Year 11 Human Biology ATAR - Can Do List.pdf

Can-Do List Year 11 Human Biology (ATAR) Units 1 and 2 1. Respiratory and Circulatory Systems I have heard...

Can-Do List Year 11 Human Biology (ATAR) Units 1 and 2 1. Respiratory and Circulatory Systems I have heard I can do this I can do this on my own with help Important Subject Knowledge of this Label a diagram of the respiratory system (nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm, intercostal muscles) and describe the function of each Describe the process of gas exchange including characteristics of efficient respiratory surfaces (thin, moist, high surface area, diffusion gradient) Explain how the concentration gradient in the lungs is maintained including the diffusion of gases from air to blood and vice versa. Describe how the action of muscles causes changes in pressure in the lungs to enable breathing (ventilation) Describe the causes, symptoms and treatment of common respiratory diseases (lung cancer, asthma, emphysema, pneumonia, tuberculosis) Label a diagram of a heart, including chambers, valves and major blood vessels (pulmonary arteries and veins, aorta, superior and inferior vena cava) Name and identify blood vessels going to and from key organs (carotid, jugular, renal, femoral, brachial, hepatic) Describe the events in the cardiac cycle using the terms systole and diastole Calculate cardiac output Compare and contrast arteries, veins and capillaries in terms of structure and function Describe the difference between how blood flow is maintained in arteries and veins Describe the composition of blood Describe the role of plasma and erythrocytes in the transport of materials including oxygen, nutrients and wastes Explain why haemoglobin and hydrogen carbonate are essential for carrying gases in the blood Describe the process of blood clotting at a wound (vasoconstriction, platelets, clotting factors, fibrin, clot retraction) Describe the basic role of leucocytes Identify the main blood types and explain the importance of matching blood types (ABO and Rhesus) for transfusion Describe the importance of the lymphatic system in recycling excess tissue fluid and defending the body from pathogens Describe the causes, symptoms and treatment of common cardiovascular diseases (hypertension, atherosclerosis, stroke, heart attack) 1  2. Digestive and Excretory Systems I have heard I can do this I can do this on my own with help Important Subject Knowledge of this Label a diagram of the digestive system (mouth, salivary gland, teeth, tongue, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, pancreas, gall bladder, colon, appendix, rectum, anus) and describe the function of each Describe the process of mechanical digestion including teeth, churning, bile and peristalsis Describe the chemical digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and lipids, including enzymes involved (amylases, proteases / peptidases, nucleases and lipase) and the associated glands Identify the elements found in carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and proteins Explain why pH changes along the length of the gastrointestinal tract affect enzyme function Describe the absorption of nutrients, specifically the movement of glucose, amino acids, glycerol and fatty acids across the villi and into capillaries or lacteals Describe the role of the colon in water reabsorption and elimination. Describe the causes, symptoms and treatment of digestive diseases (constipation, diarrhoea, bowel cancer, coeliac disease) Describe the role of the liver (deamination) and skin (sweating) in removing wastes from the body Label a diagram of the kidney (cortex, medulla, pelvis, renal pyramids, renal columns, hilum) Label a diagram of a nephron (glomerular capsule, glomerulus, PCT, loop of Henle, DCT, collecting duct, afferent and efferent arterioles, peritubular capillaries) Describe how urine is formed through filtration, selective reabsorption and tubular secretion. Describe the expected composition of urine Describe the causes and consequences of kidney failure and how it is treated by dialysis 2  3. Cells, Tissues and Metabolism I have heard I can do this I can do this on my own with help Important Subject Knowledge of this Label a cell diagram to show key organelles Describe the general role of cell organelles (nucleus, nuclear membrane, nucleolus, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes, cytoplasm, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, centrioles, lysosomes) Describe the structure of the cell membrane in terms of the fluid mosaic model and give the function of each component Describe the methods of transporting materials (active, passive, simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, carrier-mediated active transport, vesicular - endocytosis and exocytosis) Describe factors affecting the exchange of materials including the surface area to volume ratio and concentration gradients Identify and describe the different functions of the four basic types of tissue (epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous) Describe how nutrients are used including carbohydrates/simple sugars, proteins/amino acids, lipids/fatty acids and glycerol, nucleic acids, vitamins and minerals Describe how enzymes function using the the ‘lock and key’ and ‘induced- fit’ models Describe the factors that affect enzyme activity (pH, temperature, co-factors, co-enzymes, concentration, inhibitors) Describe how ATP is used and recycled as a form of energy within a cell Describe the process of anaerobic respiration / glycolysis and its contribution to oxygen debt Describe the process of aerobic respiration, including a general outline of the Krebs cycle and the electron transport system Describe the difference between anabolic and catabolic reactions and give examples of each 3  4. Musculoskeletal System I have heard I can do this I can do this on my own with help Important Subject Knowledge of this Classify muscle tissue as skeletal, smooth or cardiac based on its microscopic structure and whether it is voluntary or involuntary Explain how muscle fibres contract using the sliding filament theory (sarcomere, myofibrils, myofilaments, actin, myosin, cross-bridges, calcium ions, A-bands, I-bands, Z-lines, sarcoplasmic reticulum) Label the main muscle groups of the body Explain how muscles work together to bring about coordinated movement (agonist, antagonist, origin, insertion, prime mover, synergist, fixator) Label the main bones of the axial and appendicular skeleton Describe the functions of the skeletal system Describe the structure of a long bone (epiphyses, diaphysis, articular cartilage, compact bone, spongy bone, medullary cavity) Describe the microscopic structure of bone and cartilage (spongy /cancellous, compact, hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic) Classify joints as immovable / fibrous, partially movable / cartilaginous or freely moveable / synovial Label the parts of a typical synovial joint and describe the function of each (capsule, synovial fluid, articular cartilage, menisci, bursae, ligaments) Classify synovial joints as ball and socket, hinge, gliding, ellipsoid, saddle or pivot Describe the types of movement possible about a joint using the terms flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and rotation Describe the causes, symptoms and treatment of osteoarthritis and osteoporosis 4  5. DNA and Cell Reproduction I have heard I can do this I can do this on my own with help Important Subject Knowledge of this Describe the structure of DNA in terms of the base pair model (double helix, nucleotide structure, H-bonding, histones) Identify the locations of DNA in the cell (nucleus and mitochondria) Define the terms chromosome, chromatid, chromatin and gene Describe the process of DNA replication Describe the structural differences between RNA and DNA Describe how DNA uses transcription and translation to code for proteins Explain how the environment can affect gene expressions – epigenetics (methylation, acetylation and CpG sites) Describe the events that occur in the cell cycle Name and describe the key events occurring in each phase of mitosis Describe the differences between totipotent, pluripotent and multipotent stem cells Explain the significance of maintaining the chromosome number in mitosis. Name and describe the key events occurring in each phase of meiosis Describe the significance of the reduction in the number of chromosomes in meiosis Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. Explain how crossing over, random assortment and non-disjunction lead to variation Explain how uncontrolled cell division leads to cancer Describe the prevention, detection and treatment of cervical, breast, bowel, skin and prostate cancer (cervical screening test, breast screening and prostate blood test, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, surgery, cryotherapy) 5  6. Reproduction I have heard I can do this I can do this on my own with help Important Subject Knowledge of this Label a diagram of the male and female reproductive systems (male: penis, urethra, prostate, seminal vesicle, bulbourethral gland, vas deferens, testes, epididymis, scrotum) (female: vagina, cervix, uterus, clitoris, fallopian tubes, ovary, fimbriae, endometrium) Describe the function of the organs of the male and female reproductive systems Describe, compare and contrast the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis Explain how hormones regulate menstrual and ovarian cycles and spermatogenesis. (FSH, LH, oestrogen, progesterone, HCG and testosterone) Describe the role of oxytocin and prolactin in a successful pregnancy Describe the processes of fertilisation and implantation Describe the significant stages of prenatal development (zygote, morula, blastocyst, embryo, foetus) Identify the three primary germ layers and the tissue types that form from each Discuss the role of the embryonic membranes (amnion, chorion, yolk sac, allantois, placenta, umbilical cord) Describe changes to a female during pregnancy Describe the three main stages of the birth process, including the role of oxytocin Contrast circulation before and after birth, in particular, the role of the ductus arteriosis, ductus venosus and foramen ovale Give examples of teratogens and their effect on the developing baby Describe the advantages, disadvantages and reliability of different methods of contraception (fertility awareness, hormonal, barrier, sterilisation, IUDs, emergency contraception) Give examples of ethical issues associated with contraception Describe the causes, symptoms and treatment for common STIs (syphilis, genital herpes, genital warts, gonorrhoea, chlamydia, HIV/AIDS, pubic lice) Give examples of infertility treatments and describe how each work (IVF – GIFT and ZIFT; ICSI; artificial insemination; donor sperm or ovum; and surrogacy) Discuss ethical issues surrounding the pre-implantation selection of embryos Discuss the monitoring of pregnancy using techniques such as ultrasound, amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, blood tests, DNA analysis 6  7. Types of Inheritance I have heard I can do this I can do this on my own with help Important Subject Knowledge of this Give examples of types of mutations (point, addition, deletion, repetition) Define the following terms with regard to genetics: genotype, phenotype, heterozygous, homozygous, dominant, recessive, autosomal inheritance and sex-linked inheritance Describe the symptoms and modes of inheritance for cystic fibrosis, Huntington's disease, phenylketonuria (PKU), Duchenne muscular dystrophy, red-green colour blindness and haemophilia Explain how sex is determined in humans Describe the inheritance pattern of ABO blood groups using the terms multiple alleles and co-dominance Construct and interpret pedigrees for autosomal and sex-linked conditions Calculate probabilities of producing affected offspring for autosomal and sex-linked inheritance with the aid of punnet squares Discuss ethical issues surrounding DNA testing (genetic profiling) of parents and offspring for gene and chromosomal abnormalities 7  Scientific Method I can do this I can do this have heard on my own with help of this Plan and conduct a safe investigation on a question of choice, developed from a given contextual problem Collect valid and reliable data Analyse data using rates, percentages and frequencies Present information using appropriate symbols, graphs, terminology and conventions Identify the independent and dependent variable in an experiment Write a suitable hypothesis for an experiment Explain why controls are necessary Explain how to improve the reliability of an experiment Explain why a placebo may be necessary for an experiment Identify sources of experimental error (human, randon, systematic) Safely set up a microscope and focus on a slide Convert millimetres to micrometres and vice versa Calculate magnification and field of view Calculate the size of an object from a scale bar Approximate the size of a microscopic object using a mini-grid Determine the correct type of graph to construct based on whether data is discrete or continuous 8