125 Questions
Which perspective in human development focuses on the influence of historical events on a cohort?
Sociocultural
Which type of influences are based on when a person develops?
Age-graded Influences
What is a key question addressed in the field of developmental psychology about human development?
Do people change little over time or undergo dramatic changes?
In terms of development, what is the difference between continuous and discontinuous change?
Continuous change involves small incremental adjustments while discontinuous change involves sudden shifts.
Which two factors influence development?
Genetics and environment
In Freud's Psychosexual Theory, which stage occurs during the period from 6 years to puberty?
Phallic stage
What is the focus of Behaviourism as mentioned in the text?
Analyzing observable behavior
According to Erikson's Psychosocial Theory, what influences development?
Society, culture, and social interactions
Which theoretical perspective emphasizes the role of cultural context influencing development?
Sociocultural
According to Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory, development results from interactions among which changes within a person?
Biological, cognitive, and psychological changes
Ethology & Evolutionary Developmental Theory apply principles of evolution to understand the interactive influence of which mechanisms on development?
Genetic and environmental mechanisms
What is the aim of using the scientific method in developmental psychology research?
To systematically investigate phenomena and draw reliable conclusions
What is the main difference between descriptive research and experimental research?
Descriptive research focuses on describing a population or event, while experimental research aims to determine causal relationships among variables.
What is the role of the control group in an experimental research design?
The control group is treated just like the experimental group but does not receive the independent variable.
How does correlational research differ from descriptive and experimental research?
Correlational research examines relations among measured characteristics, behaviors, and events.
What is the primary purpose of a case study in research design?
To provide an in-depth examination of a single person or small group of individuals.
What is the main difference between Operant Conditioning and Social Learning Theory?
Operant Conditioning involves reinforcement and punishment, while Social Learning Theory focuses on observational learning.
Which cognitive theory views thinking as information processing?
Information Processing Theory
According to Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory, what is emphasized in human development?
Sociocultural context
What is a central idea of Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory?
Interaction between individuals and their environment
Cross-sectional design allows for examining change over time within the same group of participants.
False
Longitudinal design is cost-effective and provides quick results for studying development.
False
Sequential design combines elements of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs.
True
Experimental research design can only establish correlation, not causation.
False
Descriptive research design focuses on explaining the relationship between variables.
False
Correlational research design involves manipulating independent variables to observe their effects on dependent variables.
False
Observational methods involve collecting information based on self-reported data.
False
Computer paradigms in data collection can measure response times and accuracy rates.
True
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) measures only anatomical brain changes, not functional changes.
False
Sequential research examines changes within individuals over time and is unable to examine cohort effects.
False
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) measures structural brain changes.
False
Self-Report method includes open-ended interviews and structured observations.
False
During which trimester of the fetal period does the growth of lanugo and vernix caseosa primarily occur?
Second trimester
What major process characterizes cephalocaudal development?
Tail to head growth
At what gestational week does brain development begin in the fetus?
3rd week
What brain imaging method is specifically mentioned to measure brain structure by estimating the location and orientation of white matter tracts?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
During which period of prenatal development do all organs and major body systems form?
Embryonic Period
What brain imaging method is highlighted for its ability to measure brain function by detecting the different light absorptive properties of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin?
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS)
What is the primary focus of Event-related Potentials (ERPs) as mentioned in the text?
Measuring brain function
Selective breeding refers to the process of choosing specific traits to pass on to offspring in order to enhance those characteristics.
True
Gene-environment interactions suggest that genes can influence how individuals react and respond to their environment.
True
Epigenetics is the study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself.
True
Twin studies are unable to differentiate between the effects of genes and the effects of shared environmental factors.
False
Selective breeding involves modifying genes of animals.
True
Family studies can include both twins and adopted children.
True
Epigenetics suggests that the environment can affect gene expression.
True
Passive Gene-Environment Correlation implies that an individual's genes do not correlate with their early environment.
False
Selective breeding involves intentionally choosing certain traits to pass on to the next generation of offspring.
True
Epigenetics refers to changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations to the DNA sequence itself.
True
Gene-environment interactions suggest that genetic factors alone determine how an individual will develop.
False
Family studies involving twins aim to differentiate between the impacts of genetics and environmental factors on certain traits or behaviors.
True
What is the concept that refers to the wide range of potential expressions of a genetic trait depending on environmental opportunities and constraints?
Canalization
Which term describes when heredity restricts the outcomes of development to only one or a few possibilities?
Canalization
In gene-environment interactions, what does the term 'range of reaction' refer to?
Wide range of potential genetic trait expressions
What is the term for the process where an individual chooses an environment that complements their genetic predispositions?
Active gene-environment correlation
In the context of GxE Interaction described in the text, what does 'Gene X Environment' refer to?
An interaction between genes and environment
According to the Epigenetic Framework mentioned in the text, what characterizes the development process?
Ongoing reciprocal interactions between genes and environment
What is the central focus of the journal 'Frontiers for Young Minds' where a related paper was published?
Lay audience understanding of scientific concepts
How do epigenetics influence gene expression, as discussed in the text?
By affecting gene expression without changing the DNA sequence
What is the term used to describe the process in brain development where excess neural connections are removed?
Synaptic pruning
Which process involves the brain hemispheres specializing in different functions during development?
Lateralization
In adolescent brain development, what are the primary functions of the Limbic System and the Prefrontal Cortex, respectively?
Emotional processing & Decision making
What is the role of Glial Cells in brain development?
Providing nourishment to neurons
How does brain plasticity relate to the brain's structure and function?
It allows for changes and adaptations in response to the environment
What is the significance of Experience-Expectant Brain Development?
Relies on specific learning experiences
How do individual differences in brain development relate to poverty?
Socioeconomic status correlates with brain measures across development
During which stage of human development does Brain Development in Infancy occur?
Infancy
What is the primary function of Neurons in the brain?
Carrying electrical signals
Newborns are not attentive to voices and do not prefer speech sounds over other sounds.
False
Presbyopia is a condition that affects distance vision, making it difficult to focus on objects that are far away.
False
Smell and taste are not well developed in newborns and they cannot discriminate between different smells and tastes.
False
Presbycusis is a condition that primarily affects young adults rather than being age-related hearing loss.
False
Newborns prefer to look at sounds rather than patterns and faces.
False
Dishabituation occurs when a new stimulus is presented that decreases the level of responding.
False
Visual cliff demonstrates that infants perceive depth even before they start crawling.
False
Hearing is the least developed sense in newborns.
False
What is the primary focus of Libertus et al.'s research mentioned in the text?
Visual and Manual Engagement
In motor development, which brain structure is highlighted as crucial for growth?
Cerebellum
What characterizes the decline in motor skills with aging mentioned in the text?
Slowing of Walking Speed
How do opportunities to practice motor development affect motor skills, according to the text?
Enhance motor development
Tertiary circular reactions in Piaget's Sensorimotor Substage 5 involve random and unintentional exploration by infants.
False
In Piaget's Sensorimotor Substage 6, infants acquire the ability to use symbols like words and mental pictures to represent objects and actions.
True
Violation-of-Expectation tasks involve stimuli that adhere strictly to physical laws.
False
Core Knowledge Perspective suggests that infants are born with no innate knowledge systems.
False
Piaget's Cognitive-Developmental Perspective views children as passive learners who observe the world around them.
False
Cognitive equilibrium refers to a state of imbalance between assimilation and accommodation.
False
In the Sensorimotor Stage, children learn primarily through abstract thinking.
False
Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist only within sensory awareness.
False
Primary circular reactions involve repeating actions involving body parts that produce unpleasant results.
False
Secondary circular reactions involve repetitions of actions that do not trigger responses in the external environment.
False
During middle childhood, children develop the ability of transitive inference to infer relationships between two objects by understanding each object's relationship to a third.
True
Formal operational reasoning begins around 16 years of age, allowing individuals to think abstractly, logically, and systematically.
False
Many adults excel in hypothetical-deductive tasks during adolescence.
False
Children in the preoperational stage have difficulty understanding that reversing a process can often undo it.
True
In the concrete operational stage, children gain the capacity to use abstract logic to solve problems.
False
Centration is the tendency to focus on several parts of a stimulus or situation and consider all of them.
False
Animism is the belief that inanimate objects are not alive and do not have feelings or intentions.
False
In the concrete operational stage, children understand conservation, which means that changes in appearance alter the quantity of a substance.
False
Egocentrism in young children refers to their ability to take another person's perspective easily.
False
What term describes the form of sensitive teaching in which a partner helps a child accomplish more than they could alone?
Scaffolding
Which concept represents the gap between a child's competence level when unassisted and with assistance?
Zone of Proximal Development
What characterizes Pragmatic Thought in cognitive development?
Use of logic to address everyday problems
What is Criticized for being not easily testable and lacking precision?
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Perspective
According to Vygotsky's Sociocultural Perspective, which of the following best describes how cognitive development arises?
Via interactions between children and important people in their lives
Which statement accurately reflects a critique of Piaget's stage model according to the text?
Piaget's theories understate the influence of social interactions on cognitive development
What key concept from Vygotsky's Sociocultural Perspective involves adults or peers assisting children in learning tasks slightly beyond their current level of competence?
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
In relation to cognitive development in children, which approach emphasizes that social experiences play a crucial role in teaching children how to think?
Sociocultural theories
What is the role of the Central Executive in the Information Processing System?
Regulate attention and combine information
Why do young children often struggle with selective attention according to the text?
Inability to inhibit control
How do memory strategies contribute to children's cognitive development?
By enhancing the selection and use of cognitive strategies
What characterizes the memory strategies used by children across childhood according to the text?
Becoming more sophisticated and effectively used
What distinguishes sociocultural theories from Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development?
Focus on the role of social interaction in cognitive development
Which component is responsible for regulating attention and integrating information in the information processing system?
Central Executive
What cognitive activities are encompassed within executive functions?
Inhibitory Control and Cognitive Flexibility
At what age do infants typically begin to exhibit gains in attention according to Richards et al., 2010?
10 weeks old
What is the primary focus of selective attention?
Ignoring distracting information
How would you characterize the attention abilities of young children based on the information provided?
Difficulty with selective attention
What is the role of the Central Executive in Childhood, as discussed in Brod et al., 2017?
Coordinating performance on two separate tasks
How does formal education contribute to age-related increases in Executive Function (EF) as per Brod et al., 2017?
Improves EF performance
What effect does formal education have on age-related changes in Executive Function (EF) and neural systems?
Enhances EF and neural systems
Based on Brod et al., 2017, what did the Hearts and Flowers EF Task aim to measure in children exposed to formal education?
Executive Function (EF)
What type of memory involves recalling information without being presented with the stimulus again?
Recall Memory
Which part of the brain plays a crucial role in learning and memory, specifically in children?
Cerebellum
What type of memory is described as the memory of personally significant events occurring at specific times and places in one's past?
Autobiographical Memory
How does sleep affect learning according to the text?
It plays a critical role in learning and memory consolidation
Test your knowledge on the key concepts covered in Chapter 1 of Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development. Topics include human development characteristics, multidisciplinary nature of developmental psychology, key issues, and theories.
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