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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
Which structure is part of the male reproductive system?
Which structure is part of the male reproductive system?
- Vagina
- Fallopian tubes
- Testes (correct)
- Ovary
Spermatogenesis occurs in the ovaries.
Spermatogenesis occurs in the ovaries.
False (B)
What is the main purpose of oogenesis?
What is the main purpose of oogenesis?
To produce ova (egg cells)
The female reproductive organ that accommodates the developing fetus is the ______.
The female reproductive organ that accommodates the developing fetus is the ______.
Match the following reproductive processes with their descriptions:
Match the following reproductive processes with their descriptions:
Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating the menstrual cycle?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating the menstrual cycle?
Which phase of meiosis is characterized by the separation of homologous chromosomes?
Which phase of meiosis is characterized by the separation of homologous chromosomes?
Meiosis results in the formation of identical daughter cells.
Meiosis results in the formation of identical daughter cells.
What is the significance of the reduction in the number of chromosomes during meiosis?
What is the significance of the reduction in the number of chromosomes during meiosis?
Cancers can arise from __________ cell division.
Cancers can arise from __________ cell division.
Match the following treatments with their respective cancer types:
Match the following treatments with their respective cancer types:
Which of the following processes contributes to genetic variation during meiosis?
Which of the following processes contributes to genetic variation during meiosis?
What is the correct order of phases in the cell cycle?
What is the correct order of phases in the cell cycle?
Mitosis results in the production of four genetically identical daughter cells.
Mitosis results in the production of four genetically identical daughter cells.
What is the significance of maintaining the chromosome number during mitosis?
What is the significance of maintaining the chromosome number during mitosis?
Totipotent stem cells can differentiate into ___ types of cells.
Totipotent stem cells can differentiate into ___ types of cells.
Match the phases of mitosis with their key events:
Match the phases of mitosis with their key events:
Which type of stem cells can give rise to several but not all cell types?
Which type of stem cells can give rise to several but not all cell types?
During meiosis, the chromosome number is halved from the parent cell to the daughter cells.
During meiosis, the chromosome number is halved from the parent cell to the daughter cells.
Describe a major difference between RNA and DNA.
Describe a major difference between RNA and DNA.
Questions and Answers
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Flashcards
Flashcards
Meiosis
Meiosis
A type of cell division that consists of two rounds of genetic division: meiosis I and meiosis II.
Meiosis I
Meiosis I
The first stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair up, exchange genetic material, and the resulting cells have half the original chromosome number.
Meiosis II
Meiosis II
The second stage of meiosis where sister chromatids are separated, similar to mitosis, producing four genetically diverse haploid cells.
Mitosis
Mitosis
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Crossing over
Crossing over
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Random assortment
Random assortment
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Non-disjunction
Non-disjunction
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Cancer
Cancer
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Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis
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Oogenesis
Oogenesis
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DNA structure
DNA structure
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Chromosome
Chromosome
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Chromatid
Chromatid
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Chromatin
Chromatin
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Gene
Gene
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DNA replication
DNA replication
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RNA structure
RNA structure
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Epigenetics
Epigenetics
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Mitosis key events
Mitosis key events
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Totipotent stem cells
Totipotent stem cells
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Flashcards
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Meiosis
- Consists of two rounds of genetic division: meiosis I and meiosis II.
- Meiosis I:
- Homologous chromosomes pair up and undergo crossing over, exchanging genetic material.
- Resulting cells have half the original chromosome number (haploid).
- Meiosis II:
- Similar to mitosis; sister chromatids are separated into individual chromosomes.
- Produces a total of four genetically diverse haploid cells.
- Reduction in chromosome number is significant for sexual reproduction: prevents doubling chromosome numbers in offspring, maintaining species' chromosome number across generations.
Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis
- Mitosis:
- One division forming two identical diploid cells.
- Involved in growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.
- Meiosis:
- Two divisions forming four non-identical haploid cells.
- Essential for producing gametes (sperm and eggs).
- Variation arises from:
- Crossing over: Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes increases genetic diversity.
- Random assortment: Random distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes into gametes during metaphase I of meiosis.
- Non-disjunction: Failure of chromosomes to separate properly, leading to gametes with abnormal chromosome counts, potentially causing genetic disorders.
Cancer and Uncontrolled Cell Division
- Uncontrolled cell division leads to cancer through mutations in genes that regulate the cell cycle.
- Mutations can cause abnormal growth, avoiding apoptosis, and uncontrolled proliferation, forming tumors.
Cancer Prevention, Detection, and Treatment
- Cervical cancer:
- Prevention through HPV vaccination and regular cervical screening tests.
- Breast cancer:
- Detection via mammograms and breast self-exams; treatment options include surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy.
- Bowel cancer:
- Regular screening is critical for early detection; treatment may involve surgery and chemotherapy.
- Skin cancer:
- Regular skin checks and protective measures against UV exposure; treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, and cryotherapy.
- Prostate cancer:
- PSA blood tests for detection; treatment options include surgery, radiotherapy, and hormone therapy.
Male and Female Reproductive Systems
- Male reproductive organs:
- Penis, urethra, prostate, seminal vesicle, bulbourethral gland, vas deferens, testes, epididymis, scrotum.
- Female reproductive organs:
- Vagina, cervix, uterus, clitoris, fallopian tubes, ovary, fimbriae, endometrium.
- Functions include gamete production, hormone regulation, and support for fertilization and fetal development.
Spermatogenesis vs. Oogenesis
- Spermatogenesis:
- Continuous process producing four viable sperm cells from each precursor cell.
- Oogenesis:
- Discontinuous process producing one viable egg and polar bodies that degenerate from each precursor cell.
Hormonal Regulation
- Hormones such as FSH and LH regulate the menstrual and ovarian cycles in females, and spermatogenesis in males, influencing development, ovulation, and sperm production.
DNA and Cell Reproduction
- Structure of DNA:
- Double helix composed of nucleotides; held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases (A-T, G-C).
- DNA located in the nucleus and mitochondria of cells.
- Chromosome types:
- Chromosome: DNA condensed for cell division;
- Chromatid: duplicated chromosome;
- Chromatin: uncondensed, functional form of DNA;
- Gene: segment of DNA coding for a specific trait or function.
- DNA Replication:
- Semi-conservative process where each new DNA molecule contains one original and one new strand.
- RNA vs. DNA:
- RNA is single-stranded, contains ribose sugar, and uses uracil instead of thymine.
- DNA directs protein synthesis via transcription (formation of mRNA) and translation (synthesis of proteins).
- Epigenetics: Environmental factors can modify gene expression through mechanisms like methylation and acetylation.
Cell Cycle Events
- The cell cycle consists of interphase (G1, S, G2 phases) and mitotic phase (mitosis and cytokinesis), ensuring proper cell growth and division.
Mitosis Key Events
- Phases of mitosis:
- Prophase: Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell equator.
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles.
- Telophase: Nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes decondense.
Stem Cell Types
- Totipotent: Can differentiate into any cell type, including placental cells.
- Pluripotent: Can become nearly any cell type but not placental cells.
- Multipotent: Limited to differentiating into a closely related family of cells.
Importance of Chromosome Number Maintenance
- Maintaining chromosome number in mitosis is essential for genetic stability and proper functioning of cells, preventing diseases like cancer and developmental disorders.
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