Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which perspective in human development focuses on the influence of historical events on a cohort?
Which perspective in human development focuses on the influence of historical events on a cohort?
Which type of influences are based on when a person develops?
Which type of influences are based on when a person develops?
What is a key question addressed in the field of developmental psychology about human development?
What is a key question addressed in the field of developmental psychology about human development?
In terms of development, what is the difference between continuous and discontinuous change?
In terms of development, what is the difference between continuous and discontinuous change?
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Which two factors influence development?
Which two factors influence development?
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In Freud's Psychosexual Theory, which stage occurs during the period from 6 years to puberty?
In Freud's Psychosexual Theory, which stage occurs during the period from 6 years to puberty?
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What is the focus of Behaviourism as mentioned in the text?
What is the focus of Behaviourism as mentioned in the text?
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According to Erikson's Psychosocial Theory, what influences development?
According to Erikson's Psychosocial Theory, what influences development?
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Which theoretical perspective emphasizes the role of cultural context influencing development?
Which theoretical perspective emphasizes the role of cultural context influencing development?
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According to Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory, development results from interactions among which changes within a person?
According to Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory, development results from interactions among which changes within a person?
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Ethology & Evolutionary Developmental Theory apply principles of evolution to understand the interactive influence of which mechanisms on development?
Ethology & Evolutionary Developmental Theory apply principles of evolution to understand the interactive influence of which mechanisms on development?
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What is the aim of using the scientific method in developmental psychology research?
What is the aim of using the scientific method in developmental psychology research?
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What is the main difference between descriptive research and experimental research?
What is the main difference between descriptive research and experimental research?
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What is the role of the control group in an experimental research design?
What is the role of the control group in an experimental research design?
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How does correlational research differ from descriptive and experimental research?
How does correlational research differ from descriptive and experimental research?
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What is the primary purpose of a case study in research design?
What is the primary purpose of a case study in research design?
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What is the main difference between Operant Conditioning and Social Learning Theory?
What is the main difference between Operant Conditioning and Social Learning Theory?
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Which cognitive theory views thinking as information processing?
Which cognitive theory views thinking as information processing?
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According to Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory, what is emphasized in human development?
According to Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory, what is emphasized in human development?
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What is a central idea of Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory?
What is a central idea of Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory?
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Cross-sectional design allows for examining change over time within the same group of participants.
Cross-sectional design allows for examining change over time within the same group of participants.
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Longitudinal design is cost-effective and provides quick results for studying development.
Longitudinal design is cost-effective and provides quick results for studying development.
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Sequential design combines elements of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs.
Sequential design combines elements of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs.
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Experimental research design can only establish correlation, not causation.
Experimental research design can only establish correlation, not causation.
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Descriptive research design focuses on explaining the relationship between variables.
Descriptive research design focuses on explaining the relationship between variables.
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Correlational research design involves manipulating independent variables to observe their effects on dependent variables.
Correlational research design involves manipulating independent variables to observe their effects on dependent variables.
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Observational methods involve collecting information based on self-reported data.
Observational methods involve collecting information based on self-reported data.
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Computer paradigms in data collection can measure response times and accuracy rates.
Computer paradigms in data collection can measure response times and accuracy rates.
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) measures only anatomical brain changes, not functional changes.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) measures only anatomical brain changes, not functional changes.
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Sequential research examines changes within individuals over time and is unable to examine cohort effects.
Sequential research examines changes within individuals over time and is unable to examine cohort effects.
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Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) measures structural brain changes.
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) measures structural brain changes.
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Self-Report method includes open-ended interviews and structured observations.
Self-Report method includes open-ended interviews and structured observations.
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During which trimester of the fetal period does the growth of lanugo and vernix caseosa primarily occur?
During which trimester of the fetal period does the growth of lanugo and vernix caseosa primarily occur?
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What major process characterizes cephalocaudal development?
What major process characterizes cephalocaudal development?
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At what gestational week does brain development begin in the fetus?
At what gestational week does brain development begin in the fetus?
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What brain imaging method is specifically mentioned to measure brain structure by estimating the location and orientation of white matter tracts?
What brain imaging method is specifically mentioned to measure brain structure by estimating the location and orientation of white matter tracts?
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During which period of prenatal development do all organs and major body systems form?
During which period of prenatal development do all organs and major body systems form?
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What brain imaging method is highlighted for its ability to measure brain function by detecting the different light absorptive properties of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin?
What brain imaging method is highlighted for its ability to measure brain function by detecting the different light absorptive properties of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin?
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What is the primary focus of Event-related Potentials (ERPs) as mentioned in the text?
What is the primary focus of Event-related Potentials (ERPs) as mentioned in the text?
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Selective breeding refers to the process of choosing specific traits to pass on to offspring in order to enhance those characteristics.
Selective breeding refers to the process of choosing specific traits to pass on to offspring in order to enhance those characteristics.
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Gene-environment interactions suggest that genes can influence how individuals react and respond to their environment.
Gene-environment interactions suggest that genes can influence how individuals react and respond to their environment.
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Epigenetics is the study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself.
Epigenetics is the study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself.
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Twin studies are unable to differentiate between the effects of genes and the effects of shared environmental factors.
Twin studies are unable to differentiate between the effects of genes and the effects of shared environmental factors.
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Selective breeding involves modifying genes of animals.
Selective breeding involves modifying genes of animals.
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Family studies can include both twins and adopted children.
Family studies can include both twins and adopted children.
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Epigenetics suggests that the environment can affect gene expression.
Epigenetics suggests that the environment can affect gene expression.
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Passive Gene-Environment Correlation implies that an individual's genes do not correlate with their early environment.
Passive Gene-Environment Correlation implies that an individual's genes do not correlate with their early environment.
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Selective breeding involves intentionally choosing certain traits to pass on to the next generation of offspring.
Selective breeding involves intentionally choosing certain traits to pass on to the next generation of offspring.
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Epigenetics refers to changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations to the DNA sequence itself.
Epigenetics refers to changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations to the DNA sequence itself.
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Gene-environment interactions suggest that genetic factors alone determine how an individual will develop.
Gene-environment interactions suggest that genetic factors alone determine how an individual will develop.
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Family studies involving twins aim to differentiate between the impacts of genetics and environmental factors on certain traits or behaviors.
Family studies involving twins aim to differentiate between the impacts of genetics and environmental factors on certain traits or behaviors.
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What is the concept that refers to the wide range of potential expressions of a genetic trait depending on environmental opportunities and constraints?
What is the concept that refers to the wide range of potential expressions of a genetic trait depending on environmental opportunities and constraints?
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Which term describes when heredity restricts the outcomes of development to only one or a few possibilities?
Which term describes when heredity restricts the outcomes of development to only one or a few possibilities?
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In gene-environment interactions, what does the term 'range of reaction' refer to?
In gene-environment interactions, what does the term 'range of reaction' refer to?
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What is the term for the process where an individual chooses an environment that complements their genetic predispositions?
What is the term for the process where an individual chooses an environment that complements their genetic predispositions?
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In the context of GxE Interaction described in the text, what does 'Gene X Environment' refer to?
In the context of GxE Interaction described in the text, what does 'Gene X Environment' refer to?
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According to the Epigenetic Framework mentioned in the text, what characterizes the development process?
According to the Epigenetic Framework mentioned in the text, what characterizes the development process?
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What is the central focus of the journal 'Frontiers for Young Minds' where a related paper was published?
What is the central focus of the journal 'Frontiers for Young Minds' where a related paper was published?
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How do epigenetics influence gene expression, as discussed in the text?
How do epigenetics influence gene expression, as discussed in the text?
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What is the term used to describe the process in brain development where excess neural connections are removed?
What is the term used to describe the process in brain development where excess neural connections are removed?
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Which process involves the brain hemispheres specializing in different functions during development?
Which process involves the brain hemispheres specializing in different functions during development?
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In adolescent brain development, what are the primary functions of the Limbic System and the Prefrontal Cortex, respectively?
In adolescent brain development, what are the primary functions of the Limbic System and the Prefrontal Cortex, respectively?
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What is the role of Glial Cells in brain development?
What is the role of Glial Cells in brain development?
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How does brain plasticity relate to the brain's structure and function?
How does brain plasticity relate to the brain's structure and function?
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What is the significance of Experience-Expectant Brain Development?
What is the significance of Experience-Expectant Brain Development?
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How do individual differences in brain development relate to poverty?
How do individual differences in brain development relate to poverty?
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During which stage of human development does Brain Development in Infancy occur?
During which stage of human development does Brain Development in Infancy occur?
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What is the primary function of Neurons in the brain?
What is the primary function of Neurons in the brain?
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Newborns are not attentive to voices and do not prefer speech sounds over other sounds.
Newborns are not attentive to voices and do not prefer speech sounds over other sounds.
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Presbyopia is a condition that affects distance vision, making it difficult to focus on objects that are far away.
Presbyopia is a condition that affects distance vision, making it difficult to focus on objects that are far away.
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Smell and taste are not well developed in newborns and they cannot discriminate between different smells and tastes.
Smell and taste are not well developed in newborns and they cannot discriminate between different smells and tastes.
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Presbycusis is a condition that primarily affects young adults rather than being age-related hearing loss.
Presbycusis is a condition that primarily affects young adults rather than being age-related hearing loss.
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Newborns prefer to look at sounds rather than patterns and faces.
Newborns prefer to look at sounds rather than patterns and faces.
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Dishabituation occurs when a new stimulus is presented that decreases the level of responding.
Dishabituation occurs when a new stimulus is presented that decreases the level of responding.
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Visual cliff demonstrates that infants perceive depth even before they start crawling.
Visual cliff demonstrates that infants perceive depth even before they start crawling.
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Hearing is the least developed sense in newborns.
Hearing is the least developed sense in newborns.
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What is the primary focus of Libertus et al.'s research mentioned in the text?
What is the primary focus of Libertus et al.'s research mentioned in the text?
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In motor development, which brain structure is highlighted as crucial for growth?
In motor development, which brain structure is highlighted as crucial for growth?
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What characterizes the decline in motor skills with aging mentioned in the text?
What characterizes the decline in motor skills with aging mentioned in the text?
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How do opportunities to practice motor development affect motor skills, according to the text?
How do opportunities to practice motor development affect motor skills, according to the text?
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Tertiary circular reactions in Piaget's Sensorimotor Substage 5 involve random and unintentional exploration by infants.
Tertiary circular reactions in Piaget's Sensorimotor Substage 5 involve random and unintentional exploration by infants.
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In Piaget's Sensorimotor Substage 6, infants acquire the ability to use symbols like words and mental pictures to represent objects and actions.
In Piaget's Sensorimotor Substage 6, infants acquire the ability to use symbols like words and mental pictures to represent objects and actions.
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Violation-of-Expectation tasks involve stimuli that adhere strictly to physical laws.
Violation-of-Expectation tasks involve stimuli that adhere strictly to physical laws.
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Core Knowledge Perspective suggests that infants are born with no innate knowledge systems.
Core Knowledge Perspective suggests that infants are born with no innate knowledge systems.
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Piaget's Cognitive-Developmental Perspective views children as passive learners who observe the world around them.
Piaget's Cognitive-Developmental Perspective views children as passive learners who observe the world around them.
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Cognitive equilibrium refers to a state of imbalance between assimilation and accommodation.
Cognitive equilibrium refers to a state of imbalance between assimilation and accommodation.
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In the Sensorimotor Stage, children learn primarily through abstract thinking.
In the Sensorimotor Stage, children learn primarily through abstract thinking.
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Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist only within sensory awareness.
Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist only within sensory awareness.
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Primary circular reactions involve repeating actions involving body parts that produce unpleasant results.
Primary circular reactions involve repeating actions involving body parts that produce unpleasant results.
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Secondary circular reactions involve repetitions of actions that do not trigger responses in the external environment.
Secondary circular reactions involve repetitions of actions that do not trigger responses in the external environment.
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During middle childhood, children develop the ability of transitive inference to infer relationships between two objects by understanding each object's relationship to a third.
During middle childhood, children develop the ability of transitive inference to infer relationships between two objects by understanding each object's relationship to a third.
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Formal operational reasoning begins around 16 years of age, allowing individuals to think abstractly, logically, and systematically.
Formal operational reasoning begins around 16 years of age, allowing individuals to think abstractly, logically, and systematically.
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Many adults excel in hypothetical-deductive tasks during adolescence.
Many adults excel in hypothetical-deductive tasks during adolescence.
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Children in the preoperational stage have difficulty understanding that reversing a process can often undo it.
Children in the preoperational stage have difficulty understanding that reversing a process can often undo it.
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In the concrete operational stage, children gain the capacity to use abstract logic to solve problems.
In the concrete operational stage, children gain the capacity to use abstract logic to solve problems.
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Centration is the tendency to focus on several parts of a stimulus or situation and consider all of them.
Centration is the tendency to focus on several parts of a stimulus or situation and consider all of them.
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Animism is the belief that inanimate objects are not alive and do not have feelings or intentions.
Animism is the belief that inanimate objects are not alive and do not have feelings or intentions.
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In the concrete operational stage, children understand conservation, which means that changes in appearance alter the quantity of a substance.
In the concrete operational stage, children understand conservation, which means that changes in appearance alter the quantity of a substance.
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Egocentrism in young children refers to their ability to take another person's perspective easily.
Egocentrism in young children refers to their ability to take another person's perspective easily.
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What term describes the form of sensitive teaching in which a partner helps a child accomplish more than they could alone?
What term describes the form of sensitive teaching in which a partner helps a child accomplish more than they could alone?
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Which concept represents the gap between a child's competence level when unassisted and with assistance?
Which concept represents the gap between a child's competence level when unassisted and with assistance?
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What characterizes Pragmatic Thought in cognitive development?
What characterizes Pragmatic Thought in cognitive development?
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What is Criticized for being not easily testable and lacking precision?
What is Criticized for being not easily testable and lacking precision?
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According to Vygotsky's Sociocultural Perspective, which of the following best describes how cognitive development arises?
According to Vygotsky's Sociocultural Perspective, which of the following best describes how cognitive development arises?
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Which statement accurately reflects a critique of Piaget's stage model according to the text?
Which statement accurately reflects a critique of Piaget's stage model according to the text?
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What key concept from Vygotsky's Sociocultural Perspective involves adults or peers assisting children in learning tasks slightly beyond their current level of competence?
What key concept from Vygotsky's Sociocultural Perspective involves adults or peers assisting children in learning tasks slightly beyond their current level of competence?
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In relation to cognitive development in children, which approach emphasizes that social experiences play a crucial role in teaching children how to think?
In relation to cognitive development in children, which approach emphasizes that social experiences play a crucial role in teaching children how to think?
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What is the role of the Central Executive in the Information Processing System?
What is the role of the Central Executive in the Information Processing System?
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Why do young children often struggle with selective attention according to the text?
Why do young children often struggle with selective attention according to the text?
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How do memory strategies contribute to children's cognitive development?
How do memory strategies contribute to children's cognitive development?
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What characterizes the memory strategies used by children across childhood according to the text?
What characterizes the memory strategies used by children across childhood according to the text?
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What distinguishes sociocultural theories from Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development?
What distinguishes sociocultural theories from Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development?
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Which component is responsible for regulating attention and integrating information in the information processing system?
Which component is responsible for regulating attention and integrating information in the information processing system?
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What cognitive activities are encompassed within executive functions?
What cognitive activities are encompassed within executive functions?
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At what age do infants typically begin to exhibit gains in attention according to Richards et al., 2010?
At what age do infants typically begin to exhibit gains in attention according to Richards et al., 2010?
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What is the primary focus of selective attention?
What is the primary focus of selective attention?
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How would you characterize the attention abilities of young children based on the information provided?
How would you characterize the attention abilities of young children based on the information provided?
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What is the role of the Central Executive in Childhood, as discussed in Brod et al., 2017?
What is the role of the Central Executive in Childhood, as discussed in Brod et al., 2017?
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How does formal education contribute to age-related increases in Executive Function (EF) as per Brod et al., 2017?
How does formal education contribute to age-related increases in Executive Function (EF) as per Brod et al., 2017?
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What effect does formal education have on age-related changes in Executive Function (EF) and neural systems?
What effect does formal education have on age-related changes in Executive Function (EF) and neural systems?
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Based on Brod et al., 2017, what did the Hearts and Flowers EF Task aim to measure in children exposed to formal education?
Based on Brod et al., 2017, what did the Hearts and Flowers EF Task aim to measure in children exposed to formal education?
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What type of memory involves recalling information without being presented with the stimulus again?
What type of memory involves recalling information without being presented with the stimulus again?
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Which part of the brain plays a crucial role in learning and memory, specifically in children?
Which part of the brain plays a crucial role in learning and memory, specifically in children?
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What type of memory is described as the memory of personally significant events occurring at specific times and places in one's past?
What type of memory is described as the memory of personally significant events occurring at specific times and places in one's past?
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How does sleep affect learning according to the text?
How does sleep affect learning according to the text?
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Study Notes
Human Development Perspectives
- Historical events significantly influence cohorts in the historical-graded perspective.
- Normative influences shape development based on age and timing, including age-graded and history-graded influences.
- A central question in developmental psychology is the nature versus nurture debate regarding human growth.
Continuity vs. Discontinuity in Development
- Continuous change reflects gradual development, while discontinuous change involves distinct stages of growth.
Influencing Factors
- Development is influenced by two main factors: genetics and environment.
Freud's Psychosexual Theory
- The latent stage, occurring from 6 years to puberty, focuses on socialization and the development of skills.
Behaviourism Focus
- Behaviourism emphasizes observable behaviors and the role of environmental stimuli in shaping them.
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory
- Development is influenced by social interactions and experiences across different life stages.
Cultural Context in Development
- The sociocultural perspective underscores the importance of cultural context in shaping individual development.
Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory
- Development arises from interactions among changes within the individual and their environment.
Ethology & Evolutionary Developmental Theory
- These theories apply evolutionary principles to understand the interplay of biology and environment on growth.
Scientific Method in Developmental Psychology
- The scientific method aims to produce reliable, replicable findings in developmental research.
Research Design Comparisons
- Descriptive research provides a detailed account without manipulation, while experimental research tests hypotheses through manipulation.
- The control group in experimental design serves as a benchmark against which to compare the effects of the experimental treatment.
- Correlational research identifies relationships between variables without manipulating them, unlike experimental methods.
Purpose of Case Studies
- Case studies provide in-depth insights into individual cases, exploring complexities not suitable for broader quantitative analysis.
Behavioural Theories
- Operant Conditioning focuses on reinforcement and punishment while Social Learning Theory emphasizes learning through imitation.
Cognitive Theories
- Information processing theory likens thinking processes to computer-like operations.
Vygotsky’s Emphasis
- Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory highlights the critical role of social interactions and cultural tools in cognitive development.
Bronfenbrenner’s Central Idea
- His theory emphasizes the multifaceted nature of development influenced by various environmental contexts.
Research Design Trends
- Cross-sectional studies assess age-related changes across different groups simultaneously.
- Longitudinal studies track the same participants over time but can be resource-intensive.
- Sequential designs combine elements of both cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches for comprehensive insights.
Brain Imaging Techniques
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) assesses anatomical structures, whereas Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) measures brain function.
- Event-related Potentials (ERPs) focus on brain responses tied to specific stimuli.
Genetic and Epigenetic Concepts
- Selective breeding enhances specific traits in offspring.
- Epigenetics examines environmental factors that modify gene expression without altering DNA sequences.
- Gene-environment interactions explain how genes influence responses to the environment.
Brain Development Insights
- Cephalocaudal development describes growth from head to toe, with brain development starting around the 3rd gestational week.
- The process of synaptic pruning removes excess neural connections during brain maturation.
Adolescent Brain Functionality
- The Limbic System in adolescence is pivotal for emotion and reward processing, while the Prefrontal Cortex governs decision-making and impulse control.
Role of Glial Cells
- Glial cells support neuronal health and facilitate communication between neurons during brain development.
Experience-Expectant Development
- Experience-expectant brain development occurs under conditions where typical experiences lead to common developmental outcomes.
Motor and Sensory Development
- Motor skills decline with aging, with practice opportunities vital for maintaining abilities.
- Infants perceive depth before crawling, and their sensory preferences evolve over time.
Cognitive-Developmental Frameworks
- Piaget’s stages reveal how children transition from sensory exploration to abstract reasoning, with skills such as object permanence developing in early years.
- Concepts like centration and egocentrism define young children's limited perspective-taking abilities.
Sensitive Teaching
- The concept of scaffolding captures how partners can help children achieve tasks beyond their independent capabilities.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the key concepts covered in Chapter 1 of Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development. Topics include human development characteristics, multidisciplinary nature of developmental psychology, key issues, and theories.
