success is achievable based solely on personal merits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the myth of meritocracy perpetuated by success stories impact marginalized social groups?

<p>It disadvantages marginalized groups by perpetuating barriers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do existing biases get reinforced by misconceptions surrounding upward mobility?

<p>By wrongly attributing lack of success to personal shortcomings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What assumption might be made in society if fewer Deaf politicians succeed, according to the text?

<p>Deaf individuals lack competence for political roles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term did Ann Oakley introduce in sociology to refer to the biological categorization into male and female?

<p>Sex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are gender differences often perceived, according to the text?

<p>Culturally constructed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What societal significance does understanding gender involve, according to Ann Oakley?

<p>Unequal division into femininity and masculinity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the text suggest gendered disadvantages intersect with other forms of disadvantage in Canada?

<p>Creating diverse and unique experiences of discrimination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does racism impact individuals according to the text?

<p>It diminishes one's sense of community. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the example of Dave Mornix in the text illustrate?

<p>Racial identity can lead to questioning one's sense of self. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do individuals contribute to their own racialization according to the text?

<p>They intentionally present themselves to influence perceptions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the study by Litchmore, Safdar, and O’Doherty (2016) demonstrate regarding second-generation Canadian youth of African and Caribbean heritage?

<p>They intentionally craft a shared identity through historical and social references. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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