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Anatomical Position Directional Terms - Describing external direction of the Why do we use Anatomical Terms? parts of the body - Precisely describe the location of the - External parts; observable by...

Anatomical Position Directional Terms - Describing external direction of the Why do we use Anatomical Terms? parts of the body - Precisely describe the location of the - External parts; observable by naked features eye Precise - far from true value If you want to see internal structures Accuracy - measure is near true value - Cut body into slices = planes or sections Anatomical Position - Standard position which structures 4 Anatomical Planes are described 1. Sagittal - International medical standard used - Lengthwise cut descriptions - Divides body into left and right - Standing upright, arms at side, portions palms forward, feet together 1. Left & Right - Not you as an observer - Left & right side of a person in an anatomical position 2. Anterior & Posterior - Anterior: Front of body; ventral - Posterior: Back of body; dorsal Mid-Sagittal Plane - If cut is through midline 3. Superior & Inferior Para-Sagittal - Above; towards head - If cut is not through midline - Below; towards feet 2. Frontal 4. Proximal & Distal - Sideways cut - Only used when describing 2 points - Divides body into anterior and on the same limb (arms & legs) posterior portions - Near limbs - Farther from limbs Ex. The knee is proximal to the ankle. 5. Medial & Lateral - Closer to middle - Farther to middle Ex. Thumb is lateral to middle finger.  3. Transverse - Horizontal Cut - Posterior Trunk - Divides body into superior & inferior Vertebral (spinal column) & Scapular (shoulder blade) Dorsum (back) & Lumbar (lower back) Sacral (between hips) Gluteal (buttocks) - Lateral Trunk Coxal & Axillary - Inferior Trunk Genital (reproductive organs) & Perineal (between genital & 4. Oblique anus) - Diagonal cut 2. Appendicular Portion (2) Major Regions of the Body - Upper Limb Deltoid Brachial & AnteBrachial (forearm) Cubital Carpal Palmar Digital - Lower Limb Femoral (thigh) 1. Axial Portion (5) Patellar & Popliteal - Head and Neck Crural (leg) & Sural Orbital, Otic, Nasal, (calf) Buccal, Oral Tarsal Cephalic, Cranial, Pedal (foot) & Plantar Facial (sole) Cervical Digitals - Anterior Trunk Sternal & Pectoral (chest) Abdominal & Umbilical (navel) Inguinal (groin) & Pubic Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) Gustatory Cortex - taste - Execute motor responses & regulate 2. Parietal Lobe (top) body mechanisms - Sensory information: touch, - Brain: control center for processing temperature, pain information 3. Temporal Lobe (side) - Spinal Cord: transmits signals - Auditory information (hearing), between brain and body; reflex speech & memory 4. Occipital Lobe (back) 1. Cerebrum - Visual processing - 2 hemispheres connected by corpus callosum 2. Cerebellum - Coordinates movement Left & Right Hemispheres - control - Controls posture, balance & other opposite side of the body (left: logic, complex motor functions reasoning, math; right: emotion, creativity, art) 3 Lobes of the Cerebellum Corpus Callosum - bundles of fiber 1. Anterior Lobe - voluntary movements More Information About the Brain 2. Posterior Lobe - fine-tuning Lobes of the Brain movements 1. Frontal Lobe (front) 3. Flocculonodular Lobe - maintains - Body movement, reasoning, balance and posture emotions, problem solving, thinking Olfactory Nerve - smell  3. Brainstem - Facilitates communication between - Connects brain and spinal cord CNS to the rest of the body - Breathing, consciousness, blood pressure, heartbeat, sleep, body Nerves temp, digestion, swallowing Cranial Nerves - Consists of midbrain, pons, and - Control sensations medulla oblongata (MB.P.MO) and movement of - Midbrain: visual and auditory head & neck reflexes; motor coordination - Pons: bridge between diff parts of Spinal Nerves brain; regulation of sleep and - Carry signals to and respiration from limbs & trunk - Medulla Oblongata - heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration 1. Sensory (Afferent) Nerves - Carries information from sensory 4. Diencephalon receptors to CNS - Thalamus: sensory and motor 2. Motor (Efferent) Nerves information - Carries information from CNS to - Hypothalamus: regulates muscles & glands autonomic functions (hunger, thirst, Abbreviation: S.A.M.E body temp); controls endocrine system via pituitary gland a. Somatic Nervous System (SNS) - Voluntary actions 5. Limbic System b. Autonomic Nervous System - Hippocampus: memory formation & (ANS) spatial navigation - Involuntary actions - Amygdala: formation of new Sympathetic memories and spatial navigation; - Fight or Flight converts short-term memories into - Increased heart & long-term breathing rate - Inactive digestion More Information About the Spinal Cord Parasympathetic 1. Cervical - controls necks, arms & - Rest & Digest diaphragm 2. Thoracic - controls trunk & Neurons abdominal muscles A. Sensory Neurons (Afferent) 3. Lumbar - controls lower limbs & - Carry information from sensory parts of bladder and bowels receptors to CNS 4. Sacral - involved in pelvic organs & B. Motor Neurons (Efferent) parts of lower limbs - Carries information from CNS to muscles and glands C. Interneurons Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - Process information from S.N and - All nervous tissues outside CNS send messages to M.N  - Parts: Male Reproductive System Cell Body (Soma) - maintain neuron’s health & process 1. Testicle/Testes incoming signals from - Produce sperm and testosterone dendrites - Essential for reproduction and Dendrites - receive signals hormonal balance from other neurons and send 2. Penis to soma - Male organ for sexual intercourse Axon - transmits electrical and urination impulses away from soma to - Enables ejaculation other neurons or cells 3. Scrotum - Sac of skin that protects testicles and regulates its temperature for optimal sperm production 4. Epididymis - Long coiled tube behind testicle that stores and matures sperm - Sperm maturation 5. Vas Deferens (Ductus Deferens) - Transports mature sperm from epididymis to urethra for ejaculation 6. Bladder - Hollow muscular organ in the body that serves as reservoir for urine - Located in pelvis 7. Urethra - Tube that expels urine from bladder - Passageway for semen during ejaculation - Rectum - Stores feces until expelled from Importance of Nervous System body during defecation - Controls how we think, act and feel - Stool release is controlled by - Connected to other organ systems in muscles in the rectum and anus the to ensure efficient operation within the body 8. Ejaculatory Duct - Cognitive Functioning, Emotional - Transport sperm and seminal fluid to Responses, Sensory Reception, the urethra during ejaculation Motor Control - Short tubes formed by union of vas deferens and duct of seminal vesicle  9. Prostate - Produce seminal fluid for semen 5. Ejaculation which nourishes and transports - Release of sperm cells and seminal sperm after ejaculation plasma - Help propel semen down urethra - Muscles contract to expel sperm 10. Seminal Vesicle through urethra and out of body - Near male’s bladder (essential to deliver sperm to female - produce a fluid that makes up most reproductive tract for fertilization) of semen, providing nutrients and helping sperm survive Hormones 11. Pubic Bone 1. Follicle-stimulating Hormone - Supports leg and hip movement (FSH) - Helps form pelvis - Made by pituitary gland - Stabilizes body when seated - Control sperm health and production in testes 12. Bulbourethral Glands - Located near base of penis 2. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - Lubricate spongy urethra due to - Necessary to continue process of alkaline secretion that neutralizes spermatogenesis (started by FSH) acidity in urethra in preparation for sperm passage 3. Testosterone - Main sex hormone in the M.R.S Functions of Male Reproductive System - Helps develop male secondary sex 1. Production of Sperm characteristics - Spermatogenesis: process of sperm production in the Interaction with Other Organ Systems seminiferous tubules of the testes 1. Endocrine System 2. Maturation and Storage of Sperm - Production of hormones responsible - After sperm is produced in testes, it for: testosterone, sperm production, is stored and matured in epididymis development of male traits 2. Urinary System 3. Transport of Sperm - Shared structure: urine and semen - Sperm is propelled from epididymis 3. Nervous System to vas deferens - Both brain and nerves influence arousal, erection, and hormone 4. Secretion of Hormones release - M.R.S secrets testosterone 4. Circulatory System (produced in Leydig cell of testes) - Blood flow - Seminal vesicles and prostate gland - Transportation of hormones produce a whitish fluid (seminal 5. Muscular System fluid) which combines with sperm to - Testicular temperature form semen - Ejaculation