week4_lect3_preopstages_feb2.pdf

Cognitive Change: Cognitive-Developmental and Sociocultural Approaches Chapter 6 Week 4, Lecture 3, February 2, 2024 1 Early Childhood: Preoperational Reasoning Ages 2–6 years Dramatic leap in use of symbolic thinking that permits young children to use language, interact with others, and play using...

Cognitive Change: Cognitive-Developmental and Sociocultural Approaches Chapter 6 Week 4, Lecture 3, February 2, 2024 1 Early Childhood: Preoperational Reasoning Ages 2–6 years Dramatic leap in use of symbolic thinking that permits young children to use language, interact with others, and play using their own thoughts and imaginations to guide their behavior 2 Early Childhood: Preoperational Reasoning Egocentrism: Inability to take another person’s perspective Three Mountain Task 3 Early Childhood: Preoperational Reasoning Animism: Belief that inanimate objects are alive and have feelings and intentions Centration: Tendency to focus on one part of a stimulus or situation and exclude all others Appearance-reality distinction: task that requires preoperational child to distinguish what something appears to be from what it really is 4 Early Childhood: Preoperational Reasoning Irreversibility: Not understanding that reversing a process can often undo it Conservation: understanding that quantity of a substance is not transformed by changes in its appearance 5 Early Childhood: Preoperational Reasoning 6 Middle Childhood: Concrete Operational Reasoning Ages 6–11 years Gain capacity to use logic to solve problems More sophisticated understanding of physical world 8 superficial changes in its appearance Middle Childhood: Concrete Operational Reasoning Conservation: Object Identity: understanding that certain characteristics of an object do not change despite superficial changes to the object’s appearance Reversibility: an object can be returned to its original state 9 Middle Childhood: Concrete Operational Reasoning Classification: Ability to understand hierarchies, to simultaneously consider relations between a general category and more specific subcategories Seriation: ability to order objects in a series according to a physical dimension Transitive inference: ability to infer the relationship between two objects by understanding each object’s relationship to a third 10 Adolescence: Formal Operational Reasoning Beginning around 11 years of age Ability to think abstractly, logically, and systematically Hypothetical-deductive reasoning: ability to consider problems, generate and systematically test hypotheses, and draw conclusions 13 Adolescence: Formal Operational Reasoning Many adults fail hypothetical-deductive tasks. Not consistent across people or intellectual domains Opportunities to use formal operational reasoning influence its development. 14